1、本科毕业论文外文翻译题目ASSESSINGTHEBENEFITSTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESOFLIBERALIZATIONINSERVICETRADE出处THEWORLDECONOMY,VOLUME27,ISSUE8,AUGUST2004,PAGE12251253作者JOHNWHALLEY原文ASSESSINGTHEBENEFITSTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESOFLIBERALIZATIONINSERVICESTRADENATUREOFSERVICESTHEPAPERBEGINSBYCHARACTERIZINGSERVICESASAMAJORITYOFACTIVI
2、TYFORMOSTOECDECONOMIESASMEASUREDBYEMPLOYMENT,ANDBYVALUEADDEDORIGINATING,ANDASMALLERBUTSTILLLARGEPORTIONOFACTIVITYFORPOORERDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESITSUGGESTSTHATSOCALLEDCORESERVICESCANBESTBETHOUGHTOFSEEMELVIN,1989ASRELATINGTOINTERMEDIATIONTHROUGHTIMEBANKING,INSURANCEORSPACETELECOMS,TRANSPORTATION,RETAILIN
3、G,WHOLESALING,WITHAWIDERANGEOFDIVERSEADDITIONALSERVICEITEMSMAKINGUPTHEBALANCEOFWHATMOSTPEOPLEREFERASSERVICESTOURISM,CONSULTINGSERVICES,GOVERNMENTSERVICES,UTILITIESTHISDIVERSERANGEOFACTIVITIESISTYPICALLYTREATEDINQUANTITATIVESTUDIESASASINGLEHOMOGENEOUSENTITY,FREQUENTLYLABELEDASSERVICESFORANALYTICALCON
4、VENIENCE,WHENINFACTITSHETEROGENEITYSUGGESTSADIFFERENTTREATMENTFOREACHTHISHETEROGENEITYIS,INMYVIEW,KEYTOBETTERUNDERSTANDINGHOWSERVICESTRADELIBERALIZATIONCOULDAFFECTPOORERCOUNTRIESIMPACTSOFLIBERALIZATIONONPOORERCOUNTRIESTHEREISAGENERALPRESUMPTIONINTHEPOORERCOUNTRIESTHATTHEYWILLLOSEFROMGLOBALSERVICESTR
5、ADELIBERALIZATIONSINCETHEIRDOMESTICSERVICEINDUSTRIESAREINEFFICIENTANDNONCOMPETITIVETHISVIEWISDESPITETHEARGUMENTSFROMECONOMISTSASTOTHEGAINSTODOMESTICCONSUMERSFROMLOWERPRICESANDTHEJOINTBENEFITSWHICHACCRUETOBOTHEXPORTINGANDIMPORTINGCOUNTRIESFROMEXPLOITINGCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANDIMPROVEDMARKETACCESSOPPOR
6、TUNITIESABROADITISALSODESPITETHECOMMONLYHELDVIEWTHATTHEPRODUCTIONOFMANYSERVICESARELABORINTENSIVE,WHICHECONOMISTSBELIEVESHOULDBETHESOURCEOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEFORPOORERDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINSERVICESPROVISIONTHEREUNFORTUNATELYAPPEARTOBEFEWIFANYSTUDIESOFTHERELATIVEINEFFICIENCYOFLOCALVERSUSFOREIGNSERVICE
7、PROVIDERSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYSERVICEMARKETSWHICHALLOWTHESTRENGTHOFTHESEARGUMENTSTOBEEVALUATEDONEMPIRICALGROUNDSTHISCAUTIONTOWARDSGLOBALSERVICESTRADELIBERALIZATIONINTHEDEVELOPINGWORLDSEEMSTOREFLECTTWOCONCERNSONEISTHEGENERALASSUMPTIONINTHEDEVELOPINGWORLDTHATANYFUTURENEGOTIATEDGLOBALLIBERALIZATIONOFSERV
8、ICESTRADEWILLBELARGELYONESIDEDINTHERESULTSITWILLYIELDTHEIRBELIEFISTHATIFNEWWTOMULTILATERALOREVENREGIONALSERVICESLIBERALIZATIONISNEGOTIATED,DEVELOPEDCOUNTRYSERVICEPROVIDERSWILLLIKELYGAINSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEDACCESSTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRYSERVICEMARKETS,BUTTHECONVERSESIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEDACCESSFORDEVELOPING
9、COUNTRYSERVICEPROVIDERSTODEVELOPCOUNTRYSERVICEMARKETSWILLLIKELYNOTHAPPENASYMMETRYINNEGOTIATINGPOWERISONEREASONCITEDFORTHISPOSSIBLEOUTCOMETHEPRESUMPTIONISTHATTHEPRESENTREGULATORYSTRUCTUREFORMOSTSERVICEMARKETSEGMENTSWILLREMAININPLACEINOECDCOUNTRIES,ANDFEWSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSINACCESSTODEVELOPEDCOUNT
10、RYMARKETSFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYSERVICEPROVIDERSWILLOCCURTHISOUTCOME,FORINSTANCE,ISREFLECTEDINRECENTUSBILATERALAGREEMENTS,INCLUDINGTHEUSCHILEAGREEMENTINREALITY,THROUGHTHEPROCESSOFONGOINGREGULATORYREFORMINTHEOECD,CHANGESAREINFACTBEINGMADEINMARKETACCESSARRANGEMENTSFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYSERVICEPROVIDERS,THO
11、UGHTHESEARENOTNECESSARILYREFLECTEDINSCHEDULEDANOTHERIMPORTANTANDNEGLECTEDDIMENSIONTOTHISCONCLUSIONISSOUTHSOUTHTRADE,ANDTHEPOTENTIALTHATDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHAVEMUCHTOGAINFROMLIBERALIZATIONOFMARKETSINOTHERDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEPOINTISTHATINTERMSOFMODELBASEDORQUANTITATIVEEVALUATIONSOFTHEIMPACTSOFSERVICE
12、STRADELIBERALIZATION,WEREGENUINETWOSIDEDLIBERALIZATIONTOTAKEPLACEWITHTHEIRLOWWAGERATES,DEVELOPINGCOUNTRYPROVIDERSCOULDWELLBENEFITTHISISESPECIALLYSOIFTHEREARESCALESECONOMIESINSERVICEPROVISIONASINBANKING,FORINSTANCEMOSTOFTHEAVAILABLESTUDIESOFWHATBENEFITSMIGHTFLOWFROMSERVICESLIBERALIZATIONASSUMETHEREWI
13、LLBEFULLMULTILATERALOPENINGOFSERVICEMARKETS,ANDRESULTSOFSTUDIESMUSTBEINTERPRETEDINLIGHTOFTHISPRESUMPTIONIFONESIDEDLIBERALIZATIONISTHEEXPECTEDOUTCOME,DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESMAYWELLREMAINOPPOSEDTOLIBERALIZATIONONTHEGROUNDSITISNONRECIPROCALDESPITETHERESULTSOFSTUDIESTHESECONDCAUTIONTHATDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESEX
14、PRESSISTHENATUREANDSIZEOFTHEADJUSTMENTSINDOMESTICECONOMIESWHICHSERVICESLIBERALIZATIONMAYIMPLYONEDIMENSIONOFADJUSTMENTRELATESTOPOTENTIALFOREIGNMAJORITYOWNERSHIPANDCONTROLOFPROVISIONINKEYSERVICESECTORS,ANDTHERELATEDSECURITYANDCULTURALCONCERNSFOREIGNENTITIESHAVINGACCESSTOANDCONTROLOVERBANKRECORDSANDFIN
15、ANCIALINFORMATIONOFDOMESTICRESIDENTS,FORINSTANCE,ISSEENINSOMECOUNTRIESASUNACCEPTABLEALSO,AVIBRANTANDVITALDOMESTICBROADCASTORFILMINDUSTRYMAYBEVIEWEDASINTEGRALTONATIONALCULTURALIDENTITYADDEDTOSUCHCONCERNSISTHEPOTENTIALSIZEOFLABORMARKETADJUSTMENTSIFDOMESTICBANKSAREDISPLACEDBYFOREIGNBANKS,DOMESTICBYFORE
16、IGNAIRLINES,ANDOTHERLARGECHANGESINTHEORGANIZATIONOFLABORINTENSIVESECTORSWHICHMIGHTFOLLOWAFTERLIBERALIZATIONAGAINSTTHISBACKGROUND,THEPAPERIDENTIFIESTHREECENTRALISSUESWHICHEXISTINGLITERATUREONTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESOFSERVICETRADELIBERALIZATIONRAISESFORSIMPLICITYINT
17、HEDISCUSSIONOFSTUDIESASSUME,ASINTHELITERATURE,THATTHISISINFACTMULTILATERALLIBERALIZATIONRATHERTHANTHEUNILATERALLIBERALIZATIONDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESPRESUMEITMAYWELLBEINREALITYTHEFIRSTISTHEREPRESENTATIONOFANDMEASUREMENTOFBARRIERSTOSERVICESTRADEININDIVIDUALCOUNTRIES,ANDTHEASSOCIATEDISSUEOFMEASURINGTHESIZE
18、OFSERVICESTRADEITSELFBOTHTHELEVELANDCOMPOSITIONOFGLOBALSERVICESTRADEISPOORLYMEASUREDATPRESENTBECAUSETHEREISNOFORMALCUSTOMERSCLEARANCEFORSERVICESTRADEDESPITETHIS,THELITERATURECONSENSUSISTHATSERVICESTRADEISLARGETHEWTOPUTITAT30PERCENTOFCOMBINEDTRADEINGOODSANDSERVICES,ANDGROWINGATPERHAPSDOUBLETHERATEOFG
19、OODSTRADECURRENTINFORMATIONONBARRIERSTOFLOWSOFSERVICESTRADEREFLECTSANUMBEROFSOURCESONEMEASURESTHEQUANTITYIMPACTSFROMVARIOUSRESTRICTIONSASESTIMATEDBYECONOMICMODELSANOTHERUSESESTIMATESOFPRICEDIFFERENTIALSFORACROSSDOMESTICANDFOREIGNSERVICEPROVIDERSACROSSNATIONALMARKETSYETANOTHERISFREQUENCYDATASHOWINGHO
20、WOFTENREGULATORYMEASURESAREUSEDINPARTICULARSERVICESEGMENTSINPARTICULARCOUNTRIESTAXEQUIVALENTSAREUSEDINSOMEOFTHELITERATURETOCAPTUREASSOCIATEDBARRIERSTOFDIFLOWSWHICHMIGHTOTHERWISEACCOMPANYFREERSERVICETRADEFLOWSINTHEPAPERISUGGESTTHATTHESEAREMAJORCONCEPTUALPROBLEMSWITHALLOFTHESEESTIMATESOFTHESIZEOFBARRI
21、ERS,WHILEACKNOWLEDGINGTHATNOOTHERMEANINGFULDATAEXISTWHICHCANBEUSEDANDMANYPROBLEMSINEVITABLYARISEWITHWHATEVERAPPROACHISFOLLOWEDBYWAYOFILLUSTRATION,FREQUENCYDATADONOTALLOWUSERSTODIFFERENTIATEBETWEENTHOSEBARRIERSWHICHRESTRICTTRADEIEAREBINDINGCONSTRAINTSONTRADE,ANDTHOSEWHICHDONOTRESTRICTTRADEBECAUSETHEY
22、AREREDUNDANTIEARENONBINDINGCONSTRAINTSNEITHERDOSTUDIESSUBSTANTIVELYENUMERATEANDREPRESENTTHEVARIOUSWAYSINWHICHRESTRICTIONSONSERVICESTRADEAPPLYANDHOWTHESEAFFECTTHEASSESSMENTOFIMPACT,NORDOTHEYASSESSTHERELATIVESEVERITYOFBARRIERSTOANECONOMISTWORKINGONTHEIMPACTSOFDISTORTIONSOFTRADE,AVAILABLEBARRIERESTIMAT
23、ESFROMFREQUENCYDATAINNOWAYPROVIDEMEANINGFULESTIMATESOFMARGINALBARRIERSTOTRADEANOTHEREXAMPLEISTHATIFDATAONCOSTSOFSERVICEPROVISIONINDIFFERENTMARKETSAREOBTAINED,ANYDIFFERENCESACROSSMARKETSMAYMERELYREFLECTDIFFERENCESINDOMESTICREGULATORYENVIRONMENTSANDNOTBARRIERSTOENTRYFORFOREIGNSERVICEPROVIDERSPRICEDIFF
24、ERENCESACROSSCOUNTRIESFORSERVICESCANALSOREFLECTQUALITYDIFFERENTIALSACROSSCOUNTRIESRATHERTHANBARRIERSUSINGMODELRESULTSTOINFERBARRIERSTOTRADECANYIELDOUTCOMESTHATQUANTITYIMPACTSFROMBARRIERSMAYBENEGATIVEFROMMODELRESIDUALSEVENWHEREITISCLEARTHATBINDINGRESTRAINTSONTRADEAPPLYASECONDISSUEDISCUSSEDISTHEINTERP
25、RETATIONOFRESULTSFROMEXISTINGMODELBASEDLITERATURESEEKINGTOQUANTIFYTHEIMPACTSOFTRADELIBERALIZATIONINSERVICESMOSTOFWHATISAVAILABLEINVOLVESNUMERICALSIMULATIONEXERCISESUSINGTYPICALLYGLOBALGENERALEQUILIBRIUMMODELSBASEDONCONVENTIONALMODELSOFTRADELIBERALIZATIONINGOODSSEEWHALLEY,1985INTHESEEXERCISES,PRODUCE
26、RSERVICESARETYPICALLYIDENTIFIEDASANINPUTINTOINTERMEDIATEPRODUCTIONANDBARRIERSTOSERVICETRADEAREREPRESENTEDINTHEFORMOFADVALOREMTARIFFLIKERESTRICTIONSTHESECANBEINTAXEQUIVALENTFORFDIFLOWSORTARIFFEQUIVALENTFORSERVICEFLOWSFORMTHESIZEOFINITIALBARRIERS,HOWTHEYCHANGEUNDERLIBERALIZATION,ELASTICITYANDTHESIZEOF
27、SERVICETRADEFLOWS,ALONGWITHRELATIVECOUNTRYSIZEANDANYDIFFERENCESINMARKETSTRUCTURETHENDETERMINESRESULTSMUCHASINCONVENTIONALGOODSMODELSOFTRADE译文评价服务贸易自由化对发展中国家的利益服务的性质本文首先定性服务为大多数经合组织的经济活动(如测定通过就业,并通过原来的增值)以及规模较小但对贫穷发展国家仍就大型的活动。它表明,所谓的核心可以被认为最好是(见梅尔文,1989)通过时间与中介(银行,保险)或空间(电信,运输,零售,批发),弥补了大多数人称之为平衡服务(旅
28、游,咨询服务,政府服务,公用事业)的具有多样性的额外服务项目。这样多样化的活动范围往往作为一个单一的同质的实体用来作定量研究,当实际上它的异质性为一个不同的待遇,往往被标记用来分析便利服务。这种异质性,在我看来,关键在于更好地了解服务贸易自由化如何影响贫穷国家。自由化对贫穷国家的影响在贫穷国家有一个一般假定,那就是它们将会从全球服务贸易自由化中失去,因为它们国内服务业的低效率和低竞争力。尽管这一观点来自经济学家以归于出口国和进口国从利用比较优势和改善市场中为国内消费者从较低价格和联合利益中得到的为论点。这也是人们普遍持有的观点认为许多劳动密集型的生产型服务贸易是贫穷国家服务业的比较优势。幸运的
29、是出现了一些关于当地低效率的服务贸易与外国服务贸易在发展中国家比较的实证研究,让这些论据在实证的基础上进行评估。这似乎反映了全球服务贸易自由化在发展中国家的两个问题,一是发展中国家的假设,认为未来全球服务贸易自由化的谈判将在很大程度上会产生片面的影响。他们的信念是如果新的世界贸易组织多边(或甚至区域)服务贸易自由化谈判,发达国家进入发展中国家服务市场将可能得到显著改善,但反之显著改善发展中国际的服务供应商进入发达国家的市场准入服务将可能并不会发生。谈判力量不对称是这个可能结果引起的原因,这项推定是目前大部分服务细分市场的监管架构将维持在经合组织国家,这些国家将对发达国家市场的服务供应商得到明显
30、改善。这一成果,例如,反映在最近美国的双边协定,包括美国和智力的协议。事实上,通过经合组织正在进行的监管改革进程,在市场准入方面的改变其实已经为发展中国家服务供应商做出安排,尽管这些并不一定在日程上反映出来。另一个忽视这个结论的重要层面是南南合作贸易,发展中国家有从其他发展中国家自由化得到好处的潜力。问题的关键是,在模型为基础的或定量的服务贸易自由化影响的评估方面,因为低工资率会发生真正的双面自由化,发展中国家的供应商很可能真正受益。这尤其是否存在服务贸易的规模经济,现有的大多数研究关于服务贸易自由化流入的好处,都假定服务贸易多边市场完全开放,且研究结果必须以本推定加以解释。如果片面自由化是预
31、期的结果,发展中国家仍然反对全球自由化,理由是非互惠性尽管研究成果是自由化。第二个警告发展中国想表达的是,服务贸易自由化带来的国内经济性质和大小调整,调整一方面涉及到外资拥有多数股权,并可能管制服务业的关键行业,以及相关的安全和文化关注,获得和控制银行记录和财务信息的境内居民境外机构,例如,被认为是在一些国家是不可接受的。此外,一个充满活力和重要的国内广播或电影业可以被看作是不可分割的国家文化认同。增加了劳动力市场调整的可能性大小的这样的顾虑,如果国内银行是由外资银行流离失所,外国航空公司在国内,而且在劳动密集组织中的大变化将随之而来。在这个背景下,该文章确定了三个存在于现有的文献中的服务贸易
32、自由化对发展中国家的潜在收益量化的三个中心问题。因为研究简单假设,讲究像文学,而实际上多边自由化是存在于现实中的而不是像发展中国家假设的单边自由化。首先是代表权和服务贸易壁垒的测量,以及衡量服务贸易本身的大小问题,无论是全球服务贸易的组成还是水平都是不好测量的,因为服务贸易没有正式的客户通关。尽管如此,学术共识是,服务贸易是庞大的(据世界贸易组织统计服务贸易占服务和货物贸易总计的30)、增长的(是贸易增长速度的2倍)。服务贸易流动的障碍,反映了当前的信息源数据,从各种限制数量措施造成的影响来估计经济模式。另一种利用差价估计国内外服务提供商在国内市场。另一种是高频数据显示在特殊的国家特殊的服务部
33、门多长时间使用监管措施,在一些关于外国直接投资障碍的文献中捕捉到的税等值,可能伴随着一些公司服务贸易的自由流动。在文章中我建议这些是与估计障碍大小的主要问题,同时承认没有其它有意义的数据可以使用,许多问题不可避免的出现,伴随着任何做法。举例而言,频率数据不允许用户区分哪些是限制贸易的障碍(即时有约束力的贸易限制),以及哪些不限制贸易,因为它们是多余的(即不具有约束性限制)也没有实质性的研究和代表各种方式对服务贸易的限制以及影响评估,它们饿不能评估相对安全的障碍。对一个从事扭曲贸易影响工作的经济学家来说,从频率数据中得来的有用的阻隔估计对边际贸易阻隔估计毫无意义。另一个例子是,如果对不同的市场提供服务的成本资料,市场上的差异可能仅仅反映国内监管环境的差异,而不是外国服务提供者进入市场的障碍。不同国家对服务的价格差异也可以反映不同国家的质量差别,而不是障碍。采用模型结果来推断贸易壁垒可以产生结果的影响,从障碍数量可能会从模型残差负,即使很显然,对贸易具有约束力的限制适用。第二个问题是对以现有的模型为基础追求量化的服务贸易的影响结果的解释。可利用数值模拟演习大多数涉及使用(通常全局)一般均衡的模型,和在货物贸易自由化的传统模式(见华里,1985)基础上。在这些演习中,生产性服务业通常认定为投入中间产品和服务贸易障碍以限定从价关税的形式表达出来。