学术英语课后答案unit2.doc

1、学术英语理工 2032-2014-21Unit 2 Searching for InformationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.search for reliable and better source materials for your research2.find your information by scanning and skimming3.identify topic sentences for a general idea in the paragraph4.guess word m

2、eaning through context clues and affixes5.read fast by following the organization of the text6.be a critical reader7.take notes effectively8.write a summary for what you have read9.enhance language skills with the help of the reading and listening materials presented in this unitII. Teaching Procedu

3、res1 Finding reliable and better sources Task 1 Answers may vary.Task 2 Answers may vary. Task 3 Answers may vary. 2 Scanning and skimming Task 11 Artificial intelligence. 2 The article may argue for/against the idea that artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future. 3 The story tel

4、ls that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs. 4 The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs. 学术英语理工 2032-2014-225 The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived. 6 But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all e

5、xpected did not come. 7 Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work. (Para.8, L1) Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared. (Para.11, L2) 8 Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy. 9 The neighbor would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handl

6、ing factories. 10 Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow. 3 Identifying topic sentences for information Task 1 1 Pieced together, the topic sentences form a short, coherent paragraph or essay. 2 a) Paragraph 2 b) Paragraph 11 Task 2 1 Game theory i

7、s the science of strategy.（Para.1） 2 Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.（Para.3 ） 3 The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.（Para.4） 4 A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. （P

8、ara.5 ） 5 In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.（Para.7 ） 6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanshipdeliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act

9、 as one would like them to, the outcome will be bad for everyone.（Para.17） Task 3 1 Paragraph 1 2 Paragraph 5 to 10 3 Paragraph 12 to 19 4 Guessing word meaning Task 1 2 immutable (Para.4, L2): 不变的 Context clues: who realized that space is not an immutable stage on which events play out 3 trampoline

10、 (Para.4, L4): 蹦床，弹床 Context clues: responding much as a trampoline does to a jumping child 4 malleable (Para.4, L5): 有弹性和延伸性的 Context clues: In fact, so malleable is space that, according to the math, the size of the universe necessarily change over time. 5 stay put (Para.4, L7): 不动的 Context clues:

11、 The fabric of space must expand or contactit cant stay put. 学术英语理工 2032-2014-236 flew in the face (Para.5, L4): 敢于违抗 Context clues: It flew in the face of the prevailing wisdom. 7 stalemate (Para.6, L2): 僵局 Context clues: A static situation, like a stalemate in a tug of war 8 repulsive (Para.6, L5)

12、: 排斥的 Context clues: a counterbalancing force would need to provide a repulsive push 9 antigravity (Para.7, L2): 排斥力 Context clues: antigravitya gravitational force that pushes instead of pulls 10 exodus (Para.8, L3): 大批离开 Context clues: And the best explanation for this cosmic exodus came directly.

13、 11 supernovae (Para.11, L2): 由于爆炸而突然变亮的星 Context clues: distant supernovaeexploding stars so brilliant they can be seen clear across cosmos 12 garner (Para.13, L5): 获得、得到 Context clues: would have garnered him another Nobel Prize 13 perplexing (Para.14, L5): 令人不解的 Context clues: Perhaps most perple

14、xing of all is a question of quantitative detail. Task 2 2 unprecedented (Para.1, L1): un-precedented 史无前例的 3 self-replicating (Para.1, L6): self-replicating 自我复制的 4 diameter (Para.3, L2): dia-meter 直径 5 assembler (Para.10, L1): assembl-er 装配器 6 contaminant (Para.13, L3): con-taminant 污染物 7 non-rene

15、wable (Para.13, L6): non-renewable 不可再用的 8 foreseeable (Para.14, L2): foresee-able 可预见到的 9 exotic (Para.14, L2): exot-ic 非本地，奇异的 10 dissipate (Para.14, L6): dis-sipate 消失 Task 3 Derivatives Affixes or roots Meaning More Words1 multidiscipline multi- many or several Multicolor multisteps multiform mu

16、ltipurpose2 nanotechnology nano- one of a thousand millionnanorobot nanomachine nanoscopic nanostructure3 convergence verg con-incline to join divergence verge concordconcourse conferate 4 construct struct build or make structure reconstruct destruct obstruct substructure 5 manufacture man-, manu- f

17、act by hand make manuscript manual manage manipulate factory facture 6 interdisciplinary inter- between or among a group of things or peopleinterplay interweave interdependent interaction7 insulator insul- protect sth. from insulate insular insularity 学术英语理工 2032-2014-24unpleasant knowledge peninsul

18、a 8 semiconductor semi- duct- partly but not completely lead semiconscious semiofficial semitropical conduct induct 9 microprocessors micro- extremely small microwave microcomputer microscope micrometer 10 simultaneouosly simul- in common simulator simulation simultaneity simulate11 reverse vers, ve

19、rtturn obversion inverse subversion convert12 automatical auto Work by oneself; relating to oneselfautomate autonomous automobile autobiography 5 Using the organization of the text Task 1 organization paragraphsIntroduction Para.1nanotechnology Para.2nanometer Para.3What The definition of nanotechno

20、logynanoscale Para.4How The way nanotechnology worksParas.5-11medical industry Para.12 environment Para.13 How The applications of nanotechnology other fields Para.14 conclusion Para.15Task 2 1 The writer develops his main ideas about global warming mainly through the structure of cause-and-effect.

21、2 The writer illustrates the effects of global warming through the structure of classification. 3 The effects are arranged from the most obvious to least obvious, and signal words include: the 学术英语理工 2032-2014-25most prominent effect of global warming; another area affected by global warming; a thir

22、d type of evidence of global warming. 4 Four types. They are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons. 5 Paragraph 11 follows the pattern of problem-and-solution. The signal words are “a common problem that arises is”, “needs to take action now”. 6 Reading critically Task 1 The t

23、one of ones writing indicates their feelings and attitude toward the topic being discussed. It reveals whether they are being playful or serious, humorous or somber, whether they are angry or tranquil, bitter or confident. Through tone, their attitude toward what they are writing about and their rel

24、ationship to their readers become clear. Controlling tone is largely a matter of selecting words and sentences, and choosing details so as to serve the purpose of writing well. Now lets consider the following sentences which you write to tell two facts: The sales of vitamin E have doubled in the pas

25、t five years. The increase in sales has been helped by the statements from health food enthusiasts and doctors. 1 Combined into a single one, sentence 1 is impartial in tone because it doesnt reveal yourattitude. Impartial and toneless sentences are what you want to write if you either have noopinio

26、n or want to seem factual and objective, rather than personal and subjective.2 Strong in tone and clear in attitude: sentence 2 reflects your belief that vitamin E sales have surged because of a deceptive and misleading advertisement campaign. If you feel the sentence is too strong, too opinionated,

27、 perhaps even biased, you may suggest your feelings instead of stating them directly. 3 By using the wordsfreaks and quack, this version can make your reader sense not only your reservation about the worth of the vitamin but also your contempt of those who promote it. But the tone is so strong that

28、your reader may consider it exaggerated and may even question its truth. 4 This version is more suggestive and less explicit, though your attitude is still negative because “faddists” (unlike enthusiasts) are a word with unfavorable associations and because claims “(unlike statements)” encourage the

29、 reader to doubt their truth. 5 By inserting the detail that only a few doctors make claims for vitamin, the version seems biased as the tone is stronger. 6 The phrase “some doctors” implies that there is another group of doctors who have made no claims for the vitamin and who may perhaps reject suc

30、h claims. 7 The word “even” suggests your surprise that doctors, who should know better, have made such foolish claims, thus further weakens the support of the doctors without making your statement seem exaggerated or biased. 8, 9 Tone not only can be controlled by the choice of words and details bu

31、t also by the choice of structures. Sentence 8 and 9 make the implied criticism more forceful as the negative words or phrases have been moved to their beginning or end position, the position which is more emphatic for ones opinion. 学术英语理工 2032-2014-2610, 11, 12 The three sentences are not critical

32、but favorable in tone toward the increased sales of vitamin E, because “experts” seem more trustworthy than “enthusiasts” and both “reports” and “testimony” carry more weight than mere “statements”. 13, 14 The two sentences have a positive tone because the phrase “a number of doctors” sounds more im

33、pressive than “a few” or “some doctors”. And “a number of leading doctors” are supposed to be more reliable, though not as reliable as “leading medical authorities”. 15, 16, 17 The three sentences are less formal and more personal than the previous sentences as the first-person view “I” is adopted t

34、o personalize their tone. 18, 19 The two sentences are more informal as the closer relationship between yourself and the reader is established by asking questions. 20, 21 By addressing the reader as “you”, the sentences are more informal and personal. 22 The informality of your writing will be incre

35、ased by contractions, slang, and short, simple words instead of longer, more complex ones. Task 2 1 Text 9 addresses readers with some knowledge of global warming, because the author argues with strong evidence and reasons, quoting experts more frequently and trying to be impartial and impersonal by

36、 choosing more exact wording. On the contrary Text 10 talks to general readers, evidenced by using more definitions and easier language such as figurative speech. It is an essay charged with strong emotion. 2 Text 10. 3 No. Text 9 illustrates the effects of global warming with strong evidence and re

37、asons, showing that the author tries to be objective and impersonal. 4 No. These words lack preciseness. Text 9 tries to be more objective, quoting experts more frequently and avoiding showing strong personal emotion. 5 Text 9 quotes Roger Revelle, an oceanographer, Jacques Chirac, French president,

38、 Al Gore, Vice president of USA, Ross Gelbspan, an author of a book about Earths climate change from global warming, Schneider, from the National Center of Atmospheric Research, and Elmer Robinson, the director of Mauna Loa Observatory. The quotation of those experts and authorities make the argumen

39、ts more convincing. 6 The criticism of Text 9 avoids being subjective and personal and resorts to more authorities and cold reasoning, hence it is more objective. 7 Text 9. The use of the first-person view and figurative speech is often considered informal and less serious. 8 Text 9, because the aut

40、hor uses more quotations from experts and authorities and less emotional words than Text 10. 7 Taking notes Task Title: Global Warming and Its Effects Author(s): Nicolas Dalleva 学术英语理工 2032-2014-27Source: http:/ Main ideas: The essay mainly talks about the effects and causes of global warming. Main

41、findings or ideas: Global warming have negative effects on climate changes, survival of animals, development of plants, peoples health and global economy. There are two major causes for global warming: burning of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases. Conclusion: The world needs to put forth a stronger

42、effort to prevent global warming. Paragraphs Organization ContentPara. 1 Phenomenon Global warming has been a global issue now, despite minimal efforts are made to prevent global warming. Effect I It affects the climate change. Effect II It affects the survival of animals. Effect III It affects the

43、development of plants. Effect IV It affects the health of people. Paras. 2-4Effect V It affects economy. Cause I burning of fossil fuels (carbon dioxide) Paras. 5-7Cause II greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluocarbon Paras. 9-10 Comments Global warming even affects economy

44、and health.Paras. 11-12 Conclusion a stronger and joint effort needed to prevent global warming8 Writing a summary Task 1 The source material uses a story of identical twins to illustrate the idea that apart from the important role the genes play in the development of an individual, their environmen

45、tal experience also affects their traits greatly. The summary grasps the idea without details of the story. Task 2 2 History has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly. Considering the definition of technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used primitive technologie

46、s to teach skills to their young. 3 Psychology can be divided into several important theories. Behaviourists emphasize the role of environment in shaping ones behavior, while cognitivists explain behavior by analyzing mental processes. Freudians and humanists are more concerned with exploring behavi

47、or through the personality whereas social constructivists connect individual behavior to its social-historic context. Task 3 Title: Global Warming and Its Effects Author(s): Nicolas Dalleva Source: http:/ Summary: According to Nicolas Dalleva, global warming has become a great challenge to human 学术英

48、语理工 2032-2014-28beings, for it not only affects the climate change and leads to the decrease of the number of animals per species, but also affects the agricultural growth. Dalleva believes that the burning of fossil fuels is the culprit of global warming because it releases greenhouse gases carbon

49、dioxide into the atmosphere. The other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons are also the causes of the greenhouse effect. In Dallevas opinion, despite the worldwide efforts, people do not take the issue seriously and do not realize that global warming will also exerts a negative effect on economy and health. He calls for, therefore, a stronger joint effort to prevent gl