1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译出处ENVIRONRESOURCEECON原文AGGLOMERATIONEFFECTSINFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTANDTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENHYPOTHESISULRICHJWAGNERCHRISTOPHERDTIMMINSDOESENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONIMPAIRINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESTOTHEEXTENTTHATTHEYRELOCATETOCOUNTRIESWITHLESSSTRINGENTREGULATION,TU
2、RNINGTHOSECOUNTRIESINTO“POLLUTIONHAVENS”WETESTTHISHYPOTHESISUSINGPANELDATAONOUTWARDFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDIFLOWSOFVARIOUSINDUSTRIESINTHEGERMANMANUFACTURINGSECTORANDACCOUNTFORSEVERALECONOMETRICISSUESTHATHAVEBEENIGNOREDINPREVIOUSSTUDIESMOSTIMPORTANTLY,WEDEMONSTRATETHATEXTERNALITIESASSOCIATEDWITHFDIA
3、GGLOMERATIONCANBIASESTIMATESAWAYFROMFINDINGAPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTIFOMITTEDFROMTHEANALYSISWEINCLUDETHESTOCKOFINWARDFDIASAPROXYFORAGGLOMERATIONANDEMPLOYAGMMESTIMATORTOCONTROLFORENDOGENOUSTIMEVARYINGDETERMINANTSOFFDIFLOWSFURTHERMORE,WEPROPOSEADIFFERENCEESTIMATORBASEDONTHELEASTPOLLUTINGINDUSTRYTOBREAKTHE
4、POSSIBLECORRELATIONBETWEENENVIRONMENTALREGULATORYSTRINGENCYANDUNOBSERVABLEATTRIBUTESOFFDIRECIPIENTSINTHECROSSSECTIONWHENACCOUNTINGFORTHESEISSUESWEFINDROBUSTEVIDENCEOFAPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTFORTHECHEMICALINDUSTRY1ENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONANDPOLLUTIONHAVENSDOESENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONIMPAIRINTERNATIONALCOM
5、PETITIVENESSOFPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESTOTHEEXTENTTHATTHEYRELOCATETOCOUNTRIESWITHLESSSTRINGENTENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONS,TURNINGTHOSECOUNTRIESINTO“POLLUTIONHAVENS”THISQUESTIONHASBEENTHEMATTEROFAVIGOROUSANDCONTROVERSIALPOLICYDEBATEFORYEARS,ANDITCONTINUESTOBEOFCENTRALINTERESTTOPOLICYMAKERS,PUBLICSECT
6、ORECONOMISTS,ANDTHEGENERALPUBLICRECENTLY,THEISSUEHASRECEIVEDATTENTIONINTHECONTEXTOFASSESSINGTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFINTERNATIONALTRADEAGREEMENTSSUCHASNAFTAANDTHEWTO,ANDINBROADER2DEBATESABOUT“GLOBALIZATION”ITALSOPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEDESIGNOFINTERNATIONALENVIRONMENTALAGREEMENTSSUCHASTHEMONTREALPR
7、OTOCOLONOZONEDEPLETINGSUBSTANCESANDTHEKYOTOPROTOCOLONGREENHOUSEGASCONTROLTHEEFFECTIVENESSANDSTABILITYOFSUCHAGREEMENTSCRUCIALLYDEPENDONWHETHERDIRTYPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGIESAREEFFECTIVELYBANNEDORSIMPLYRELOCATETONONMEMBERCOUNTRIESWHILETHEECONOMICRATIONALEBEHINDTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTHASBEENWELLESTABLISHED
8、INTHEORETICALRESEARCH,THEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEONWHETHERITMATTERSINTHEREALWORLDISNOTCONCLUSIVEASOFYETEMPIRICALRESEARCHERSHAVEATTRIBUTEDTHISNEGATIVEFINDINGINPARTTODIFFICULTIESWITHFINDINGEXOGENOUSMEASURESOFREGULATORYSTRINGENCYANDTOPARTICULARFORMSOFUNOBSERVEDHETEROGENEITY,SUCHASALACKOFGEOGRAPHICMOBILITYORHI
9、GHCAPITALINTENSITYOFPOLLUTINGINDUSTRIESTHISPAPEREXAMINESWHETHERTHEOMISSIONOFEXTERNALITIESFROMINDUSTRIALAGGLOMERATIONCANACCOUNTFORTHELACKOFEVIDENCEFORTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENHYPOTHESISINPREVIOUSWORKAGGLOMERATIONEXTERNALITIESAREAKEYINGREDIENTOFECONOMICTHEORIESOFCITIES,OFTHENEWTRADETHEORY,ANDOFECONOMICGEOGRAP
10、HYHOWEVER,NOTWITHSTANDINGALARGEBODYOFEMPIRICALWORKTHATDOCUMENTSTHEIMPORTANCEOFAGGLOMERATIONEFFECTSFORINDUSTRIALLOCATIONCHOICE,THEENVIRONMENTALECONOMICSLITERATUREHAS,BYANDLARGE,IGNOREDTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHISFINDINGFORTHESTUDYOFPOLLUTIONHAVENSWEUSELONGITUDINALDATAONOUTWARDFDIFLOWSOFGERMANMANUFACTURINGIN
11、DUSTRIESIN163DESTINATIONCOUNTRIESTOTESTTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENHYPOTHESISCONDITIONALONINDUSTRIALAGGLOMERATIONPROXIEDBYCUMULATIVEFDIINTHEDESTINATIONCOUNTRYTOTHISEND,WEDEVELOPATWOSTEPESTIMATORTHATEXPLICITLYACCOUNTSFORTHEENDOGENEITYOFCUMULATIVEFDIANDOTHERCOUNTRYCHARACTERISTICSOURMETHODCONTROLSFORUNOBSERVEDHET
12、EROGENEITYATTHECOUNTRYLEVELANDFLEXIBLYACCOMMODATESDYNAMICSPECIFICATIONSOFINVESTMENTDEMANDFURTHERMORE,OURUSEOFASURVEYMEASUREOFTHESTRINGENCYOFENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONISNOVELTOTHELITERATURE,ASMOSTEXISTINGRESEARCHRELIESONMEASURESOFPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTTHATMAYBEENDOGENOUSTOPLANTLOCATIONDECISIONSWEFINDTHA
13、TIGNORINGAGGLOMERATIONEXTERNALITIESMASKSTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTINTHECHEMICALINDUSTRYTHEPAPERISSTRUCTUREDASFOLLOWSTHENEXTSECTIONREVIEWSTHELITERATUREONFDIANDENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONSECTION3DESCRIBESTHEECONOMETRICFRAMEWORK,ANDSECT43SUMMARIZESOURDATA,ALONGWITHEXPLAININGWHYGERMANYISARELEVANTCOUNTRYFORSUCH
14、ANANALYSISINSECT5WEREPORTANDDISCUSSOURRESULTSSECTION6CONCLUDES2RELATEDLITERATUREECONOMISTSHAVETACKLEDTHEISSUEOFPOLLUTIONHAVENSINDIFFERENTWAYSTHECOMMONDENOMINATORACROSSTHEVARIOUSSTRANDSOFRESEARCHISTHATCOMPLIANCEWITHENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONRAISESFIRMSCOSTSFROMTHERE,THELITERATUREFOLLOWSDIFFERENTAVENUESS
15、INCEPOLLUTIONHAVENSAREMANIFESTINTHEGEOGRAPHICCONCENTRATIONOFPLANTSPRODUCINGPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEGOODS,THEYCANINPRINCIPLEBEDETECTEDBYLOOKINGATEITHERPATTERNSOFINTERNATIONALTRADEINDIRTYGOODSORATLOCATIONDECISIONSOFMULTINATIONALFIRMSINPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESIDEALLY,ONEWOULDLIKETOANALYZECHANGESINTHESEPA
16、TTERNSINRESPONSETOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONMANYRESEARCHERSHAVEANALYZEDTHISPROBLEMBYLOOKINGDIRECTLYATTRADEFLOWSMORERELEVANTFOROURSTUDYISASTRANDOFTHELITERATURETHATFOCUSESONTHEROLEOFCAPITALMOBILITYTHISLINEOFRESEARCHISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATCAPITALUSEDINTHEPRODUCTIONOFPOLLUTIONINTENSIV
17、EGOODSYIELDSAHIGHERMARGINALPRODUCTINCOUNTRIESWHEREFIRMSDONOTBEARTHECOSTOFCOMPLIANCEWITHENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDSASSOMECOUNTRIESIMPOSESUCHSTANDARDSANDOTHERSDONOT,CAPITALSHOULDMOVEINTERNATIONALLYTOEQUALIZERATESOFRETURNTHEECONOMICVEHICLEFORTHISARBITRAGEMECHANISMISFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTBYWHICHFIRMSINDIRTY
18、INDUSTRIESRELOCATEASSETSTOCOUNTRIESWITHLAXENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONSTHESECOUNTRIESBECOMEPOLLUTIONHAVENSMOSTRESEARCHINTHISAREAHASFOCUSEDONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONINUSJURISDICTIONSIE,STATESORCOUNTIESANDTHEPLANTLOCATIONDECISIONSOFINTERNATIONALORDOMESTICFIRMSACROSSTHOSEJURISDICTIONSTH
19、ISLITERATUREISCOMPREHENSIVELYREVIEWEDBYJEPPESENETAL2002THESTUDIESCITEDINTHATSURVEYATTEMPTTOEXPLAINTHEVARIATIONINTHEPROBABILITYAND/ORTHEPOISSONARRIVALRATEOFNEWMANUFACTURINGPLANTLOCATIONDECISIONSACROSSJURISDICTIONSBYDIFFERENCESINENVIRONMENTALSTRINGENCYMEASURESANDOTHERCHARACTERISTICSOFTHECHOSENLOCATION
20、THERESULTSSUPPORTAWEAKPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTATBESTINMOSTREGRESSIONS,THEENVIRONMENTALSTRINGENCYMEASUREISINSIGNIFICANTMILLIMETANDLIST2004SUGGESTTHATTHISFINDINGMAYBEDUETOHETEROGENOUSRESPONSESTOENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONANDCORROBORATETHEIRHYPOTHESISWITHEVIDENCEFROMAPROPENSITYSCOREMATCHINGESTIMATORASLIGHTLYDI
21、FFERENTAPPROACHISTAKENBYKELLERANDLEVINSON42002ANDLISTANDCO2000WHORELATETHETOTALINWARDSTOCKOFFDIINUSSTATESTOMEASURESOFPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTANDOTHERSTATECHARACTERISTICS,FINDINGSMALLBUTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTDETERRENTEFFECTSOFPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTSMOREOVERTHESEAUTHORSDEMONSTRATETHATFAILURETOACCOUNTF
22、ORUNOBSERVEDHETEROGENEITYINSTATECHARACTERISTICSCANLEADTOANUNDERSTATEMENTOFTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTSTUDIESOFDOMESTICPOLLUTIONHAVENSARERELEVANTFORPUBLICPOLICYINTHEUSBECAUSETHEYMEASUREHOWMULTINATIONALINVESTORSRESPONDTOENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONCONDITIONALONTHEIRDECISIONTOOPENAPLANTINTHEUSHOWEVER,THEYCANNOT
23、ANSWERTHEPOLITICALLYEXPLOSIVEQUESTIONOFWHETHERDIRTYINDUSTRIESRELOCATEFROMINDUSTRIALIZEDTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESSOFAR,ONLYAFEWPAPERSHAVEUSEDFDIDATATOSTUDYPOLLUTIONHAVENSATTHEGLOBALLEVELSMARZYNSKAJAVORCIKANDWEI2004STUDYTHEDETERMINANTSOFACTUALANDPLANNEDINVESTMENTBY534MAJORMULTINATIONALFIRMSINCENTRALANDEAS
24、TERNEUROPEANDINTHEFORMERSOVIETUNIONTHEYFINDSOMEEVIDENCETHATMOREPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEFIRMSARELESSLIKELYTOLOCATEINMOREREGULATEDCOUNTRIES,BUTTHEFINDINGISNOTROBUSTACROSSSPECIFICATIONSMOREOVER,THEEFFECTVANISHESWHENPOLLUTIONINTENSITYISMEASUREDBYPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTTHEMEASUREMENTOFPOLLUTIONINTENSITYISAKEYIS
25、SUEINEMPIRICALWORKONPOLLUTIONHAVENSMOSTRESEARCHERSHAVEUSEDDATAONABATEMENTEXPENDITURESFORPOLLUTIONABATEMENTANDONINVESTMENTINPOLLUTIONABATEMENTEQUIPMENTINARECENTPAPER,LEVINSONANDTAYLOR2008POINTOUTTHATIFTHEMOSTPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEPLANTSWITHINANINDUSTRYHAVEALREADYRELOCATEDATTHETIMEEXPENDITUREDATAARECOLLEC
26、TED,POLLUTIONABATEMENTEXPENDITURESINTHEREMAININGPLANTSARELIKELYTOBELESSTHANTHEINDUSTRYAVERAGETHISEFFECTCANBIASTHECOEFFICIENTONPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTINANINVESTMENTORNETEXPORTEQUATIONAWAYFROMSHOWINGAPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTTHEABSENCEOFAPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTINSMARZYNSKAJAVORCIKANDWEI2004MAYBEACONSEQUENCEOFS
27、UCHBIASINACASESTUDYOFFOURDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,ESKELANDANDHARRISON2003RELATETHESECTORALCOMPOSITIONOFINWARDFDIINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYTOAMEASUREOFPOLLUTIONINTENSITYANDCONTROLVARIABLESINTWOMAJORSOURCECOUNTRIESALLELSEEQUAL,AHIGHSHAREOFPOLLUTIONINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESINTOTALFDISTOCKWOULDLENDSUPPORTTOTHEPOLLUTIONHAVEN
28、HYPOTHESISUSINGEITHERPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTORNORMALIZEDACTUALEMISSIONSPERSECTORTOPROXYFOR5POLLUTIONINTENSITY,THESEAUTHORSFINDNOEVIDENCEOFAPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTAFTERCONTROLLINGFORUNOBSERVEDHETEROGENEITYINASIMILARFASHION,SOMEAUTHORSEXPLOITTHEVARIATIONINOUTWARDINVESTMENTFLOWSANDINTHESTRINGENCYOFDOMESTIC
29、REGULATIONACROSSSECTORSTOEXAMINETHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEPOLLUTIONHAVENEFFECTFORINSTANCE,HANNA2004STUDIESTHEEFFECTOFTHECLEANAIRACTAMENDMENTSCAAAONOUTBOUNDFDISTOCKSUSINGAPANELDATASETOFUSBASEDMULTINATIONALFIRMSSHEFINDSTHATOVERALLINVESTMENTBYMOREREGULATEDFIRMSINCREASEDINRESPONSETOTHEENFORCEMENTOFCAAAREGULATIO
30、NSBUTSHEDOESNOTFINDASTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONTHESHAREOFFDITHATTHOSEFIRMSWEREHOLDINGINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINREGRESSIONSEXPLAININGUSOUTWARDINVESTMENTACROSSINDUSTRIALSECTORS,ESKELANDANDHARRISON2003OBTAINNEGATIVEORINSIGNIFICANTCOEFFICIENTSONPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTBYCONTRAST,WHENLIMITINGTHESETOFDEST
31、INATIONCOUNTRIESTOBRAZILANDMEXICOANDCONTROLLINGFORCAPITALINTENSITY,COLEANDELLIOT2005FINDEVIDENCETHATUSOUTWARDFDIFLOWSACROSSINDUSTRIESINTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORVARYPOSITIVELYWITHPOLLUTIONABATEMENTCOSTUSINGASIMILARRESEARCHDESIGN,ELLIOTANDSHIMAMOTO2008FINDAGENERALLYINSIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPOLLUTIONABATEMENT
32、COSTONJAPANESEFDIFLOWSTOINDONESIA,MALAYSIAANDTHEPHILIPPINES6译文外商直接投资地区集聚效应与污染避难所假说ULRICHJWAGNERCHRISTOPHERDTIMMINS在污染密集型产业的范围里,环境规制是否会削弱国际竞争力,亦或者他们搬迁到较少的严格监管国家,将会变成“污染天堂”的国家我们使用对外直接投资的面板数据(FDI)的流向各行业在德国的制造业和一些已经在以往的研究忽视的计量问题来检验这一假设。污染避难所假说的雏形最初是由COPELAND和TAYLOR1994研究北南贸易和环境的关系时提出的。其要旨是,在开放经济条件下,自由贸易
33、的结果将导致高污染产业不断地从发达国家迁移到发展中国家。这是因为,发达国家一般具有较高的环境意识,因而这些国家通常会实施相对严格的环境管理制度和执行较高的环境管制标准,这无疑会推动发达国家污染产业生产成本的上升。于是,与环境管制较为严厉国家的竞争者比较而言,环境标准较低国家的厂商将获得明显的成本优势。在这种情况下,发达国家的肮脏产业DIRTYINDUSTRIES自然就会向发展中国家转移,其结果便是后者成为前者的污染避难所。从贸易理论上看,一般认为,随着经济一体化的推进,世界范围贸易壁垒的下降必然会使各国环境管制等方面的差异在影响贸易活动方面起到更大的作用,如采用不同的环境标准和环境管理方式来影
34、响贸易类型等,这些差异会推动比较优势的形成。因此,担心污染行业在那些环境管制松弛的发展中国家积聚甚至形成一定国际竞争力的观点不是没有道理的。如今,建立在这种担心基础上的污染避难所假说等理论观点已经形成了一个相当大的阵营。例如,就环境管制标准而言,污染避难所假说就认为,较高的环境标准和较严厉的环境管制措施会损害国内相关产业在国际市场上的竞争力。于是,那些实施较为松弛环境标准的国家就会吸引更多的对环境敏感的外国直接投资,从而推动其污染密集型产业的发展,并最终成为污染的避难所COPELANDANDTAYLOR,2004。在探讨经济一体化和环境关系的文献中,GROSSMAN和KRUEGER1991最早
35、提出国际经济的一体化将会提升欠发达国家的收入水平,因而推动这些国家对洁净环境的需求,从而最终会改善这些国家的环境质量。COPELAND和TAYLOR1997也证明,资本流动既可降低污染水平,也可提高污染水平,这取决于具体的贸易和投资形态。除去这两项广泛引用的文献之外,围绕污染避难所假说以及资本流动和环境关系的研7究目前国外已经有了大量的文献。我们知道,污染避难所假说意味着贸易活动可能引起跨境污染TRANSBOUNDARYPOLLUTION问题。MERRIFIELD1988较早构造了一个两国模型,研究了两个国家问存在资本流动以及跨境环境污染的情景,并分析了若干污染减排策略的福利效应。LUDEMA
36、和WOOTON1994研究了环境政策与贸易政策相互间的作用及其福利涵义,LUDEMA和WOOTON1997拓展了之前的研究,将管理费用和污染减排方面的不对称信息纳入到一个分析框架中,以分析合作和非合作贸易和环境政策的福利含义。COPELAND和TAYLOR1995证明,有关国家联合起来所进行的污染减排可以是一种帕累托改进,而与减少污染相联系的收入转移则可提高福利水平。COPELAND1996还提出一个污染内容关税POLLUTIONCONTENTTARIF的概念,这种进口关税的大小由进口物品在生产过程中产生的污染物数量决定。HATZIPANAYOTOU等人2002证明,通过北方对南方提供的资金和
37、技术援助等,跨境外部性效应的存在不仅不会影响到北方的福利状况,而且还能降低实际的净污染水平从而使福利得以增进。总之,我们可以看出,污染避难所假说涉及诸多因素,其中的逻辑关联错综复杂。TAYLOR2006的研究把污染避难所假说细分为五类情形一是国家的特征决定环境管制;二是环境管制影响生产成本;三是生产成本影响贸易或外国直接投资FDI的流动;四是这些流动会影响到污染、价格以及收入等变量;五是污染、价格以及收入的结果又会反过来对环境管制施加影响。需要指出的是,目前国际学术界对污染避难所假说尚未形成一致的观点,其中有的观点和研究结论甚至截然相反。难怪有学者指出,污染避难所假说是整个国际经济学领域中最容
38、易引起争论的问题之一,围绕这一假说不断涌现的研究文献也表明学术界对此问题只益增长的研究兴趣。例如,COLE和ELLIOTT2005对污染避难所假说表示了怀疑。他们的研究以污染密集行业的资本集中度为基础,考察了美国对外投资与巴西和墨西哥两个发展中国家要素禀赋的关系,并强调了资本在污染避难所形成中的作用,认为从资本的角度能够理解为什么污染避难所在世界范围并不多见。按照他们的逻辑,污染避难所最有可能出现在那些比较优势完全由环境管制松弛程度决定的国家。然而在现实中,拥有松弛环境管制制度的国家并不一定有足够的资本积累来吸引国外污染密集型产业的迁移和投资。冈此,现实中的污染避难所并不容易被观察到。他们的研
39、究也为ESKELAND和HARRISON2003的论点提供了支持,即摩洛哥和科特迪瓦没有成为污染避难所的原因就在于这两个国家没有适当的资本来吸引国外的资本污染密集型行业的投资。这就8是说,松弛的环境管制制度并不是污染避难所形成的充分条件。SMARZYNSKA和魏尚进2006对污染避难所和外国直接投资的关系做了一个新颖的研究,认为污染避难所和外国直接投资的关系要么是一种流行的误解POPULARMYTH要么蕴涵着“肮脏的秘密”。两位学者首先指出,尽管污染避难所假说看起来很有道理,但目前却没有什么文献支撑这一假说的成立。随后他们归纳了妨碍污染避难所研究的四大原因一是东道国的政治制度如官僚腐败等可能阻
40、止FDI的涌入,但却与环境标准的松紧程度呈正相关的关系;二是统计分析中忽略这种信息特点可能导致我们得出错误的结论;三是研究中大量使用的国家或行业层面的数据无法揭示出厂商层面的真实情形;四是东道国的环境标准和跨国公司的污染强度也不易观察到。在试图克服上述四大难点的基础上,SMARZYNSKA和魏尚进以24个制度正在变迁的国家为例,将腐败纳入到厂商层面的分析之中,得出了一些支持污染避难所假说成立的证据。不过,正如他们所指出的那样,有关污染避难所和外国直接投资的联系很弱,并不足以支撑污染避难所假说的成立。EDERINGTON等人2006以美国为例,对贸易自由化和污染避难所的关系进行了研究。他们发现,
41、1974年至1994年间美国污染密集型产业并没有被国外进口物品所取代,也就是说,这一时期美国的污染密集型产业并没有出现过统计上显著的迁移到其他发展中国家的情形。这就意味着,污染避难所假说的主张值得怀疑。LEVINSON和TAYLOR2008在即将发表的以“揭开污染避难所效应的面纱”为题的论文中详细分析了环境管制对贸易流动的影响。他们以1977年至1986年间美国、加拿大和墨西哥三国多达130个制造业的数据为样本分析得出,这一时期减排成本增加最多的行业净进口增加也最多。平均而言,各行业管制成本增加带来的净进口的变化大约占到同期总贸易量增加的10左右。与上述研究不同的是,QUIROGA等人2007选取了2000年72个国家的数据,认为环境管制松弛的国家在污染行业中拥有比较优势,即污染避难所假说是成立的。另外,AKBOSTANCI等人2007以土耳其为例,采用面板数据的分析方法,考察了1994至1997年间污染避难所的贸易流动,发现随着土耳其污染产业“肮脏”程度的增加,该国的出口也在增加。这就为污染避难所假说在土耳其的成立提供了证据,并警告土耳其有可能成为发达国家污染产业的避难所。
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