透过波特钻石模型分析中国汽车产业的竞争力【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业论文外文翻译原文外文题目ANALYZINGCHINASAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYCOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHPROTERSDIAMONDMODEL出处ARESEARCHPROJECTSUBMITTEDTOTHESCHOOLOFGRADUATESTUDIESOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFLETHBRIDGEINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREE作者DIWU,BACHELOROFMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFLETHBRIDGE,2004原文ANALYZINGCHINASAUTOMOB

2、ILEINDUSTRYCOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHPROTERSDIAMONDMODELABSTRACTTHISPAPERINCORPORATESPORTERSDIAMONDMODELTOANALYZECHINASAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYBESIDESLOOKINGATTHEFOURDETERMINANTSOFCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEORIGINALMODEL,THISSTUDYSPECIFICALLYEXAMINESTHEIMPACTOFGOVERNMENTONINDUSTRYCOMPETITIVENESSTHISSTUDYRETRIEVESARC

3、HIVALDATAONMULTIMEASUREMENTSUSEDINPRIORSTUDIESTHEAUTHORINCORPORATESONECASESTUDYOFACHINESEAUTOFIRMTOILLUSTRATETHESPECIFICIMPACTOFGOVERNMENTPOLICYANDTHERESPONSESOFAUTOASSEMBLERSANDCOMPONENTSUPPLIERSINTERVIEWSWITHEXPERTSINAUTORELATEDINDUSTRIESARECONDUCTEDTOTRIANGULATETHEFINDINGSRESULTSSHOWTHATTHECHINES

4、EAUTOINDUSTRYISSTILLINITSEARLYSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENT,WHEREASPRODUCTQUALITYANDECONOMIESOFSCALEOFDOMESTICAUTOMAKERSAREAPPROACHINGGLOBALSTANDARDSTHUSCHINESEAUTOFIRMSAIMATBECOMINGMAJORPLAYERSINTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETTHEGOVERNMENTPLAYSANACTIVEROLEINASSISTINGTHEINDUSTRYDEVELOPMENTASTHENATIONTRANSITIONSFROMAPL

5、ANNEDECONOMYTOAFREEMARKETINTRODUCTIONGLOBALCOMPETITIVENESSHASBECOMEATOPICFORMAINSTREAMRESEARCHINBOTHACADEMICANDPRACTICALFIELDSPORTERS1990DIAMONDMODELISAWELLKNOWNTHEORYONCOMPETITIVENESS,WHICHANALYZESNATIONALORINDUSTRYCOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHFOURMAJORDIMENSIONSFACTORCONDITIONS,DEMANDCONDITIONS,FIRMSTRAT

6、EGYSTRUCTUREANDRIVALRY,ANDRELATEDANDSUPPORTINGINDUSTRIESHOWEVER,PORTERSMODELWASDEVELOPEDINTHEEARLY1990SUSINGDATAFROMADVANCEDNATIONSASEMERGINGECONOMIESPLAYAMOREIMPORTANTROLEINWORLDTRADE,ANUMBEROFSCHOLARSHAVEQUESTIONEDTHEAPPLICABILITYOFTHEDIAMONDMODELINAGLOBALCONTEXT,ESPECIALLYINDEVELOPINGAND/OREMERGI

7、NGECONOMIESBELLAKCARTWRIGHT,1993DUNNING,1980,1993HODGETTS,1993OMALLEYOZ,2002RUGMANRUGMANHUGHESMOONOMALLEYHOWEVER,NOSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINA,AGROWINGECONOMICPOWER,THROUGHPORTERSDIMENSIONSTHUS,THISSTUDYAPPLIESPORTERSDIAMONDMODELTOIDENTIFYSOURCESOFCOMPETITIVENESSINCHINASAUTOINDUSTRY

8、CHINASAUTOINDUSTRY,INCREASINGLYBEINGHEADLINEDINMAJORTRADEJOURNALS,ATTRACTSMUCHATTENTIONINBOTHSTRATEGICANDACADEMICFIELDSTHEREARETHOSETHATPREDICTEDCHINAWILLCOMPETEWELLINEXPORTINGAUTOMOBILESTOTHENORTHAMERICANMARKETINLESSTHANFIVEYEARS“MIXEDOUTLOOKFORAUTOEXPORTS”,2005,WHILEOTHERSSTATEDTHATCHINAISNOTREADY

9、FOREXPORTANDTHEBIGGESTSOURCESOFCOMPETITIVENESS,COSTBENEFITSANDCONSUMERMARKET,STILLLIEINTHEDOMESTICMARKETMACKEY,2005ARECHINESEAUTOMAKERSREADYTOFACEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIONARETHERESUFFICIENTINDUSTRYPOLICIESTOSUPPORTINTERNATIONALIZATIONWHATISTHEREACTIONOFGLOBALAUTOFIRMS,GIVENAHUGEATTRACTIVEMARKETANDGRO

10、WINGDOMESTICCOMPETITORSTHEMOTIVATIONOFTHECURRENTSTUDYISTHUSTOUNDERSTANDTHEREALCOMPETITIVEPOSITIONOFCHINASAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYONEOFITSPILLARINDUSTRIESASTHENATIONTRANSITIONSFROMACENTRALLYPLANNEDANDPROTECTEDECONOMYTOAFREEMARKETTODATE,ANALYSESOFCHINASAUTOINDUSTRYAREMOSTLYBASEDONSECONDARYDATAFROMACADEMICAN

11、DPROFESSIONALSOURCESINTHISSTUDY,THEAUTHORINCORPORATESCASESTUDYFACTSABOUTSHANGHAIAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYCORPORATIONSAICANDITSFOREIGNPARTNERS,SOASTOANALYZETHEPERFORMANCEOFANINDIGENOUSAUTOFIRMSUPPORTINGINDUSTRIES,FIRMSTRATEGYANDTHEIMPACTOFGOVERNMENTARETHEFOCALAREASOFTHISSTUDYFINALLY,INTERVIEWDATAFROMSCHOLAR

12、S,POLICYMAKERS,ANDBUSINESSPRACTITIONERSARECOLLECTEDFORCONFIRMATIVEPURPOSECONTRIBUTIONSOFTHECURRENTSTUDYARETHREEFOLDFIRST,THEANALYSISOFCHINASAUTOINDUSTRYWILLFILLALITERATUREGAPINAPPLYINGTHEDIAMONDMODELINONEOFCHINASPILLARINDUSTRIESSECONDLY,THISSTUDYCANOFFERPOLICYIMPLICATIONSBYANALYZINGSIGNIFICANTGOVERN

13、MENTIMPACTSONAUTOINDUSTRYPROSPERITYINATRANSITIONECONOMYANDFINALLY,UNDERSTANDINGTHEINDUSTRYCOULDBENEFITSTRATEGICDECISIONMAKINGFORBOTHINTERNATIONALANDDOMESTICAUTOMAKERSPORTERSDIAMONDMODELONCOMPETITIVENESSFACTORCONDITIONSFORPRODUCTIONARETHEINPUTSANDINFRASTRUCTURENECESSARYFORCOMPETITION,WHICHINCLUDEHUMA

14、NRESOURCESQUALITYANDQUANTITYOFSKILLEDLABOR,COSTOFPERSONNEL,ANDLABORSKILLVARIETYPHYSICALRESOURCES“THEABUNDANCE,QUALITY,ACCESSIBILITY,ANDCOSTOFTHENATIONSLAND,WATER,MINERAL,ORTIMBERDEPOSITS,HYDROELECTRICPOWERSOURCES,FISHINGGROUNDS,ANDOTHERPHYSICALTRAITS”PORTER,1990,P74KNOWLEDGERESOURCESMARKET,SCIENTIFI

15、C,TECHNICALKNOWLEDGERESIDINGINANATIONSRESEARCHINSTITUTIONSCAPITALRESOURCESCAPITALAVAILABILITYANDCOSTTOFINANCEINDUSTRIESCAPITALRESOURCESCANBEAFFECTEDBYTHERATEOFSAVINGSANDNATIONALCAPITALMARKETSTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTUREAVAILABILITYANDQUALITYOFINFRASTRUCTURE,INCLUDINGCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEM,TRANSPORTATIONSYSTE

16、M,PAYMENTORFUNDSTRANSFER,HEALTHCARE,ANDSOFORTHPORTER,1990,P7475DEMANDCONDITIONSREFERTOHOMEDEMANDCONDITIONPORTERFURTHEREDHISANALYSISTOINCLUDEINTERNATIONALDEMANDCONDITIONINHISLATERWORKONINDUSTRYDEVELOPMENTPORTER1990DISCUSSEDHOMEDEMANDTHROUGHTHREEGENERALATTRIBUTESTHENATUREOFBUYERNEEDS,THESIZEANDGROWTHR

17、ATEOFHOMEDEMAND,ANDTHETRANSFERABILITYOFDOMESTICDEMANDINTOFOREIGNMARKETSASPORTERDESCRIBEDINHISLOCATIONCOMPETITIVENESSSTUDY,ADVANTAGEARISESFROM“HAVINGSOPHISTICATEDANDDEMANDINGLOCALCUSTOMERSORCUSTOMERSWITHUNUSUALLYINTENSENEEDFORSPECIALIZEDVARIETIESALSOINDEMANDELSEWHERE”1998,P327RELATEDANDSUPPORTINGINDU

18、STRIESINCLUDEPARTSANDSERVICESUPPLIERSANDDISTRIBUTORSINTHESUPPLYCHAINASPORTERSTATED,COMPETITIVESUPPLIERINDUSTRIESCANPROVIDE“EFFICIENT,EARLY,RAPID,ANDPREFERENTIALACCESSTOINPUTS”1990,P101WHICHAREBASICPRODUCTIONNEEDSMOREOVER,THEGEOGRAPHICPROXIMITYWITHINTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVESUPPLIERSINTHEHOMENATIONHEL

19、PSBUILDCOORDINATIONANDACOMMUNICATIONNETWORK,WHICHINTURNIMPROVESPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCYBASEDONTHEAVAILABILITYANDEFFICIENCYOFSUPPORTINGINDUSTRIES,THEMOSTSIGNIFICANTBENEFITOFHOMEBASEDSUPPLIERSLIESINTHEABILITYTOACCELERATEINNOVATIONANDUPGRADEINTHEOVERALLAUTOINDUSTRYFIRMSTRATEGY,STRUCTURE,ANDRIVALRYDISCUSSTH

20、ECONTEXTINWHICHFIRMSARECREATED,MANAGED,ANDOPERATED,GIVENTHEDOMESTICDEMANDCONDITIONS,FACTORCONDITIONS,ANDSUPPORTINGINDUSTRYSITUATIONSINADEVELOPEDINDUSTRY,FIRMSWOULDBUILDONTHESTRENGTHSPROVIDEDBYTHESOURCESOFCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEANDINVESTINIMPROVINGTHELESSCOMPETITIVEFACTORSMOREOVER,ASPORTERCONCLUDED,FIER

21、CEDOMESTICCOMPETITIONPRESSURESFIRMSTOINNOVATEANDIMPROVEPRODUCTIVITYANDCONSEQUENTLYINCREASENATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEINDUSTRYFURTHERMORE,“VIGOROUSLOCALANDGLOBALCOMPETITIONNOTONLYSHARPENSADVANTAGESATHOMEBUTPRESSURESDOMESTICFIRMSTOSELLABROADINORDERTOGROW”1998,P119GOVERNMENTSETSUPPOLICIES,RULES,ANDREG

22、ULATIONSININDUSTRYACTIVITIESITISDIRECTLYRESPONSIBLEFORIMPROVINGTHEWELLBEINGOFCITIZENS,ASWELLASACHIEVINGECONOMICANDPOLITICALSTABILITYSOCIALBENEFITSPORTER,1998GOVERNMENTCANINFLUENCEALLTHEFOURGENERALDETERMINANTSEITHERPOSITIVELYORNEGATIVELYASPORTER1990POINTEDOUT,GOVERNMENTCANAFFECTFACTORCONDITIONSBYIMPO

23、SINGSUBSIDIARYPOLICIES,CAPITALMARKETREGULATIONS,ANDEDUCATIONALPOLICIESITCANALSOINFLUENCEDOMESTICDEMANDCONDITIONSBYESTABLISHINGPRODUCTSTANDARDSORREGULATIONSTHATDIRECTCUSTOMERNEEDSCOMPETITIONLAWS,TAXPOLICY,ANDOTHERREGULATORYSTATUTESCANAFFECTBOTHSUPPORTINGINDUSTRIESANDFIRMSTRUCTUREANDSTRATEGYCHANCEREFE

24、RSTOEXTERNALEVENTSTHATMAYAFFECTORBENEFITANATIONORINDUSTRYANDTHATARETOTALLYOUTSIDETHECONTROLOFFIRMSANDGOVERNMENTEXAMPLESOFCHANCEEVENTSINCLUDEPUREINVENTION,BREAKTHROUGHSINBASICTECHNOLOGIES,WARS,ECONOMICCRISIS,ANDMAJORSHIFTSINFOREIGNMARKETDEMANDTHEYCREATEDISCONTINUITIESTHATCANUNFREEZEORRESHAPEINDUSTRYS

25、TRUCTUREANDTHUSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINSHIFTINGCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINMANYINDUSTRIESFIRMSEVALUATECHANCEEVENTSDIFFERENTLYDUETOVARIOUSINDUSTRYNATURESANDSTAGESINTHEIRLIFECYCLEPORTER1990PROPOSEDTHATFIRMSPROMOTECONTINUOUSINNOVATIONANDIMPROVEMENT,ANDENDEAVORTOSEIZEOPPORTUNITYRESULTINGFROMCHANCEEVENTSRESEARCHQ

26、UESTIONSINTHE1950S,MAJORINDUSTRIESWEREUNDERTHEDIRECTCONTROLOFTHEGOVERNMENT,WITHCENTRALLYPLANNEDRESOURCEALLOCATIONANDPRODUCTIONHOWEVER,LIMITEDRESOURCESANDLITTLEEXPERIENCEINECONOMICDEVELOPMENTCONSTRAINEDTHENATIONSABILITYTOMEETGROWINGDOMESTICDEMANDTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTTHUSFACEDTHEDILEMMAOFEXCESSIVEDOMES

27、TICDEMANDANDLOWPRODUCTIONCAPACITY,ESPECIALLYINHIGHTECHNOLOGYINDUSTRIESMANYHIGHTECHPRODUCTSWEREHIGHLYDEPENDENTONIMPORTS,WHICHCREATEDAHUGETRADEDEFICITWITHININTERNATIONALBUSINESSHARWIT,1995TOMEETLOCALDEMANDASWELLASTOIMPROVETRADEBALANCE,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTINTRODUCEDSEVERALPOLICYREFORMSINANEFFORTTOSTIMU

28、LATEDOMESTICPRODUCTIONANDATTRACTINWARDFDIINEXPORTORIENTEDINDUSTRIESBRESLIN,2004HANZHANG,2003ZHUHOWEVER,AFTERCHINASWTOACCESSION,CHINESEAUTOFIRMSNEEDTOREALIZETHETHREATBROUGHTINBYAFREEMARKETTHUSREDUCEITSDEPENDENCYONFOREIGNTECHNOLOGIESJINGS2005DISCUSSIONOUTLINEDASTRATEGYFORCHINAAUTOINDUSTRYINTHE21STCENT

29、URYHEDUBBEDTHEULTIMATESTRATEGYFORCHINESEAUTOFIRMSAS“SELFCOMPETITIVE”,WHICHREQUIRESCOMPANIESTOEXTENDPRODUCTIONFOREXPORTS,INVESTINRHARWIT,1995QIN,2004FUTURERESEARCHCOULDSPECIFICALLYANALYZEPOLICYREFORMSANDAUTOMAKERSSTRATEGYCHANGESINRESPONSETOMULTILEVELAUTHORITIESINCHINAUPONFINISHINGTHEFIVEYEARTRANSITIO

30、NPERIOD,CHINAISREQUIREDTOIMPLEMENTALLTERMSSPECIFIEDINTHEWTOAGREEMENTIN2006FUTURESTUDIESCANINCORPORATEUPDATEDDATAANDCONDUCTALONGITUDINALSTUDYOFCHINASDEVELOPMENTINTHEAUTOSECTOR本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目ANALYZINGCHINASAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYCOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHPROTERSDIAMONDMODEL出处ARESEARCHPROJECTSUBMITTEDTOTHESCHOOL

31、OFGRADUATESTUDIESOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFLETHBRIDGEINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREE作者DIWU,BACHELOROFMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFLETHBRIDGE,2004译文透过波特钻石模型分析中国汽车产业的竞争力摘要本文采用波特的钻石模型来分析中国的汽车产业。除了关注原有模型中的四个竞争力因素，本研究特别探讨了政府对产业竞争力的影响。本研究采用以前研究中使用测量的档案数据，笔者结合一个中国汽车企业为例，来说明政府政策的具体影响以及汽车装配和零部件供应商对其的做出的反应

32、，并且通过采访相关汽车行业的专家，使本研究成为“三角模式”的研究。研究结果表明，中国汽车业仍处于发展的初期阶段，其汽车制造商的产品质量和经济规模正在向国际标准接轨，而且中国汽车企业的目标是成为国际市场上的主要参与者。同时我们可以看到，从计划经济转变成市场经济的中国政府扮演了一个积极的角色来推动中国汽车产业的发展。概述全球竞争力的研究已经成为学术和应用领域的主流研究方向。波特（1990）钻石模型是一个分析竞争力的非常著名的理论，它通过探究要素条件，需求条件，企业战略结构和竞争，以及相关的配套产业这个四个方面来分析国家（或行业）竞争力的强弱。然而，在90年代初，通过大量数据的实证研究，波特模型又有

33、了进一步的发展。随着新兴经济体在世界贸易中扮演了越来越重要的角色，在全球范围内，特别是一些发展中国家和新兴经济体，一些学者质疑了钻石模型的适用性（BELLAKCARTWRIGHT,1993DUNNING,1980,1993HODGETTS,1993OMALLEYOZ,2002RUGMANRUGMANHUGHESMOONOMALLEY韩及金，2003）。70年代末引入的改革开放和经济改革政策减少了政府的管制（WANG，1999）。不同形式的外国直接投资（股权合资，合作合资，或独资企业）如纺织和制造业等一些行业被允许进入中国市场。然而，为了保持整体经济的中央控制，政府保留在支柱产业，包括半导体，汽车，电信部门（ZHUZHANG,2003ZHUHARWIT，1995，QIN，2004）。未来的研究可以具体分析中国多层次的政策改革和汽车制造商的战略转变。经过了五年的过渡期，中国必须在2006年实施WTO协议规定的所有条款。未来的研究可以合并更新相关的数据，对中国汽车产业的发展进行纵向比较研究。