1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目TOURISMASLONGRUNECONOMICGROWTHFACTORTHESPANISHCASE出处PRIMERAEDICINJUNIO2000DEPSITOLEGALV25762000作者JACINTBALAGUERANDMANUELCANTAVELLAJORD原文TOURISMASALONGRUNECONOMICGROWTHFACTORTHESPANISHCASEJACINTBALAGUERANDMANUELCANTAVELLAJORDABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEROLEOFTOURISMINTHESPANISHLONGRUNE
2、CONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHETOURISTLEDGROWTHHYPOTHESISISTESTEDTHERESULTSINDICATETHAT,ATLEAST,DURINGTHELASTTHREEDECADESECONOMICGROWTHINSPAINHASBEENSENSIBLETOPERSISTENTEXPANSIONOFINTERNATIONALTOURISMTHEINCREASEOFTHISACTIVITYHASPRODUCEDMULTIPLIEREFFECTSOVERTIMEEXTERNALCOMPETITIVITYHASALSOBEENPROVEDINTHEMODELT
3、OBEAFUNDAMENTALVARIABLEFORSPANISHECONOMICGROWTHINTHELONGRUNFROMTHEEMPIRICALANALYSISITCANBEINFERREDTHEPOSITIVEEFFECTSONINCOMETHATGOVERNMENTPOLICY,INTHEADEQUACYOFSUPPLYASWELLASINTHEPROMOTIONOFTOURISTACTIVITY,MAYBRINGABOUTKEYWORDSECONOMICGROWTH,INTERNATIONALTOURISM,MULTIPLIEREFFECTSIINTRODUCTIONADISTIN
4、CTIVEFEATUREOFSPAINISITSIMPORTANCEASANINTERNATIONALTOURISTDESTINATIONASWELLASTHERELATIVEWEIGHTTHATFOREIGNEXCHANGEINCOMEHASINITSECONOMYASAMATTEROFFACT,THEEARNINGSFROMTOURISMHAVESYSTEMATICALLY2COMPENSATEDSPANISHTRADEIMBALANCESSINCETHESEVENTIESINVIEWOFTHISSITUATION,THEECONOMISTSHAVEVERYOFTENTAKENFORGRA
5、NTEDTHATTHEINFLOWOFFOREIGNEXCHANGEFORTHISCONCEPTWOULDSTIMULATEACOUNTRYSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTNEVERTHELESS,THISHYPOTHESISHASNOTBEENYETTESTEDANDTHEREFOREITMAYBEINTERESTINGTOANALYSEWHETHERITISEMPIRICALLYSIGNIFICANTORNOTOVERTIMESEVERALDECADESOFTOURISTEXPANSIONINSPAINMAYPROBABLYREPRESENTENOUGHTIMETOEXAMINEI
6、FINTERNATIONALTOURISMGROWTHHASSIGNIFICANTLYCONTRIBUTEDTOTHECOUNTRYSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHEANALYSISSHOULDGOBEYONDITSOWNMULTIPLIEREFFECTSTHUS,THEMAINOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOASSESWHETHERAND,IFSO,TOWHATEXTENTSPANISHECONOMICGROWTHRESPONDSTOTHEEVOLUTIONOFEXTERNALTOURISTACTIVITYDURINGTHE19751997PERIODTHEBAC
7、KGROUNDONTHISQUESTIONISREFERREDTOTHELITERATUREOFTHEEXPORTLEDGROWTHHYPOTHESISANDTORECENTTHEORETICALMODELSWHICHONLYCONSIDERNONTRADEDGOODSSUCHASTOURISMASINTHEEXPORTLEDGROWTHHYPOTHESIS,ATOURISTLEDGROWTHHYPOTHESISWOULDPOSTULATETHEEXISTENCEOFVARIOUSARGUMENTSFORWHICHTOURISMWOULDBECOMEAMAINDETERMINANTOFOVER
8、ALLLONGRUNECONOMICGROWTHINAMORETRADITIONALSENSEITSHOULDBEARGUEDTHATTOURISMBRINGSINFOREIGNEXCHANGEWHICHCANBEUSEDTOIMPORTCAPITALGOODSINORDERTOPRODUCEGOODSANDSERVICES,LEADINGINTURNTOECONOMICGROWTHIFTHOSEIMPORTSARECAPITALGOODSORBASICINPUTSFORPRODUCINGGOODSINANYAREAOFTHEECONOMY,THEN,ONECANSAYTHATEARNINGS
9、FROMTOURISMAREPLAYINGAFUNDAMENTALROLEINECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOBVIOUSLY,NONTOURISTREGIONSWILLALSOBENEFITFROMITASARESULTOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFACOUNTRYSWEALTHONTHEOTHERHAND,INTERNATIONALTOURISMWOULDCONTRIBUTETOANINCOMEINCREASEATLEASTINTWOADDITIONALWAYSASTHEEXPORTLEDGROWTHHYPOTHESISPOSTULATESINTHEFIRSTPLACE,E
10、NHANCINGEFFICIENCYTHROUGHINCREASEDCOMPETITIONAMONGFIRMSANDOTHERSINTERNATIONALTOURISTDESTINATIONSBHAGWATIANDSRINIVASAN,1979KRUEGER,1980,ANDINTHESECONDPLACE,FACILITATINGTHEEXPLOITATIONOFECONOMIESOFSCALEINLOCALFIRMSHELPMANANDKRUGMAN,1985TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHATALARGEPROPORTIONOFATOURISTSEXPENDITUREISSPENT
11、ONTHECONSUMPTIONOFNONTRADEDGOODSANDSERVICESINTHEHOSTCOUNTRY,THEREEXIST3FACTORSWHICHCANHAVEEITHERAPOSITIVEROLEORANUNFAVOURABLEIMPACTONECONOMICGROWTHNONTRADEDGOODSANDSERVICESARENOTEXPORTABLESINTHETRADITIONALSENSEBECAUSETHEIRPRICEISNOTDETERMINEDINTHEINTERNATIONALMARKET,BUTINTHELOCALMARKETOBVIOUSLY,TOUR
12、ISTSCONSUMPTIONOFNONTRADEDGOODSANDSERVICESHASAIMPACTONTHERELATIVEPRICEANDAVAILABILITYOFTHENONTRADEDGOODSANDSERVICESFORTHEDOMESTICCONSUMERINTHESTATICFRAMEWORK,THEREAREATLEASTTWOANALYTICALPAPERSWHICHEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOURISMANDWELFAREWHERETOURISTSCONSUMENONTRADEDGOODSANDSERVICESINTHEFIRSTPA
13、PER,HAZARIANDNG1993SHOWTHATINAMONOPOLYPOWERFRAMEWORK,TOURISMMAYBEWELFAREREDUCINGINTHESECONDPAPER,HAZARIANDKAUR1993ARGUETHATINAKOMIYA1967TYPEFIRSTBESTMODEL,TOURISMISALWAYSWELFAREIMPROVINGMORERECENTLY,HAZARIANDSGRO1995DEVELOPEDADYNAMICMODELINWHICHAFAVOURABLEIMPACTOFABUOYANTWORLDDEMANDFORTOURISMWOULDHA
14、VEAPOSITIVEEFFECTONTHELONGRUNGROWTHOFASMALLECONOMYTHISFAVOURABLEIMPACTISGENERATEDBYTOURISMBEHAVIOURASATIMESAVINGDEVICEWHICHALLOWSDOMESTICPOPULATIONTOCONSUMENOWRATHERTHANLATERDUETOTHEREQUIREMENTOFALOWERSAVINGRATETHEREMAINDERSTRUCTUREOFTHISPAPERISORGANISEDASFOLLOWSINSECTIONII,ATOURISMGROWTHMODELISPRES
15、ENTEDSECTIONIIIDISCUSSESTHEEMPLOYEDMETHODOLOGYANDRESULTSSECTIONIVPROVIDESTHEMAINCONCLUSIONSOFTHEANALYSISIIMODELSPECIFICATIONANDTIMESERIESANALYSISINORDERTOEXPLAINTHEGROWTHRATEOFOUTPUTOVERLONGPERIODSONEISUSUALLYREFERREDTOACOUPLEOFCOMPLEMENTARYAPPROACHESONEISGROWTHTHEORY,WHICHMODELSTHEINTERACTIONSAMONG
16、FACTORSUPPLIES,PRODUCTIVITYGROWTH,SAVING,ANDINVESTMENTINTHEPROCESSOFGROWTHTHEOTHERISGROWTHACCOUNTING,WHICHATTEMPTSTOQUANTIFYTHECONTRIBUTIONOFDIFFERENTDETERMINANTSOFOUTPUTGROWTHMOSTPAPERS,HAVEBEENCONCENTRATEDONTHESOCALLEDEXPORTLEDGROWTHHYPOTHESISFORBOTHDEVELOPINGANDINDUSTRIALISEDCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,THEO
17、BJECTIVEOFTHISARTICLE,ASIT4WASINDICATEDBEFORE,ISTOANALYSETHEROLEOFTOURISMFORTHEECONOMICGROWTHINSPAINTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTOURISMINSPAINISAMAJORDETERMINANTOFLONGRUNGROWTHIS,THEN,TESTEDTHEMODELINCLUDESGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,TOURISM,ANDEXCHANGERATEBASEDUPONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATSPAINISASMALLOPENECONOMY,THESEARETH
18、EMINIMUMANDMORERELEVANTVARIABLESTHATHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINECONOMETRICTERMSTHEEQUATIONISASFOLLOWSTTTTQTOUSAYLOGLOGLOG210T1975Q11997Q11975Q1STANDSFORTHEFIRSTQUARTEROF1975ANALOGOUSLYFOR1997Q1SINCEY,TOUSAANDQAREEXPRESSEDINNATURALLOGARITHMS,THECOEFFICIENTSOFTHELASTTWOVARIABLESAREELASTICITIESYISREALGROSSDOM
19、ESTICPRODUCTTOUSAISINTERNATIONALTOURISMEARNINGSINREALTERMS,QISTHEREALEFFECTIVEEXCHANGERATEUISTHEERRORTERMWHICHREPRESENTSOMITTEDFACTORSLEFTOUTBYTHEDETERMINISTICPARTOFTHEMODELSEEAPPENDIXFORMOREDETAILSABOUTVARIABLESBEFORETHELONGRUNRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOURISMANDGROWTHINSPAINCANBEDETERMINEDITISIMPORTANTTO
20、CARRYOUTAUNIVARIATEANALYSISTESTINGSTATIONARITYOFTIMESERIESLEADSTOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEECONOMETRICMODELUSINGTHEAPPROPRIATEMETHODOLOGYTHESTATIONARITYOFTHESERIESWASINVESTIGATEDBYEMPLOYINGTHEUNITROOTTESTSDEVELOPEDBYDICKEYANDFULLER1979,1981,ANDPHILLIPSANDPERRON1988IIIMETHODOLOGYANDRESULTSBOTHMAXANDTRACE
21、TESTSSUGGESTTHATTHEREISACOINTEGRATINGRELATIONSHIPITINDICATESTHATTOURISMPOSITIVELYAFFECTSSPANISHECONOMICGROWTHOVERTIMETHESERESULTSSHOWTHATSINGLEEQUATIONESTIMATIONFORANINCREASEINTOURISMCANCAPTURETHELONGRUNRELATIONSHIPTHEEXISTINGCORRELATIONBETWEENECONOMICGROWTHANDFOREIGNEXCHANGEINCOMEFROMTOURISMISNOTSP
22、URIOUSFROMTHEESTIMATESONECANINFERTHATTHEPRESENCEOFMULTIPLIEREFFECTSONINCOMEAREREALLYIMPORTANTTHEINTERPRETATIONOFTHEELASTICITYOFECONOMICGROWTHWITHRESPECTTOTOURISMSHOULDREADASFOLLOWSA5PERCENTOFASUSTAINEDGROWTHRATEIN5FOREIGNEXCHANGEEARNINGSFROMTOURISMWOULDIMPLYANESTIMATEDINCREASEOFALMOST15PERCENTDOMEST
23、ICREALINCOMEINTHELONGRUNTHISISASIGNIFICANTFACTSINCETOURISMINSPAINHASNEVERREPRESENTED,SOFAR,MORETHAN5PERCENTOFOVERALLSPANISHINCOMEASINMOSTOFEMPIRICALRESEARCHABOUTTHEINFLUENCEOFEXPORTSINTHEECONOMICGROWTH,THEEXTERNALCOMPETITIONHASARELEVANTROLEWHENANALYSINGAPOSSIBLELONGRUNRELATIONSHIPTHEREFORE,THEESTIMA
24、TEOFTHECORRESPONDINGELASTICITYWOULDINDICATETHATINGENERAL,ANINCREASEOFTHESPANISHECONOMYCOMPETITIVITYWITHREGARDTOINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESWOULDHAVEHADSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONITSECONOMICGROWTHRATEINTHELASTTHREEDECADESINORDERTOEXAMINETHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEABOVERESULTSONEISREFERREDTOTABLE4WHICHREPORTSTHEOUTCOMESOF
25、THEPARAMETERRESTRICTIONTESTSFORECONOMICGROWTH,TOURISMANDEXCHANGERATEVARIABLESTHERESTRICTIONISTHATEACHCOEFFICIENTOFTHECORRESPONDINGVARIABLESISZEROTHISHYPOTHESISISREJECTEDFORY,TOUSAANDQTHEREFORE,ALLVARIABLESARESIGNIFICANTAT5PERCENTSIGNIFICANCELEVELITSHOULDBENOTED,THEN,THATTHECOMBINATIONOFTHOSETHREEVAR
26、IABLESINTHEMODELISIMPORTANTFOROBTAININGARELIABLELONGRUNRELATIONSHIPTHEEXISTENCEOFTHATLINKISSUSTAINEDBYTHEEFFECTSTHATEXTERNALCOMPETITIONQHASONSPANISHECONOMICGROWTHINFACT,WHENTHISVARIABLEWASEXCLUDED,NOCOINTEGRATINGVECTORWASFOUNDBETWEENECONOMICGROWTHANDTOURISMIVCONCLUDINGREMARKSASINTHEEXPORTLEDGROWTHLI
27、TERATURETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENECONOMICGROWTHANDINTERNATIONALTOURISMHASBEENEXAMINEDSINCETHEVARIABLESINCLUDEDINTHEMODELARENONSTATIONARYANDPRESENTAUNITROOT,THEJOHANSENTECHNIQUEHASBEENAPPLIEDTHISMETHODOLOGYHASALLOWEDTOOBTAINACOINTEGRATINGRELATIONSHIPAMONGTHEVARIABLESTHESEVARIABLESREPRESENTINDICATORSOFSP
28、ANISHECONOMICGROWTH,INTERNATIONALTOURISMINCOMEANDEXTERNALCOMPETITIVITYTHECOINTEGRATIONRESULTSPROVIDEEVIDENCEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFAUNIQUECOINTEGRATINGVECTORTHEREFORE,THEINTERPRETATIONOFITSESTIMATESSHOULDBESTRAIGHTFORWARDTHEANALYSISSHOWS,THEN,6THATALONGRUNSTABLERELATIONSHIPBETWEENECONOMICGROWTHANDTOURISMEX
29、PANSIONEXISTSASEXPECTED,THEEARNINGSFROMINTERNATIONALTOURISMAFFECTPOSITIVELYTHESPANISHECONOMICGROWTHTHESTRONGIMPACTOFTOURISTACTIVITY,ACCORDINGTOTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEESTIMATEDPARAMETERWOULDREVEALTHEEXISTENCEOFIMPORTANTLONGRUNMULTIPLIEREFFECTSTHESERESULTSWOULDSUPPORTTHEMAINPREDICTIONSMADEBYTHOSEMODELSWHICH
30、TREATTOURISMASBOTHANONTRADEDGOODANDASERVICECONTRARYTOWHATTHETRADITIONALEXPORTLEDGROWTHLITERATUREPREDICTS,TOURISMLEDGROWTHISNOTSPECIFICOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWHICHBASETHEIRFOREIGNEXCHANGEEARNINGSONTHEEXISTENCEOFACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINCERTAINSECTORSOFTHEECONOMYAMOREGENERALISEDIMPACTISASCRIBEDTOTHETOURIS
31、TACTIVITYITAFFECTSTOMOSTPARTOFTERTIARYANDNONDURABLEGOODSCONSUMPTIONSECTORONTHEOTHERHAND,ITSEEMSLIKEPOSSIBLEEFFECTSTHATREDUCEWELFAREFROMANINCREASEOFDOMESTICPRICESHAZARIANDNG,1993WOULDBEMORETHANCOMPENSATEDTHROUGHPOSITIVEEFFECTSONTHECOUNTRYSOVERALLWELFAREINADDITIONTOTHIS,THECONVERGENCEOFTHOSETWOVARIABL
32、ESINCOMEANDTOURISMEARNINGSISSUSTAINEDBYTHEINCLUSIONOFEXTERNALCOMPETITIVITYTHISVARIABLEHASBEENPROVEDTOBEALSOFUNDAMENTALINTHERAPIDGROWTHOFTHESPANISHECONOMYOVERTIMEFINALLY,THESIGNIFICANTIMPACTOFTOURISMONTHESPANISHECONOMYJUSTIFIESTHENECESSITYOFPUBLICINTERVENTIONAIMEDTO,ONTHEONEHAND,PROMOTEANDINCREASEINT
33、ERNATIONALTOURISMDEMANDANDONTHEOTHERHANDPROVIDEANDFOSTERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTOURISMSUPPLYATTHESAMETIME,AWARNINGONPOSSIBLEDANGERSDERIVEDFROMUNDERESTIMATINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFEXPENDITUREINTOURISTINFRASTRUCTURE,UNDERVALUINGFINANCIALSUPPORTTOWARDTHEEFFORTSOFENTREPRENEURIALINITIATIVEANDMINIMISINGTHESIGNIFICANCEO
34、FPROTECTINGNATURALANDSOCIOCULTURALRESOURCESSHOULDBEMADE7译文旅游业是长期经济增长的因素以西班牙为例摘要本文探讨了旅游业对西班牙长期经济发展的作用。对旅游带动经济增长这个假设进行验证。结果表明,至少,在过去的三十年里,西班牙的经济增长与国际旅游业的持续增长有着密切的关系。随着时间的推移,乘数效应也伴随着旅游这项活动的增加而产生。该模型也证明外部竞争力也是影响西班牙经济长期增长的基本变量。从实证分析可以推断,政府的政策充分的用于推广旅游活动,也可能会带来可观的收入。关键词经济增长,国际旅游,乘数效应一、引言西班牙的一个显著特点是,它是国际旅游
35、者经常选择的目的地,因此,外汇收入在其经济中占很重要的位置。事实上,七十年代以来,旅游收入一直是补偿西班牙贸易失衡的关键部分。由于这种情况,经济学家们往往会理所当然的认为,外汇流入将刺激一个国家的经济发展。不过,这种假设还没有被验证过,因此对这一情况进行实证分析,看旅游收入随着时间的推移是否对经济有着长期的显著作用,会是大家感兴趣的。西班牙旅游扩张的几十年,就给了我们足够的时间来考察国际旅游业的发展是否大大促进了该国的经济发展。这一分析需要在其乘数效应下进行。因此,本文的主要目标是验证19751997年期间,旅游业与西班牙经济增长是否有关,以及外部旅游活动在何种程度上作用于西班牙的经济增长。关
36、于这个问题的研究背景是相关文献中提到的出口带动增长的假设,以及,近来一些关于描述非商品贸易如旅游业的理论模型的文献。就如同在出口导向型增长假说,旅游带动增长的假说中,假设存在各种参数的情况下旅游业将会成为经济整体长期增长的主要决定因素。更传统的观点是这样旅游业带来的外汇收入可用来进口资本物品,用以生产商品和服务,从而带动8经济增长。如果这些进口的资本物品或基本投入,用于任何经济领域的商品生产,那么,可以说旅游收入在经济发展中起基础性作用。显然,旅游业外的其他领域也会在国家分配中受益。另一方面,出口导向型增长假说,假设至少有两个方法使国际旅游业有利于增加一国收入。第一,通过加强企业间,以及与其他
37、国际旅游目的地间的竞争力BHAGWATIANDSRINIVASAN,1979KRUEGER,1980。第二,促进本地企业发展规模经济HELPMANANDKRUGMAN,1985。考虑到旅游开支的很大部分,是在东道国非贸易商品和服务上的消费,这里就存在一定因素,可能会对东道国产生积极影响也有可能产生不利影响。在传统的意义上,非贸易商品和服务并非用于出口,所以,他们的价格不是由国际市场决定的而是由国内市场所决定的。显然,游客对非贸易商品和服务的消费会对其价格产生影响,从而可能会影响到国内消费这的消费。在静态框架内,至少有两篇分析文献,是关于检验游客消费非贸易商品和服务中旅游业和福利之间的关系的。在
38、第一篇文献中,HAZARIANDNG1993表明,在垄断框架下,旅游业可能导致福利的减少。在第二篇文献中,HAZARIANDKAUR1993认为,在KOMIYA1967类型的第一个最佳模型中,旅游业总能带来福利的改善。近期,HAZARIANDSGRO1995建立了一个动态模型,在这个模型中旅游的世界性需求浮动会对小型经济的长期发展积极的影响。这种有利的影响是由于对更低节省率的需求,而旅游行为作为一种节省时间的方式,可以允许当地人口当前消费而不是以后。本文的其余部分的结构安排如下。第二部分,建立旅游经济增长模型。第三部分讨论模型采用的方法以及结果。第四部分则是表明分析的主要结论。二、模型说明和时
39、间序列分析为了解释长期产出的增长速度,常会用到两个方法。一个是增长理论,它把增长过程中要素供给、技术进步、储蓄和投资的互动关系模型化。另一个是增长核算,他试图把产量增长的不同决定因素的贡献程度数量化。大多数的文献,将所谓的出口导向型增长假说同时运用在发展中国家和工业化国家。但是,本文的主要目标,正如前面都提到的,是分析旅游在西班牙这个发展中国家的中的地位角色。先假设,旅游是西班牙经济的长期增长的重大的决定因素,然后,进行验9证。模型包括国内生产总值,旅游收入和汇率。以西班牙是一个小的经济开放国为假设的基础,这些变量是至少的,更多的变量也将考虑进来。以下是计量公式TTTTQTOUSAYLOGLO
40、GLOG210T1975Q11997Q11975Q1代表1975年第一季度;类似的1997Q1代表1997第一季度。为了消除异方差,将Y,TOUSA和Q取自然对数,分别代表国内生产总值,实际国际旅游收入和汇率;U为随机误差项。在确定旅游业对西班牙经济是否存在长期增长关系前,可以对其进行单因素分析。时间序列的平稳性检验是经济经济模型常采用的方法。DICKEY和FULLER1979,1981,PHILLIPS和PERRON1988,对这一系列平稳性数据进行进一步研究,引入了单位根检验。方法和结果最大特征值检验和跟踪测试检验都证明存在协整关系。这表明,旅游业随着时间的推移对西班牙的经济增长有着积极正
41、面的影响。这些结果表明,单方程估计可证明旅游业与经济增长存在长期关系。经济增长与旅游业带来的外汇收入相关也是真的。从估计可以推断出,乘数效益的存在对收入的影响是非常重要的。关于在经济增长方面的弹性解释,旅游业方面应该如下所示从长期看,从旅游业中所得到的外汇收入每增长五个百分点就意味着国内实际收入增加一点五个百分点。这是一个重要的事实,到目前为止,西班牙旅游业收入从没出现过超过西班牙总收入的百分之五。正如许多关于出口对经济增长的实证研究一样,在分析可能存在的长期关系时,相关外部竞争力也起相应的作用。因此,一般情况下相应的弹性估计表明在过去的三十年,作为工业化国家,西班牙经济竞争力的提高对其经济增
42、长速度的加快有着重要的影响。为了证实以上结果的可靠性,请参考表4,旅游业收入和外汇变量参数限制性测试结果。这种限制是限定每个相应的变量参数为零。这个假设是对Y,TOUSA和Q的拒绝。因此,所以变量都对证明百分之五这个显著性水平意义重大。应当指出的,该模型的三个变量的结合,对于获得可靠的长期关系非常重要。外部竞争(Q)对西班牙经济增长,存在长期持续的影响。事实上,当这个变量被排除10的话,经济增长和旅游业之间不存在协整关系。结论已经对经济增长和国际旅游业之间关系进行了检验。运用JOHANSEN技术排除了自变量在模型中的非平稳性和单位根。这种方法使变量间保持协整性关系,这些变量代表了西班牙的经济增
43、长,国际旅游收入和外部竞争力。协整性检验证明变量之间存在独特的协整性关系。所以,它的估计解释是简单的。分析表明,经济增长与旅游业的发展之间存在着长期稳定关系。正如之前所料,国际旅游收入对西班牙经济增长有着积极地作用。根据规模估计参数,旅游活动的重要影响也显示了它存在重要的长期乘数效应。这些结果支持了建立模型之前的预测,将旅游业视为非一般贸易商品和服务。与预测传统的出口导向增长的相关文献相反,旅游带动增长在发展中国家不是具体的,它所带来的外汇收入是某些经济部门存在竞争优势的基础。将更广泛的影响归结为旅游活动。它影响到大部分的第三产业部门以及非耐用品的消防部门。另一方面,似乎这样可能会产生以下影响,国内价格增加带来的福利减少超过了全国整体福利补偿的积极作用HAZARIANDNG,1993。除了这一点,这两个变量的收敛性(国内生产总值和旅游业收入)是靠外部竞争力所持续的。这个变量被证明在西班牙经济的长期快速增长中也起至关重要的作用。最后,旅游业对西班牙经济的重要影响证明了公共干预的必要性,一方面,促进和加强国际旅游需求,另一方面,提供和促进旅游业的供给的发展。与此同时,对旅游基础设施开支重要性估计不足,低估财政对创业主动性的支持,以及对保护自然和社会文化资源重要性的不足,都有可能会造成危险,因此必须有所警惕。