农村就业和生活目前在越南农业中性别角色的挑战【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译翻译RURALEMPLOYMENTANDLIFECHALLENGESTOGENDERROLESINVIETNAMSAGRICULTUREATPRESENTHOANGBATHINHRESEARCHCENTREFORGENDER,FAMILYANDENVIRONMENTINDEVELOPMENT,VIETNAMTHISPAPERREPRESENTSWORKINPROGRESSANDISCIRCULATEDFORDISCUSSIONANDCOMMENTVIEWSANDOPINIONSEXPRESSEDHEREARETHOSEOFTHEAUTHORS,ANDDONOTREP

2、RESENTOFFICIALPOSITIONSORENDORSEMENTOFTHEFOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONSFAO,THEINTERNATIONALFUNDFORAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTIFAD,ORTHEINTERNATIONALLABOUROFFICEILOABSTRACTTHEPROCESSOFAGRICULTURALRURALURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATIONHASCREATEDDRASTICCHANGESINTHELIVESOFVIETNAMESEFARMERSA

3、TPRESENTBESIDESPOSITIVEFACTORS,THEREEXITSOMENEGATIVEIMPACTSMADEBYTHEPROCESSOFURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATION,ESPECIALLYTHECONVERSIONOFAGRICULTURALFERTILITYLANDFORNEWINDUSTRIALZONE,GOLFGROUNDTHEREARE500,000HECTARESOFCULTIVATEDLANDLOSTFROM2001TO2007,AND120,000HECTARESLOSTIN2007INPARTICULAR,ETCMAKINGT

4、HOUSANDSOFHOUSEHOLDSLANDLESSANDSOTHEYHAVETOSEEKVARIOUSWAYSTOEARNTHEIRLIVING,INCREASINGTHENUMBEROFWOMENGOINGABROADFORLABOREXPORTANDGETTINGMARRIEDTOFOREIGNERSTHISLEADSTOTHETRENDOF“FEMINIZEDAGRICULTURE,AGINGRURAL”AND“WOMENHOUSEHOLDHEADS”,ANDOTHERSOCIALISSUESLIKETRANSFORMATIONOFFAMILYSTRUCTUREANDSIZE,IN

5、CREASEINNUMBEROFDIVORCES,ETCLEADINGTOTHEINCREASEINSEXWORKERS,WOMENANDGIRLCHILDTRAFFICKINGTHESEARECHALLENGESTOFARMERSINGENERALANDVIETNAMESERURALWOMENINPARTICULARTHISARTICLEMENTIONSTHEMAINPOINTSRELATINGTOEMPLOYMENTANDLIVESOFRURALWOMENINTHECONTEXTOFRURALURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATIONINTHELASTDECADEES

6、PECIALLY,THEARTICLEEMPHASIZESSOLUTIONSOFJOBTRAINING/VOCATIONALTRAININGTOIMPROVETECHNICALSKILLSFORRURALWOMENMETHODOLOGYTHEARTICLEUSESDATAFROMTHEFOLLOWINGSOURCESRESULTSOFSURVEYONPOPULATIONCHANGE,LABORFORCEANDFAMILYPLANNING,20062007DATAOFSOCIOLOGICALSURVEYCARRIEDOUTINPROVINCESOFHAIDUONG2007ADDITIONALLY

7、,THEARTICLEALSOUSESTHEMETHODOFCOMPARATIVEANALYSISANDLITERATUREREVIEWARTICLESINMAGAZINES,RESEARCHREPORTSRELATINGTOTHETOPICCONTENT,FROMTHEGENDERRESEARCHPOINTOFVIEW,THEARTICLEFOCUSESONANALYSISOFMAINPOINTSASFOLLOWS1VIETNAMAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDTHEIMPORTANTROLEOFWOMENINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTION2EMPLOYMENTAN

8、DLIVESOFRURALWOMENCHALLENGESTOGENDERROLEINDEVELOPINGAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONINVIETNAM3ISSUESRELATINGSOSOCIALSECURITY,EMPLOYMENTANDLIVESOFAGRICULTURALANDRURALWOMENINTHECONVERSIONPROCESS4BASEDONSUCHDATA,THEARTICLEFORECASTSTHEEMPLOYMENTTRENDOFGENDERROLESINAGRICULTURALACTIVITIES,THEDEVELOPMENTOFVIETNAMAGR

9、ICULTURALECONOMYANDMAKESSOMERECOMMENDATIONSFORSOCIALPOLICYKEYWORDSRURALEMPLOYMENT,GENDERROLE,URBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATION1INTRODUCTIONVIETNAMISWITNESSINGRAPIDSOCIOECONOMICANDCULTURALCHANGESTHEPROCESSOFURBANIZATIONANDINDUSTRIALIZATIONHASBOTHPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEIMPACTSONRURALPEOPLESLIFE,PARTICULARL

10、YONTHEEMPLOYMENTOFFARMERSFROMGENDERPERSPECTIVE,THISPAPERLOOKSATMAINASPECTSRELATINGTOEMPLOYMENTANDLIFEOFVIETNAMESEFARMERSUNDERTHEIMPACTSOFSOCIALPOLICIESANDTHEPROCESSOFINTERNATIONALINTEGRATIONINADDITIONTOTHEINTRODUCTIONANDCONCLUSION,THISPAPERINCLUDESSECTION1DEALSWITHVIETNAMSAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDTHERO

11、LEOFWOMENINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONATPRESENTSECTION2ANALYSESPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEIMPACTSONLIFEANDEMPLOYMENTANDCHALLENGESTOGENDERROLEINRURALVIETNAMSECTION3ANALYZESSOMEPOLICIESOFVIETNAMONAGRICULTURALANDRURALDEVELOPMENTANDTHEIREFFECTSONGENDERROLEINEMPLOYMENTANDLIFEDATATHEPAPERISBASEDMAINLYONTHEFOLLOWINGSOU

12、RCESRESULTSOFASOCIOLOGICALSURVEYCONDUCTEDINAIQUOCCOMMUNENAMSACHDISTRICT,HAIDUONGPROVINCEINMAY2007,INWHICHTHEAUTHORWASTHERESEARCHTEAMLEADER,WITHASURVEYSAMPLEOF819REPRESENTATIVERURALHOUSEHOLDSANDHUNDREDSOFINDEPTHINTERVIEWSRESULTSOFASURVEYONLABOURANDEMPLOYMENTINVIETNAMIN2007,CONDUCTEDBYTHEGENERALSTATIS

13、TICSOFFICETHEPAPERALSOINHERITSOTHERSURVEYS,RESEARCHPAPERSRELATINGTOGENDERANDEMPLOYMENTINRURALVIETNAMDURINGTHEPROCESSOFDOIMOIRENOVATIONLOCALANDMETHODSAMONGTHEREDRIVERDELTAPROVINCES,HAIDUONGISMOSTAFFECTEDBYAGRICULTURALLANDLOSSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALPARKSSINCE2000,THEPROVINCELOST18,000HAOFRICECULT

14、IVATIONLAND1AIQUOCISONEOFTHECOMMUNESWHEREMANYHOUSEHOLDSHAVELOSTTHEIRAGRICULTURALLANDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOFNAMSACHINDUSTRIALPARKCOVERING64HA,UNDERDECISION539/2003/QEUBDATEDFEB27,2003BYTHEHAIDUONGPROVINCIALPEOPLESCOMMITTEEWEHAVEUSEDTHEMETHODOFRANDOMSAMPLINGFORINTERVIEWSOFREPRESENTATIVESOFHOUSEHOLDSINAIQU

15、OCCOMMUNE,WHOSEAGRICULTURALLANDHASBEENTAKENOVERFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFNAMSACHINDUSTRIALPARK2VIETNAMSAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDGENDERROLEINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONDURINGTHELASTDECADEINVIETNAM,ALTHOUGHTHEPOPULATIONGROWTHREDUCED,THERATEREMAINEDHIGHAT121ANDIN200673OFTHETOTALPOPULATIONOF83MILLIONPEOPLELIVEDINRURA

16、LAREASUNFPA,2008BYJULY1ST2006,THENUMBEROFRURALHOUSEHOLDSINVIETNAMWAS974MILLION,ADECREASEOF950000HOUSEHOLDS89COMPAREDWITH2001UNDERTHEIMPACTSOFINDUSTRIALIZATION,RURALECONOMICSTRUCTUREISCHANGINGTHEROLEOFAGRICULTUREREDUCESINTERMSOFVALUEWHENVIETNAMSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTISADVANCINGTOWARDDIVERSIFYINGOCCUPATI

17、ONSTRUCTUREHOWEVER,AGRICULTURESTILLPLAYSAVERYIMPORTANTROLEINTHELIVELIHOODOFMOSTOFTHEPOPULATIONFOURFIFTHSOFTHEPOPULATIONLIVESINRURALAREASANDAGRICULTUREPROVIDESJOBSTOTWOTHIRDSOFTHELABOURFORCE,ALTHOUGHAGRICULTURALLABOURFORCETENDSTOREDUCEWB,2006AALTHOUGHAGRICULTURALPROPORTIONINTHEGDPCONSTANTLYREDUCESFRO

18、M27IN1995TO21IN2005,AGRICULTURESTILLPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINVIETNAMSECONOMYBECAUSEUPTO54MILLIONPEOPLEDEPENDONAGRICULTURE,DOUBLINGTHENONAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONWHICHISINCREASINGTO28MILLIONINADDITION,80OFTHE12MILLIONRURALHOUSEHOLDSAREDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYDEPENDENTONAGRICULTUREWB,2006BATTHESAMETIME,AGRICULT

19、URALOUTPUTOFMORETHAN20MILLIONTONNESOFRICEPADDYPERYEARHASMADEVIETNAMTHESECONDLARGESTRICEEXPORTERINTHEWORLDVIETNAMHASUNDERGONEADECADEOFSTRONGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICRESTRUCTURING,YETAGRICULTUREREMAINSTHEMAINOCCUPATIONINRURALAREASBUTONLYONEFOURTHOFRURALHOUSEHOLDSONLYDOFARMING,THERESTCOMBINEFARMIN

20、GANDWAGEEARNINGANDNONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSABOUTHALFOFRURALHOUSEHOLDSABOUT1/3OFRURALPOPULATIONAREWAGEEARNERS,BUTONLY4AREFULLTIMEWAGEEARNERSWHILE34AREENGAGEDINNONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSES18RURALPOPULATIONANDONLY3DOESFULLTIMENONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSTHUS,WHILEMANYRURALHOUSEHOLDSAREDIVERSIFYINGTHEIRECONOMICAC

21、TIVITIESANDINCOMESOURCES,THEYSTILLKEEPTHEIRFARMLANDASASTABLEINCOMESOURCE,ONLY7RURALHOUSEHOLDSHAVETOTALLYLEFTAGRICULTUREWB,2006ARURALWOMENPLAYAGREATROLENOTONLYINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONBUTALSOINMANKINDSLIFEITISNOTBYCHANCETHATIN1998THEFOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONFAOSELECTEDTHETHEME“WOMENFEEDTHEWORLD”O

22、NTHEOCCASIONOFITS53RDANNIVERSARYWOMENAREANIMPORTANTANDLARGELABOURFORCEINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTOENSUREFOODSECURITYFORNATIONS,PARTICULARLYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINVIETNAM,RURALWOMENAREVERYIMPORTANTINTHEPROCESSOFAGRICULTURALANDRURALINDUSTRIALIZATIONACCORDINGTOTHE1999NATIONALPOPULATIONCENSUS,WOMENACCOUNTED

23、FOR54OFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONANDTHEFIGUREIN1989WAS60OFTHEWOMENLABOURFORCE,68WORKINAGRICULTUREANDTHISFIGUREFORMENIS58THEROLEOFWOMENINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONBECOMESEVENMOREIMPORTANTINTHEPROCESSOFECONOMICRESTRUCTURINGWITHANINCREASINGRATEOFWOMENINVOLVEDINAGRICULTUREWHILETHATOFMENISREDUCINGINTHEPERIODF

24、ROM1993TO1998,THEPERCENTOFMENWORKINGINAGRICULTUREREDUCEDBY09ANNUALLYINTHATPERIOD,92OFWORKINGPEOPLENEWLYENTERINGTHEAGRICULTURALSECTORWASWOMENBECAUSEMENMOVEDTODONONAGRICULTURALBUSINESSADB,2002ATPRESENT,THISCHANGEHASLEDTOTHETRENDOFMOREWOMENTAKINGPARTINAGRICULTURALACTIVITIES80WOMENAGAINST60MENWB,2006AIN

25、AGRICULTURALPRODUCTION,WOMENUNDERTAKEALMOSTALLACTIVITIESRELATINGTOCULTIVATIONANDLIVESTOCKWHILEMENAREONLYCONFINEDTOSOMEWORKSUCHASSOILPREPARATIONANDASSISTINGWOMENINTENDINGANDHARVESTINGCROPSANDLIVESTOCKBREEDING3RURALLIFEANDEMPLOYMENTCHALLENGESTOGENDERROLEINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONINVIETNAMATPRESENT31RURA

26、LLIFEINTHEPROCESSOFTRANSFORMATION311IMPROVEDLIVINGSTANDARDSOVERTHEPASTMORETHANADECADE,INDUSTRIALPARKSESTABLISHEDINSOMELOCALITIESHAVEBEENADYNAMICFACTORCONTRIBUTINGTOLOCALSOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDTURNINGSOLELYFARMINGAREASINTOKEYECONOMICAREASWITHHIGHECONOMICGROWTHRATEOFMOREORLESS10INDUSTRIALPARKSHAVE

27、PROVIDEDJOBSTOTHOUSANDSOFRURALLABOURERS,CREATINGANEWLABOURMARKETTHATPROMOTESRESTRUCTURINGOFTHESOCIALLABOURSTRUCTUREINTHEREGIONINFRASTRUCTUREHASBEENDEVELOPEDANDUPGRADED,PARTICULARLYINRURALAREASANDTHERATEOFPOORHOUSEHOLDSREDUCEDINADDITION,THEPROCESSOFRURALINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDURBANIZATIONHASINTHEPASTYEA

28、RSCREATEDDRASTICCHANGESANDHADPOSITIVEIMPACTSONTHELIFEOFTHEPEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNE,NAMSACHDISTRICT,HAIDUONGPROVINCEIMPROVEDLIVINGSTANDARDSCANEASILYBESEENCOMPAREDTO2003,BYTHESURVEYTIME,437OFTHEINTERVIEWEESSAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSHADIMPROVEDANDONLY120SAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSREDUCED442SAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTAND

29、ARDSDIDNOTCHANGEBYGENDER,WOMENHADABETTERASSESSMENTTHANMENWITH538WOMENSAIDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSIMPROVEDAGAINST462MENIMPROVEDLIVINGSTANDARDSAREALSOSEENINHOUSEHOLDFURNITUREANDEQUIPMENTANDTYPESOFHOUSESOFTHEPEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNETHEPROCESSOFBUILDINGSOLIDHOUSES,PARTICULARLYCONCRETEHOUSES,TAKESPLACERAPIDLYWI

30、THNEARLY74FAMILIESHAVESOLIDHOUSESBRICKWALLS,CONCRETEFLATROOFANDMULTISTOREYHOUSES,265HAVETILEROOFHOUSESANDALMOSTNOTHATCHEDROOF,BRICKWALLHOUSESARESEENFROMTHEURBANIZATIONPERSPECTIVE,THETRENDOFBUILDINGSOLIDHOUSESISAPOSITIVEINDICATOR,BUTFROMTHECULTURALPERSPECTIVE,THEREISAGRADUALLOSSOFANDTHEABSENCEOFTRADI

31、TIONALWOODENHOUSESWITHBRICKWALLSANDTILEROOFANDANCIENTHOUSESANDANCIENTVILLAGEGATESWHICHBECOMEVERYRAREINRURALVILLAGESONHOUSEHOLDFURNITUREANDINSTRUMENTSINRURALFAMILIES,THEREISALSOARAPIDCHANGENOWCOMPAREDTO2003HOUSEHOLDFURNITUREANDINSTRUMENTSARECONSIDEREDACRITERIONTOMEASUREPEOPLESLIVINGSTANDARDS,EVENTHOU

32、GHTHISISNOTACORRECTINDICATORINALLCASESATTHESURVEYTIME,INAIQUOCCOMMUNE,UPTO876FAMILIESOWNEDTVSETSAND710OWNEDMOTORBIKESTHERAPIDCHANGEINHOUSEHOLDINSTRUMENTSARERELATEDTOMODERNINSTRUMENTSTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDSUSINGGASSTOVEDOUBLESANDTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDSSUBSCRIBINGTELEPHONESBOTHHOMEANDMOBILEALSODOUBLESWHAT

33、ISSURPRISINGISTHATINARURALVILLAGEWHICHISABOUT50KMFROMTHECAPITALHANOI,ONEINEVERY10FAMILIESHASACOMPUTERTHESESTATISTICSSHOWTHATINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYMEANSHAVEGRADUALLYBECOMEFAMILIARTORURALFARMERSWITHSUCHHOUSEHOLDINSTRUMENTS,ITCANBESAIDTHAT,THEGAPBETWEENURBANANDRURALAREASINTERMSOFHOUSEHOLDLIFEHASNARROWED

34、REMARKABLYONEOFTHEINDICATORSTOMEASUREWELFAREISTHEPERCAPITASPENDINGOFHOUSEHOLDFAMILYTHERESULTSOFASURVEYINAIQUOCCOMMUNESHOWTHATTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGPERMONTHISMOREORLESSTHANVND2000005102FROMVND200000TO30000016FROMVND300000TOVND40000017FROMVND400000TOVND50000015FROMVND500000TOVND100000031,FROMVND1

35、MILLIONTO2MILLIONS9,ANDOVER2MILLIONS2THERESULTSOFTHE2004HOUSEHOLDLIVINGSTANDARDSURVEYSHOWTHATTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGPERMONTHIN2004INRURALAREASWASVND314330INTHEREDRIVERDELTAVND417730ANDINURBANAREASVND652030312INCREASEDMEDICALINSURANCEANDHEALTHCAREOVERTHEPASTYEARS,THESTATEHASGIVENGREATATTENTIONTOC

36、AREFORPEOPLESHEALTHINGENERALANDRURALPOPULATIONINPARTICULARINMEDICALINSURANCE,INAIQUOCCOMMUNE,109HOUSEHOLDSHAVEGOTMEDICALINSURANCEUNDERTHEPROGRAMMEDICALINSURANCEFORTHEPOOR,270MEDICALINSURANCEFORSOCIALPOLICYBENEFICIARIESAND455HOUSEHOLDSVOLUNTARILYBOUGHTTHEIRMEDICALINSURANCETHISMEANSINEVERY10HOUSEHOLDS

37、INAIQUOCCOMMUNE84HOUSEHOLDSHAVEMEDICALINSURANCETHISISAVERYHIGHRATECOMPAREDTOTHEACCESSIBILITYTOHEALTHCARESERVICESIN2006INTHEWHOLECOUNTRYINWHICHONLY49HOUSEHOLDSHADMEDICALINSURANCEANDMEDICALCARDSFORFREEOFCHARGEHEALTHCHECKUPSANDMEDICALTREATMENTVIETNAMDEVELOPMENTREPORT2008INAIQUOCCOMMUNE,INTERMSOFHEALTH,

38、UPTO595WOMENINTERVIEWEDSAIDTHATTHECOSTOFHEALTHCHECKUPSANDMEDICALTREATMENTINCREASED,AGAINST405MENATTHETIMEOFTHISSURVEY,PEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNESAIDTHATINRECENTTIME,THERATEOFWOMENSUFFERINGFROMILLNESSISHIGHERTHANMEN594AND406RESPECTIVELYTHUS,THELEVELOFILLNESSOFWOMENISREGULAR333,FROMTIMETOTIME558,WHILETHESE

39、FIGURESINMENARE36AND48RESPECTIVELYINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTION,PEOPLESTILLUSEALOTOFCHEMICALSSUCHASFERTILIZERANDPESTICIDEANDWOMENHAVESPENTMANYHOURSWORKINGINTHEFIELDTRANSPLANTING,WEEDINGANDTENDINGCROPS,THUSTHEYCANEASILYBEAFFECTEDBYSUCHCHEMICALSACCORDINGTOSOMESURVEYSCONDUCTEDBYTHEDEPARTMENTOFPREVENTIVEMEDI

40、CINEANDENVIRONMENTIN2000,RURALWOMENOFTENHAVETOWORK817HOURS/DAYWITHMAINLYMANUALPRODUCTIONTOOLSTHISSURVEYALSOSHOWSTHATUPTO262RURALWOMENAREINVOLVEDINSPRAYINGCHEMICALSANDPESTICIDEANDSTILLUSEBANNEDCHEMICALSSUCHASMONITOR,WOLFATOXMANYWOMENEVENSPRAYCHEMICALWHILEBEINGPREGNANT,DURINGHAVINGPERIODORLACTATINGAMO

41、NGTHEM688WOMENINVOLVEDINCHEMICALSPRAYSSHOWSIGNSOFBEINGPOISONED,106SUFFERMISCARRIAGEHOWDOPEOPLEINTHISCOMMUNEUSEMEDICALINSURANCETHESURVEYRESULTSSHOWTHAT47PEOPLEUSEITVERYREGULAR305FREQUENTLY293FROMTIMETOTIMEANDTHEREMAINING205RARELYAND103NEVERUSEMEDICALINSURANCEWITHTHEQUESTIONONTHELEVELOFSATISFACTIONWHE

42、NUSINGMEDICALINSURANCEFORHEALTHCHECKUPSANDMEDICALTREATMENT,UPTO585RESPONDENTSSAIDTHEYWERESATISFIEDANDONLY138WERENOTSATISFIEDAND205SAIDITWASDIFFICULTTOSAYTHEREISALITTLEBITDIFFERENCEBETWEENWOMENANDMENINTHELEVELOFSATISFACTION575MENWERESATISFIEDAGAINST543WOMENANDTHERATEOFNONSATISFACTIONISHIGHERINWOMENTH

43、ANINMEN155AGAINST118313REDUCEDLIVINGSTANDARDSINASECTIONOFPOPULATIONSTATISTICSRELEASEDBYTHEMINISTRYOFAGRICULTUREANDRURALDEVELOPMENTSHOWSTHATTHELOSSOFFARMLANDFORINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDURBANIZATIONINTHELAST5YEARSHASHADNEGATIVEIMPACTSONTHELIVESOFMORETHAN627000HOUSEHOLDSWITHABOUT950000LABOURERSAND25MILLIONP

44、EOPLEALTHOUGHINTHEPROCESSOFTAKINGOVERFARMLAND,MANYCONCRETEPOLICIESHAVEBEENISSUEDTOWARDPEOPLEWHOLOSEFARMLANDSUCHASCOMPENSATION,SUPPORTONEMPLOYMENT,JOBTRAININGANDRESETTLEMENTTHISSITUATIONISTHECAUSELEADINGTOTHERESULTTHAT53OFHOUSEHOLDSWHOLOSTFARMLANDHAVEINCOMEMUCHLESSTHANBEFOREANDONLY13HOUSEHOLDSHAVETHE

45、IRINCOMEINCREASEDINAIQUOCCOMMUNE,ONLY12HOUSEHOLDSSAID“THEIRINCOME”WASLESSTHANTHATBEFORELOSINGFARMLANDANDONLY205SAIDTHEYCOULDNOTEARNENOUGHFORTHEIRSPENDINGAFTERHANDINGOVERTHEIRFARMLANDWITHFARMINGHOUSEHOLDS,THEIRINCOMEFROMRICEREDUCED41COMPAREDWITH2003PERCAPITASPENDINGOFHOUSEHOLDSINAIQUOCCOMMUNEIN2007CO

46、MPAREDWITHTHEAVERAGESPENDINGLEVELINRURALVIETNAMIN2004262HADLOWERSPENDING17EQUALORALITTLEBITMOREANDTHEREMAINING57HADTHEIRPERCAPITASPENDINGHIGHERIFCOMPAREDWITHTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGINTHEREDRIVERDELTA,432INAIQUOCCOMMUNEHADLOWERSPENDING15EQUALAND42HIGHERSO,INSOCIALWELFAREOFHOUSEHOLDSINAIQUOCCOMMUNE

47、IN2007,4YEARSAFTERHANDINGOVERFARMLANDFORINDUSTRIALIZATION,432PEOPLESTILLHADLOWERSPENDINGTHANTHEAVERAGEPERCAPITASPENDINGPERMONTHOFTHOSEINTHEREDRIVERDELTAIN2004SOCIALSTRATIFICATIONISNOTONLYSEENINTHEGAPBETWEENRURALANDURBANAREASBUTTHEREISAGAPBETWEENTHERICHANDTHEPOORRIGHTINRURALAREASEVIDENCESHOWSTHATINDU

48、STRIALIZATIONANDURBANIZATIONHASINCREASEDTHENUMBEROFLANDLESSPEOPLEWHOAREBEINGISOLATEDFROMTHEIRMEANSOFPRODUCTIONANDHAVETOFINDOTHERLIVELIHOODSBYWORKINGASHIREDLABOURERSSELLINGLABOUR,ANDTHEYAREFACINGTHERISKOFBECOMINGPOORORPOORESTAMONGTHEPOORINRURALCOMMUNITY314MORBIDITYOFTHE819SURVEYEDHOUSEHOLDS,651SAIDIN

49、THEPASTYEARSTHEYDIDSUFFERSOMEILLNESSESINWHICHTHERATEOFWOMENSMORBIDITYISHIGHERTHANMEN594AGAINST406THERATEOFMORBIDITYISREGULARLY345FROMTIMETOTIME526RARELY118BYAGE,THERATEOFMORBIDITYISASFOLLOWSSOURCESURVEYINAIQUOC,2007THETABLE1SHOWSTHEINCREASINGRATEOFMORBIDITYBYAGEGROUPSTHISISRELEVANTTOTHERULE“BIRTH,OLD,ILL,DEAD”HOWEVER,INTHEAGEGROUPUNDER35,UPTO278FREQUENTLYAND59OFTENSUFFERFROMILLNESSESWITHREGARDTOTHEMIDDLEAGEGROUP3645YEARSOFAGE,THERESPECTIVEFIGURESARE306AND541ITSEEMSTHEHEALTHOFTHEPEOPLEINTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDAREAISMUCHAFFECTEDACCORDINGTOTHEPEOPLEINAIQUOCCOMMUNE,FACTORSAFFECTINGTHEIRHEALT