1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目JAPANSECONOMICRECOVERYANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHERAPIDGROWTHOFEXPORT出处THEECONOMIST作者HIROHISAFUJII原文ABSTRACTMARKETLIBERALIZATIONANDECONOMICGROWTHINANINCREASINGLYCLOSERELATIONSHIPPOSTWARJAPANINTHEPROCESSOFGRADUALLYOPENINGTHEMARKETTOACHIEVERAPIDECONOMICGROWTHBUTAFTERTHEMID80S,BECAUSEOFJ
2、APANSSTRUCTURALREFORMANDMARKETOPENING,ANDLAGSBEHINDTHEINTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENTOFITSOWNECONOMICSTRENGTHREQUIREMENTSOFTHEJAPANESEECONOMYINTHEGRADUALACCUMULATIONOFCONTRADICTIONSINTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESS,LEADINGTHEECONOMYINTOLONGTERMDEPRESSIONTHEREFORE,THEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEOPENMARKETTOMEETTHEINTERNATIONAL
3、SYSTEM,THEJAPANESEECONOMYWILLREMAINAMAJORISSUEFACINGFUTUREKEYWORDSECONOMICGROWTH,OPENMARKETSINJAPANINTRODUCTIONJUNE2001,THEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTLOWEREDITSECONOMICANDFINANCIALADVISORYMEETINGGROWTHTARGETFORTHEJAPANESEECONOMYISFORECASTSINCETHEBEGINNINGOF2001TWOORTHREEYEARS,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPREALGROWT
4、HRATEOF05PERCENT,ANDWITHTHENONPERFORMINGLOANSPROCESSINGANDSTRUCTURALREFORMS,UNEMPLOYMENTWILLINCREASEBY15220MILLIONPEOPLE,THEJAPANESEECONOMYISSTILLDIFFICULTINTHESHORTTERMEXPECTATIONSOFTHEPEOPLETOWARDRECOVERYSO,WHATEXACTLYISTHECRUXOFTHEJAPANESEECONOMYTHISPAPERTHEORYFROMTHEOPENMARKET,THROUGHTHEPOSTWARE
5、CONOMICGROWTHINTHEJAPANESEPRACTICEOFMARKETLIBERALIZATIONANDTHEANALYSISOF90LONGTERMECONOMICDOWNTURNSINCETHEROOTOFJAPAN,ASWELLASMARKETLIBERALIZATIONANDECONOMICGROWTHWITHINRELATIONSHIPMARKETLIBERALIZATIONANDECONOMICGROWTHTHEORYMARKETECONOMYREQUIRESNOTONLYWITHINACOUNTRYTOBEOPEN,BUTALSOFORTHEWORLDTOACHIE
6、VEOPENINTHECONTEXTOFTODAYSINCREASINGLYGLOBALECONOMY,COMMODITY,CURRENCY,ANDINFORMATIONACROSSNATIONALBOUNDARIES,CREATINGAWORLDWIDEMARKETSO,TODAY,THEYSAY,ISTHEMAINMARKETOPENINGTHEIRECONOMIESWITHTHEWORLDECONOMYWHENTOOPENTHEIRMARKETS,WHYOPENTHEFORMINWHICHISOPENTOWHATEXTENTISTHECOUNTRYWITHTHEFORMATIONOFTH
7、EFORMATIONOFRELATIONSOFPRODUCTION,ANDWITHTHECHANGESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHISRELATIONSHIPITCANNOTBEOUTOFACOUNTRYSECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,HISTORY,CULTURE,POLITICALSYSTEM,ETHICSANDOTHERFEATURESTHUS,EVENIFTHESUCCESSOFTHENATIONALMARKETLIBERALIZATION,ITISNOTTHROUGHTHESAMEPATHINACOUNTRYOPENINGUPTHEMARKETTOINTERNA
8、TIONALCOMPETITION,THEGOVERNMENTSROLEWILLBERELATIVELYLOWER,THEMARKETMECHANISMWILLBESTRENGTHENEDACCORDINGLY,FROMTHISPERSPECTIVE,MARKETLIBERALIZATIONANDMARKETMECHANISMCONTAINSTHETHEORYOFCOMPETITIONSINCETHEMARKETECONOMYSINCEITSINCEPTION,PEOPLEOFTHEMARKETMECHANISM,THEREISALWAYSADIFFERENTVIEWADAMSMITHINHI
9、SCLASSIC“THEWEALTHOFNATIONS“,STRESSEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFFREECOMPETITIONISTHE“INVISIBLEHAND“,ITCANBESELFREGULATINGECONOMICOPERATIONINCREASINGNATIONALWEALTHTHEBESTWAYISTOGIVECOMPLETEFREEDOMOFECONOMICACTIVITIESSTATEINTERVENTIONINECONOMICLIFETENDTOIMPEDETHEROLEPLAYTOLIMITTHENORMALOPERATIONOFTHEMARKETSYSTEM,
10、DAMAGETHEINTERESTSOFCONSUMERSGOVERNMENTSOBLIGATIONSHOULDBEMAINLYTOPROTECTSOCIETY,TOPROTECTEVERYONEINTHECOMMUNITY,SOINVIOLABLE,CONSTRUCTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFSOMEPUBLICUTILITIESANDFACILITIESTHEFOUNDEROFCLASSICALSCHOOLOFECONOMICSNEWMARSHALLINHIS“PRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS,“ABOOKINAFREECOMPETITIVEMARKETECONOMY
11、FORTHEASSUMPTIONSANDCONDITIONS,EMPHASIZINGTHEBASICIDEASOFECONOMICLIBERALISM,THELAISSEZFAIRE,THESTATEINTERVENTIONINECONOMICLIFETHATASISTHEIDEALPOLICYCANBESEENTHATTHECLASSICALSCHOOLANDTHENEWCLASSICALSCHOOLOF3ECONOMISTSFOUNDTHATTHEFREEMARKETECONOMYMECHANISMOFEFFECTIVENESS,BUTTHESETHEORIESAREBASEDONIMPE
12、RFECTCOMPETITIONANDIMPROVETHEMARKETCONDITIONSONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATSHENHUAECONOMICLIBERALISMINTHEWESTDOMINATEDECONOMICSFOR100YEARSUNTILTHE20THCENTURY,30YEARSBEFOREGIVINGWAYTOKEYNESSECONOMICINTERVENTIONISMKEYNESIANSARGUEDTHATTHEGOVERNMENTMUSTTAKEFISCALMEASURESTOSTIMULATECONSUMPTIONANDINCREASEINVESTMENT,
13、TOMAKEUPFORLACKOFEFFECTIVEDEMANDOFFREEMARKETSTHISTHEORYHASBEENINTHE70YEARSBEFORETHEMAINSTREAMPOSITIONIITHEPOSTWARGROWTHOFTHEMARKETOPENINGONTHEROLEOFTHEJAPANESEECONOMYPRACTICEHASPROVEDTHATIFACOUNTRYTOOKTHEPATHOFDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETECONOMY,INTERNATIONALTRADEHASBECOMEINEVITABLETHEREFORE,THEFOREIGNTRADEO
14、FACOUNTRYOPENINGUPUSUALLYCONSTITUTETHEFIRSTLEVELWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFFOREIGNTRADE,INTERNATIONALINVESTMENTCONTINUESTOINCREASE,CONSTITUTETHEOPENINGOFTHESECONDLEVELONTHISBASIS,ANDGRADUALLYFORMEDAMULTILEVELMARKETOPENINGPATTERNEARLYPOSTWARPERIOD,JAPANSPOLITICAL,ECONOMICANDSOCIALFIELDSIMPLEMENTEDASERIESOFDEM
15、OCRATICREFORMS,STARTEDBYTHEWARTIMECONTROLBYTHEGOVERNMENTLEDECONOMYTOAMARKETECONOMICSYSTEMCHANGESIN1949,JAPANIMPLEMENTEDAFIXEDEXCHANGERATESYSTEM,THEDEVELOPMENTOFCIVILDIRECTTRADE,THEJAPANESEECONOMYBEGANTOINTERNATIONALMARKETSAUGUST1952,JAPANJOINEDTHEINTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDIMFANDTHEWORLDBANKSEPTEMBER1
16、955,JAPANJOINEDTHEGATTGATT,GRADUALLYINCREASINGCONTACTWITHTHEWORLDATTHATTIME,THEINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSOFJAPANESEPRODUCTSISWEAK,THEBALANCEOFPAYMENTSDEFICITYEARAFTERYEAR,FORTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEDOMESTICECONOMYINEXCHANGEFORFOREIGNEXCHANGE,THEGOVERNMENTADOPTEDASTRICTPROTECTIONOFTHEREVITALIZATIONOFTRAD
17、EANDPOSITIVEEXPORTPOLICYCAPITALFLOWSIN1949FORMULATEDTHE“FOREIGNEXCHANGEANDFOREIGNTRADECONTROLLAW“,THEIMPORTANTISTOLIMITCAPITALFLIGHT,TOAVOIDBALANCEOFPAYMENTSDETERIORATEDMEANWHILE,INORDERTOPREVENTFOREIGNINVESTMENTINTHEFORMATIONOFTHEDOMESTICMARKETFORDOMESTICENTERPRISESDOMINATEDGOVERNMENTHASSTRICTRESTR
18、ICTIONSONFOREIGNINVESTMENT,REGULATIONSMUSTBEREVIEWEDINDIVIDUALLYBYTHEMITITHESEPOLICYMEASURESEFFECTIVELYPROTECTTHEDOMESTICMARKET,CULTIVATINGARESERVEFORCEMAJORINDUSTRIESTOENSURETHATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDOMESTIC4ECONOMYBADLYNEEDEDIMPORTSOFRAWMATERIALSANDTECHNICALEQUIPMENT,ANDEXPANDTHEMAINEXPORTSHOWEVER,O
19、NTHEOTHERHAND,ITMAKESONESIDEDEXPANSIONOFEXPORTTRADEOFJAPANISDEEPLYROOTEDINIDEOLOGYAMONGTHEJAPANESEECONOMY,JAPANSFOREIGNTRADEANDFORTHESUBSEQUENTFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHEECONOMYTOSTAYHIDDEN60YEARSLATER,THEJAPANESEECONOMYSEXTERNALDEPENDENCEONCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTOFITSBUSINESSSTRENGTHHASBEENGREATLYENHANCE
20、D,THISTIMESHOWINGTHEWORLDTRADELIBERALIZATIONTENDENCIESOFSOMECOUNTRIESSTARTEDDEMANDINGTHATJAPANOPENITSDOMESTICMARKETINTHISSITUATION,THEJAPANESEHAVETOBEARTHEIRRESPONSIBILITIESTOBEPERFORMED,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFLIBERALIZATIONIN1960,THEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTPROMULGATEDTHE“OUTLINEOFTRADEANDFOREIGNEXCHANGELIBER
21、ALIZATION,“CLEARLYTHEBASICPRINCIPLESOFLIBERALIZATIONANDPROMOTETHEPROCESS,ANDBEGANTOGRADUALLYOPENITSDOMESTICCOMMODITYMARKETSJAPANSIMPORTLIBERALIZATIONVERYQUICKLY,IN1960THEIMPORTLIBERALIZATIONRATIOOFABOUT40TO88IN1962TO94IN1974ONTHEOPENINGOFCAPITALMARKETS,JAPAN,“TRADEANDFOREIGNEXCHANGELIBERALIZATIONPLA
22、NOUTLINE“PROVIDES,INPRINCIPLE,BEACHIEVEDWITHINTWOYEARSOFREGULARTRADELIBERALIZATION,LIBERALIZATIONOFCAPITALTRANSACTIONSOFTENDEPENDSONTHEPROGRESSOFTRADELIBERALIZATIONINTHELINETOTOPREVENTADVERSEIMPACTONDOMESTICECONOMICDEVELOPMENTIN1964,JAPANBECAMETHEIMFARTICLE8MEMBERSTATESMEMBERSTATESMUSTBEARTHEABOLITI
23、ONOFFOREIGNEXCHANGERESTRICTIONS,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFCONVERTIBILITYOFITSCURRENCYANDOTHEROBLIGATIONSINTHESAMEYEAR,JAPANJOINEDTHEORGANIZATIONFORECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOECD,ITSTRANSITIONTOAFREEECONOMICSYSTEMHASPROVIDEDPRECONDITIONSBUT,INFACT,THELIBERALIZATIONOFCAPITALMARKETSINJAPANTOREALLYPUTON
24、THEAGENDAINTHELATE60S19671973,THEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTHASANNOUNCEDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFCAPITALLIBERALIZATIONPROGRAM5TIMES,ANDGRADUALLYRELAXTHEACCESSRESTRICTIONSONFOREIGNINVESTMENT,INCREASEACCESSTOTRADEANDFOREIGNINVESTMENTRATIOAFFECTEDBYTHISPROMOTION,THEYEAR1970,FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINJAPANEXCEEDED1BILL
25、IONUSDOLLARS114,000,000IN1978,FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINJAPANAMOUNTEDTO22BILLIONTOTHEENDOF1980,EXCEPTAGRICULTURE,FORESTRYFISHERIES,MINING,OILINDUSTRY,LEATHERPRODUCTSOUTSIDEJAPAN,OTHERINDUSTRIESHAVEIMPLEMENTEDTHEOPENINGTOFOREIGNCAPITALINTHECONTINUOUSIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHELIBERALIZATIONOFCAPITALPROJECTS,T
26、HEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTTORELAXITSFOREIGNINVESTMENTENTERPRISESCONTINUETOLIMITANDSIMPLIFYTHEAPPROVALPROCEDURESFORDOMESTICENTERPRISESTO5INVESTABROADTOCREATECONDITIONSIN1978,THEBALANCEOFJAPANESEFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTREACHED268BILLIONUSDOLLARS,EQUIVALENTTOTHEYEARTHEBALANCEOFFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTTOJAPAN12
27、TIMESTHISALSOCANBESEENINTERMSOFFOREIGNTRADEINJAPANORINTERMSOFINVESTMENT,AREDUETOENTER,TOACERTAINEXTENTREFLECTTHERELATIVELYCLOSEDJAPANESEMARKETANDOPENTHE“ONEWAY“INTO80YEARSLATER,THETRANSNATIONALFLOWOFFACTORSOFPRODUCTIONMOREANDMOREFREQUENT,INTERNATIONALCOMPETITION,MANYCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSHAVECARRIEDOUT
28、REFORMSTOINCREASETHESCOPEANDINTENSITYOFMARKETOPENINGINTHISSITUATION,ANDDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALPRESSURE,JAPANISALSOIMPLEMENTEDINVARIOUSFIELDSANDOPENMARKETS,PROMOTECOMPETITIONREFORMMEASURES,SUCHASTHENATIONALRAILWAY,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,AVIATION,ELECTRICITYANDOTHERFIELDSGRADUALLYINTRODUCECOMPETITIONANDR
29、EDUCEGOVERNMENTINTERVENTIONANDIMPROVETHEFREEMARKETDEGREEINTRADE,FINANCEANDOTHERFIELDSTOADJUSTPOLICIESTOFURTHEROPENMARKETSTHEGROWINGCOMPETITIVENESSOFJAPANESEPRODUCTS,RAPIDEXPORTGROWTH,EXTERNALTRADESURPLUSREMAINED,JAPANANDEUROPEANANDAMERICANCOUNTRIESTRADEFRICTIONBETWEENTHEFREQUENCYOF,INADDITIONTOEUROP
30、EANANDAMERICANECONOMYBEGANTOSHOWREGIONALTRENDSINJAPANSFOREIGNTRADEDEVELOPMENTHADTOSEEKNEWWAYTOCHANGEITSINTERNATIONALISOLATIONINTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALTHEMID80S,JAPANWILLREVITALIZETHEFOREIGNTRADEPOLICYFROMTHEORIGINALEXPORT,FREEIMPORTS,ADJUSTEDTOTHECONTROLLEDEXPANSIONOFEXPORTS,ENCOURAGETHEEXPANSIONOFIMPO
31、RTS,SUCHASIMPORTRESTRICTIONSTOREDUCETHETYPESOFGOODS,LOWERTARIFFSONIMPORTEDGOODS,SIMPLIFYIMPORTPROCEDURES,ANDEXPANDIMPORTQUOTASANDOTHERMEASURESTOSTRENGTHENINTERNATIONALCOORDINATIONTHEOPENMARKETPOLICYMEASURESINJAPAN,ITSAGREATROLEINECONOMICDEVELOPMENTFIRSTOFALL,TOPROMOTETHEPOSTWARJAPANSRAPIDECONOMICGRO
32、WTHTAKEFULLADVANTAGEOFOPENMARKETSNOTONLYITSOWNRESOURCES,BUTALSOGREATERUSEOFGLOBALRESOURCES,ONTHEBASISOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANDIMPROVERESOURCEALLOCATIONEFFICIENCY,PROMOTETHEINDUSTRYANDTHEGROWTHOFOVERALLECONOMICSTRENGTHGROWTHINECONOMICSTRENGTH,ANDBOOSTINGTHEIRECONOMIESTOWITHSTANDFORCEANDRESILIENCE,TOB
33、ETTERPREVENTFOREIGNPRODUCTSONTHEDOMESTICMARKETANDTHEIMPACTOFEMPLOYMENT,ANDABSORBDOMESTICPRODUCT,CREATEJOBS,ANDTHUSGUARANTEETHESMOOTHPROGRESSOFOPENINGUPJAPANSPOSTWARHIGHECONOMICGROWTH,ITISACCOMPANIEDBYTHEGRADUALOPENINGOFTHEMARKETACHIEVEDTHEPROCESSOF6MARKETLIBERALIZATION,JAPANHASBEENIMPLEMENTINGTHEPRI
34、NCIPLETHATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTACCORDINGTOTHEPRODUCTIONSTATUSOFSELECTIVEOPENING,THEOPENINGUPOFANYINDUSTRYMUSTBECONDUCIVETOTHEINTERESTSOFRELATEDINDUSTRIESANDTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEENTIRENATIONALECONOMYMEANWHILE,THEGOVERNMENTALSOUSEDLEGAL,FISCAL,ANDMANYOTHERMEANSOFFINANCIALREGULATIONANDIN
35、TERVENTION,ASENACTEDIN1949,“FOREIGNEXCHANGEANDFOREIGNTRADECONTROLLAW“ISTHEPOSTWARJAPANESEGOVERNMENTMANAGEMENTOFECONOMICACTIVITIESISANIMPORTANTLEGALBASIS7译文日本经济恢复与出口的快速增长的关系摘要市场的开放和经济增长的关系越来越紧密。战后日本市场在逐渐的开放中实现了快速的经济增长。但80年代中期以后,因为日本结构上的一些改革和市场开放落后于国际化和其自身经济实力发展的要求,日本经济在发展过程中逐渐积累矛盾,最终导致经济陷入长期萧条。因此,建立适
36、应国际化的市场开放制度,将是日本经济今后面临的一个主要问题。引言2001年6(都要新弱马)月,日本政府在经济财政咨询会议上提出要降低日本经济增长目标,预测从2001年开始的两三年里,日本国内生产总值实际增长率会是05。同时,处理不良债权和改革结构,失业人口将会增加1520万人,日本经济还是很难在短期内恢复到大家的期望。那么,日本经济的关键在于哪里呢本文从市场开放理论出发,通过分析战后日本经济增长,讨论了90年代日本经济长时间萧条的原因,和市场开放与经济增长的内在关系。一、市场开放与经济增长的理论市场经济不但要求一个国家实行开放,同时要求在世界范围内实现开放。在现在的经济日趋全球化下,商品、货币
37、、信息等跨越国界,形成了一个世界范围的市场。所以大家现在说的市场开放主要是讲本国经济与世界经济接轨。什么时候开放本国市场、为什么开放、以什么样的形式开放、开放到哪种程度,都是随着这个国家生产关系的形成而形成的,并随着这个关系的发展而变化。它不能脱离一个国家的经济发展、历史文化、政治制度、伦理道德等特征。所以,即使是市场开放得到成功的国家,也不一定是由同一条道路走来的。在一个国家开放市场、参加国际性的竞争过程中,政府的作用会适当减小,市场机制也会相应的增加。从这个方面来看,市场开放包括竞争和市场机制的理论。从市8场经济成立到现在,人们对市场机制一直存在着很多不同的看法。亚当斯密在他的国富论中,说
38、明了自由竞争的重要性,它可以自由地调节经济的运行。不断增加国民财富的最好办法就是给经济活动一个完全自由的环境。国家干预经济活动经常会来阻碍经济发展,限制市场体系的运行,损害消费者的利益。政府的义务应该主要是保护社会,保护社会上的每一个人不受侵犯,并建设和维护一些公共事业和设施。新古典经济学派的创始人马歇尔在经济学原理中说到,在自由竞争的市场经济的假定下,强调了经济自由主义的观点,将自由放纵、国家不干涉经济活动想成是理想的政策。古典学派和新古典学派的经济学家发现了自由市场经济运行机制的有效性,但这些观点是建立在完全竞争和完善市场神话的条件上。经济自由主义在西方经济学中占统治地位长达100多年,到
39、20世纪30年代才被凯恩斯的经济干预主义给替代。凯恩斯学派认为政府必须采取财政措施来扩大消费和增加投资来弥补自由市场需求的不足。这种理论在70年代以前一直处于主导地位。二、战后市场开放对日本经济增长的作用实践得出,一个国家能走上市场经济的发展道路,就一定能开展国际贸易。所以对外贸易是构成一个国家对外开放的第一个层次。对外贸易的展开,国际投资不断的增加,是对外开放的第二个层次,从而逐步形成全方位、多层次的市场开放格局。战后初期,日本在政治、经济、社会等方面实施了一系列的民主改革,开始由战时统制经济向政府主导的市场经济体制转变。1949年,日本实行了固定的汇率制度,发展民间直接贸易,日本经济开始走
40、向国际市场。1952年8月,日本参加了国际货币基金组织IMF和世界银行。1955年9月,日本加入关贸总协定GATT,与世界的联系逐渐增多。因为那个时候日本产品的国际竞争力很弱,国际收支几年下来都出现逆差,为保护国内经济、换取外汇,政府采取了严格的保护贸易和积极的振兴出口政策。在资本流动上,1949年制定了外汇及外贸管理法,主要内容是控制资本外流,避免国际收支恶化。为了防止外国资本进入国内市场对本国企业形成控制,政府对外国资本进入也实行严格限制,规定必须由国际贸易和工业部来审查。这些政策措施保护了本国市场,培育了主要产业的后续力量,保证了发展国内经济急需的原材料和技术设备进口,扩大了主要产品的出
41、口。但是,另外一方面它使日本片面扩大出口的贸易思想深深植根到日本经济之中,为以后日本对外贸易和经济的发展留下了隐患。60年代以后,日本经济对外依赖不断提高,本国企业实力大大增强,这个时候世界贸易呈现出自由化倾向,许多国家要求日本开放国内市场。在这种情况下,日本必9须承担其它应该履行的责任,推行自由化。1960年,日本政府颁布了贸易和外汇自由化计划大纲,明确了自由化的基本方针和推进进度等,开始慢慢地开放国内商品市场。日本进口自由化的速度很快。1960年它的进口自由化比率大约为40,1962年增加到88,到1974年是94。关于资本市场的开放,日本在贸易和外汇自由化计划大纲中规定,原则上两年内实现
42、交易自由化,资本交易自由化根据经常交易自由化的发展情况而定,来防止给国内经济发展带来不好的影响。1964年,日本成为IMF第8条款的成员国。成员国必须承担取消外汇限制、实行本国货币的可兑换性等义务。日本加入经济合作与发展组织OECD,为它向自由经济体制过渡提供了前提条件。但是,事实上日本将资本市场自由化的时间是在60年代后期。19671973年,日本政府公布实施了5次资本自由化计划,慢慢地放宽了外资准入限制,增加外资准入行业和出资比率。因为这次的推动,1970年,外国对日本的直接投资了1亿美元114亿美元。1978年,外国对日本的直接投资总额是22亿美元。到1980年底,除了农林水产业、矿业、
43、石油业、皮革制品业以外,日本其它行业实行了对外国资本的开放。在资本自由化计划的连续推行中,日本政府放宽本国企业对外投资的限额,简化了审批手续,为国内企业向海外投资创造条件。1978年,日本对外直接投资金额到了268亿美元,相当于外国对日本直接投资额的12倍。因此也可以看出,日本无论在对外贸易还是在投资,都是出大于进,在一定程度上反映了日本市场的相对封闭性和开放的单向性。进入80年代以后,生产要素的跨国流动更加频繁,国际竞争加剧,许多国家和地区都进行了改革,增加市场开放的范围和力度。在这种形势和国内外的压力下,日本也在各个领域实行促进竞争和开放市场等措施,如在国铁、电信、航空、电力等领域逐步引入
44、竞争机制,减少政府干预,提高市场自由度在贸易、金融等领域调整政策,进一步开放市场。因为日本商品竞争力增强,出口迅速增长,对外贸易基本保持顺差,日本与欧美发达国家间的贸易摩擦经常发生,并且欧美经济开始出现区域化倾向,日本不得不为对外贸易的发展寻求新的出路来改变它在国际经济社会中的地位。80年代中期,日本将对外贸易政策由原来的振兴出口、自由进口,调整为有控制地扩大出口、鼓励扩大进口,如采取减少限制进口商品种类、降低进口商品关税、简化进口手续、扩大进口额度等措施,加强国际协调。以上日本开放市场的政策措施,对它的经济发展产生了巨大作用。首先,促进了战后日本经济高速增长。开放市场不仅可以充分利用本国资源,而且可以利用全球资源,在比较优势的基础上提高资源配置效率,促进产业及整体经济实力的增长。经济10实力的增长,对增强本国经济的承受力和应变力是有利的,也可以防止外国产品对国内市场和就业的冲击,并吸收国内产品创造就业机会,保障开放的进行。战后日本经济的高速增长,是伴随着市场的开放而实现的。在开放市场的过程中,日本一直实行一个原则,根据每个产业发展不同阶段的生产状况有选择地开放,任何产业的对外开放必须队相关产业和整个国民经济利益的提高有利。同时,政府还用了法规、财政、金融等许多手段进行调节和干预,如1949年制定的外汇及外贸管理法是战后日本政府管理经济活动的一个重要法律依据。