1、1. 学术 论 文的语体特征2. 学 术论文的基本结构3. 学 术论文写作的规范 正式 性（ More Formal Expressions） 客观 性（ More Objective Expressions） 学术 性（ More Academic Expressions）Ex.1-1In this paper, weve given a reason why the competitive ability of the national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and economic conditi
2、ons and the same cost , a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does. So it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than that of the national firm.Ex.1-2The paper indicates the reason for the weakness of the competi
3、tive abilit of the national firms. Since the non-national firms can obtain very cheap labor, under the same technical and economic conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does. Therefore it can achieve much more profit, and the competive ability
4、 of the non-national firm is stonger than that of the national firm.1. Avoid informal words and expressions, e.g. “get”, “go on”, “look into”, turn out”, etc.2. Avoid abbreviated words used in informal writing, e.g. “ad” (advertisement). “gym” (gymnasium), “pop” (popular), “vet” (veteran), etc.3. Av
5、oid contracted sturctures, e.g. “weve”, “youre”, “dont” “cant”, etc.4. Avoid using the second-person pronoun (you) in addressing the reader.5. Avoid imperative sentences such as “please” “lets,” etc.6. Avoid too many short sentences and simple sentences.7. Avoid conversational structures, e.g. “I th
6、ink,” “you will”, etc.Ex 1-3:We carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.Ex 1-4:We analyze the experiment and what we found made us realize that the technique is quite complex.The exp
7、erimrntal anaysis showed technical complexity. 1. There are many sentences in passive voice in academic papers. The reason is that passive voice can give the paper a sense of impartiality and objectivity. 2. Nominal structures (名词性结构 ) are often seen in academic writing to serve the purpose of being
8、 objective 1. The argument will be more convincing if they are presented concisely, coherently ,and objectively. 2. The thoughts and idea will be acceptable if arranged logically and coherently. Items Main FunctionsTitle Summarizing the main text of the paperAttracting readersAbstactExplaining the b
9、ackground, topic, approach, conclusion, and significanceSummarizing the paperOrienting readers to the paperKey words or indexing Terms Highlighting the focus using noun termsIntroductionIntroducing the research background Making a research orientationStrating the research purposeLiterature Review Re
10、viewing the previous research Research Methodologies and ProceduresSpecifying the methods and procedures used in the studyExplaining the theoretical framework or models and the research design Clarifying data collection and treatment, and experimental apparatus and procedureResults and FindingsSumma
11、rizing the main results and findingsInterpreting or commenting on the most important results with important figures (showen in graphs, tables, and diagrams)DiscussionExpounding the terrelations between the observed facts and their underlying causesAnalyzing the dataComparing the results with previous studies and the original hypothesisDeveloping the hypothesis and speculationsHighlighting the viewpointsMentioning the limitations of the studyConclusionSummarizing the main points of the study Presenting the conclusion Providing implications and suggestions for future work
