1、1毕业论文外文原文外文题目FDIANDPRODUCTIVITYCONVERGENCEINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPEANINDUSTRYLEVELINVESTIGATION出处WORKINGPAPERSERIES,JANUARY,2009作者MARTINBIJSTERBOSCHANDMARCINKOLASA原文FDIANDPRODUCTIVITYCONVERGENCEINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPEANINDUSTRYLEVELINVESTIGATIONMARTINBIJSTERBOSCH,MARCINKOLASAABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESE
2、NTSEMPIRICALEVIDENCEOFTHEEFFECTOFFDIINFLOWSONPRODUCTIVITYCONVERGENCEINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE,USINGINDUSTRYLEVELDATAFOURCONCLUSIONSSTANDOUTFIRST,THEREISASTRONGCONVERGENCEEFFECTINPRODUCTIVITY,BOTHATTHECOUNTRYANDATTHEINDUSTRYLEVELSECOND,FDIINFLOWPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINACCOUNTINGFORPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHTHI
3、RD,THEIMPACTOFFDIONPRODUCTIVITYCRITICALLYDEPENDSONTHEABSORPTIVECAPACITYOFRECIPIENTCOUNTRIESANDINDUSTRIESFOURTH,THEREISIMPORTANTHETEROGENEITYACROSSCOUNTRIES,INDUSTRIESANDTIMEWITHRESPECTTOSOMEOFTHEMAINFINDINGSKEYWORDSPRODUCTIVITYCONVERGENCE,FDI,ABSORPTIVECAPACITY3THEORETICALCONSIDERATIONSWHILEFDIISDEF
4、INITELYNOTTHEONLYCHANNELTHROUGHWHICHINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGICALDIFFUSIONMAYOCCUR,ITISWIDELYCONSIDEREDTOBETHEMOSTIMPORTANTONETHISISBECAUSEMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSAREAMONGTHEMOSTTECHNOLOGICALLYADVANCEDFIRMS,SPENDINGRELATIVELYBIGAMOUNTSONRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTANDUSINGBETTERMANAGERIALPRACTICESTHISIMPLIE
5、STHATINWARDFDIMAYINVOLVETHETRANSFEROFSUPERIORTECHNOLOGIES,WHICHCANTHENSPREADOVERTHEENTIREECONOMYLEADINGTOPRODUCTIVITYGAINSINDOMESTICFIRMSSEEEG2FINDLAY,1978ORROMER,1993THELINKBETWEENINWARDFDIANDECONOMICGROWTHINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHASFIRMTHEORETICALFOUNDATIONSASDEMONSTRATEDBYBORENSZTEINETAL1998,THISREL
6、ATIONSHIPCANBEDERIVEDUSINGTHEFRAMEWORKOFINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGYDIFFUSIONDEVELOPEDBYBARROANDSALAIMARTIN1997ANDDRAWINGONSEMINALCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETHEORYOFENDOGENOUSGROWTHBYROMER1990ORGROSSMANANDHELPMAN1991ACCORDINGTOTHISSETUP,PERCAPITAORLABOURPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHOCCURSVIAACCUMULATIONOFHUMANCAPITALANDTHEE
7、XPANSIONINTHENUMBEROFVARIETIESOFCAPITALGOODSUSEDINPRODUCTIONOFFINALGOODSTHESEVARIETIESAREPRODUCEDBYDOMESTICANDFOREIGNFIRMSTHATHAVEUNDERTAKENADIRECTINVESTMENTINTHEECONOMYANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFCAPITALVARIETIESREQUIRESAFIXEDCOSTOFADAPTINGTHETECHNOLOGYAVAILABLEINMOREADVANCEDECONOMIESTHISCOSTDECREASESWI
8、THTHESHAREOFFOREIGNFIRMSOPERATINGINTHEHOSTECONOMYANDISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOTHETECHNOLOGICALGAPVISVISDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,WHICHREFLECTSDECREASINGIMITATIONPOSSIBILITIESOVERTHECATCHINGUPPROCESSSIMILARIDEASCANALSOBEINCORPORATEDINTONEOCLASSICALGROWTHMODELSTHISWASDONEEGBYWANG1990,WHOASSUMESTHATTHEINCREASEINEF
9、FECTIVEKNOWLEDGEAPPLIEDTOPRODUCTIONCANBEWRITTENASAFUNCTIONOFFDIADESCRIPTIONOFTECHNOLOGYDIFFUSIONINVOLVINGDECREASINGIMITATIONPOSSIBILITIESDURINGTHECONVERGENCEPROCESSWITHANIMPORTANTROLEOFHUMANCAPITALISOWEDTONELSONANDPHELPS1966DUCZYNSKI2003INCORPORATESTHECONCEPTOFINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGYDIFFUSIONINTOARA
10、MSEYFRAMEWORKWITHCAPITALMOBILITYANDDISCUSSESTHEIMPLICATIONSOFHISMODELINTHECONTEXTOFTRANSITIONECONOMIESONTHEBASISOFTHESETHEORETICALCONSIDERATIONS,ONECANWRITEASIMPLEMODELOFPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHINACATCHINGUPECONOMYUSINGINWARDFDI,THERELATIVEPRODUCTIVITYLEVELVISVISDEVELOPEDECONOMIESANDHUMANCAPITALASTHEMAINE
11、XPLANATORYVARIABLESTHEPRECISESPECIFICATIONOFTHEMODELCANTAKEDIFFERENTFORMSSEESECTION4HOWEVER,WHILEFDIISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDTOBEAKEYCHANNELFORECONOMICRESTRUCTURINGANDINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGYDIFFUSION,FDIINFLOWSASSUCHMAYNOTNECESSARILYBESUFFICIENTTOENSUREANINCREASEINPRODUCTIVITYTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHESEFLOWSA
12、RETRANSLATEDINTOTECHNOLOGICALPROGRESSANDPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHDEPENDSONTHE3ABSORPTIVECAPACITYOFTHESECTORANDTHECOUNTRYTHIS,INTURN,HINGESONTHELEVELSOFBASICTECHNOLOGICALLITERACYASWELLASONMOREADVANCEDSKILLSINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYORSECTORSEEEGWORLDBANK,2008THEABSORPTIVECAPACITYCONCEPTCANBEIMPLEMENTEDEMPIRICALLYBYEX
13、TENDINGTHESIMPLEMODELSKETCHEDOUTABOVETOINCLUDEINTERACTIONSBETWEENTHEMAINEXPLANATORYVARIABLESFORINSTANCE,BYINTERACTINGFDIWITHTHERELATIVEPRODUCTIVITYLEVELWECANEXAMINETOWHATEXTENTGAINSFROMFOREIGNCAPITALINFLOWSDEPENDONTHEABSORPTIVECAPACITY,MEASUREDASTHEDISTANCETOTHETECHNOLOGICALFRONTIERINPARTICULAR,WECO
14、ULDTESTTHEHYPOTHESISOFEGGLASSANDSAGGI1998,5ACCORDINGTOWHICHALARGERDEVELOPMENTGAPIMPLIESALOWERQUALITYOFTECHNOLOGYTRANSFERREDVIAFDIANDMORELIMITEDCAPABILITIESOFDOMESTICFIRMSTOBENEFITFROMPOTENTIALSPILLOVERSOFFOREIGNPRESENCEIMPLYINGANEGATIVECOEFFICIENTOFTHEINTERACTIONTERMONTHEOTHERHAND,APOSITIVEESTIMATEW
15、OULDBECONSISTENTWITHANALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESISPROVIDEDBYFINDLAY1978,WHOEMPHASISESTHELARGERPOOLOFAVAILABLETECHNOLOGICALOPPORTUNITIESANDASTRONGERPRESSUREFORCHANGEINRELATIVELYBACKWARDECONOMIESABSORPTIVECAPACITYCONSIDERATIONSCANALSOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTBYINTERACTINGHUMANCAPITALWITHBOTHTHERELATIVEPRODUCTIVITYL
16、EVELUSEDASAPROXYFORPOTENTIALTECHNOLOGYTRANSFERANDFDIINFLOWACLASSICALREFERENCESTRESSINGTHEROLEOFHUMANCAPITALINTECHNOLOGICALDIFFUSIONISNELSONANDPHELPS1966,WHOINTERACTMEASURESOFHUMANCAPITALQUALITYWITHTHEPRODUCTIVITYGAPVISVISTHETECHNOLOGICALFRONTIERINTHEIRGROWTHREGRESSIONS6BORENSZTEINETAL1998ANDBALASUBR
17、AMANYANETAL1999CONFIRMTHELINKBETWEENTHEIMPACTOFFDIANDTHEQUALITYOFHUMANCAPITALITHASTOBENOTEDTHATHUMANCAPITALANDRELATIVEPRODUCTIVITYARENOTTHEONLYPROXIESFORABSORPTIVECAPACITYADVOCATEDINTHELITERATUREINPARTICULAR,LOCALFIRMSCAPABILITIESTOABSORBKNOWLEDGEFROMABROADCANBEDEPENDENTONTHEIROWNINNOVATIONEFFORTSEE
18、COHENANDLEVINTHAL,1989ALSO,AWIDESETOFOTHERCHARACTERISTICSLIKECOMPETITIVEPRESSURE,FINANCIALMARKETDEVELOPMENT,REGULATIONSCANAFFECTTHESPEEDOFTHECATCHINGUPPROCESSANDTHESIZEOFPOTENTIALSPILLOVERSFROMFDI4ECONOMETRICSTRATEGY4HAVINGDEFINEDASETOFPOTENTIALEXPLANATORYVARIABLES,THECHOICEOFANAPPROPRIATEECONOMETRI
19、CSTRATEGYISFARFROMSTRAIGHTFORWARDINGENERAL,THEMOSTPOPULARAPPROACHESFOLLOWEDINTHEEMPIRICALGROWTHLITERATURECANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOGROUPS,WHICHWEWILLREFERTOASCROSSSECTIONANDTIMESERIESSTUDIESTHEFIRSTGROUPCOMPRISESAVASTLITERATUREEXPLOITINGMAINLYCROSSCOUNTRYORLESSFREQUENTLYCROSSINDUSTRYCORRELATIONBETWEENGR
20、OWTHANDAWIDESETOFEXPLANATORYVARIABLESTHEVARIABLESUSEDINREGRESSIONSAREAVERAGEDOVERRELATIVELYLONGTIMESPANSCOVERINGTHEWHOLESAMPLEEGBARRO,1991MANKIW,ROMERANDWEIL,1992ORFORMASETOFNONOVERLAPPINGAVERAGESEGBORENSZTEINETAL,1998SCHADLERETAL,2006THEMAINADVANTAGEOFCROSSSECTIONSTUDIESISTHATTHEIRRESULTSARELESSLIK
21、ELYTOBEDRIVENBYCYCLICALMOVEMENTSMOREOVER,BYEXPLOITINGCROSSSECTIONALINFORMATION,THEYAREPOTENTIALLYBETTERSUITEDFORADDRESSINGQUESTIONSABOUTTHESOURCESOFDIFFERENCESINPERFORMANCEACROSSCOUNTRIESORINDUSTRIESINPRACTICE,HOWEVER,THELATTERADVANTAGEMAYBEUNDERMINEDBYTHEOMITTEDVARIABLESPROBLEMANDENDOGENEITY,LEADIN
22、GTOPOTENTIALLYSERIOUSBIASESINTHEESTIMATESOFTHECOEFFICIENTSOFINTERESTTHESECONDGROUPOFAPPROACHES,TIMESERIESSTUDIES,AIMSATTESTINGRELATIONSHIPSOFINTERESTWITHINRATHERTHANACROSSCOUNTRIESORINDUSTRIESTHISTYPEOFAPPROACHRELIESMAINLYONYEARLYOBSERVATIONSANDUSESPANELDATAMETHODSSEEEGISLAM,1995GRIFFITHETAL,2004CAR
23、KOVICANDLEVINE,2005THEBIGGESTADVANTAGEOFTHETIMESERIESAPPROACHISTHATITISLESSVULNERABLETOTHESOURCESOFBIASESTHATMAYAFFECTPURELYCROSSSECTIONREGRESSIONSTHISISBECAUSETHEINCLUSIONOFFIXEDEFFECTSINTHEPANELHELPSTOCONTROLFORUNOBSERVABLEHETEROGENEITYBETWEENOBJECTSCONSIDERED,MAKINGTHEOMITTEDBIASPROBLEMLESSSEVERE
24、ADDITIONALLY,MORESOPHISTICATEDPANELDATATECHNIQUESTHATRELYONGENERALIZEDMETHODOFMOMENTSGMMATTEMPTTOADDRESSTHEENDOGENEITYISSUE,ALTHOUGHINARATHERMECHANISTICFASHIONTHEMAJORWEAKNESSOFTHETIMESERIESAPPROACHIS,HOWEVER,THATITDOESNOTEXPLOITCROSSSECTIONVARIATIONINTHEDATAANDTHATITMAYNOTFULLYACCOUNTFORMEDIUMANDLO
25、NGRUNRELATIONSHIPSBYUSINGDATAOFRELATIVELYHIGHFREQUENCYALTHOUGHTHERESEEMSTOBEATENDENCYINTHEEMPIRICALGROWTHLITERATURETOWARDSUSINGTHETIMESERIESAPPROACH,ONEHASTOBEARINMINDTHATITHASITSFLAWS5THEREFORE,ASAMATTEROFROBUSTNESS,ITMIGHTBEUSEFULTOCHECKWHETHERTHERESULTSOBTAINEDUSINGTHEOTHERAPPROACHAREATLEASTQUALI
26、TATIVELYSIMILARANYSTRIKINGDISCREPANCYBETWEENTHETIMESERIESANDCROSSSECTIONEVIDENCEWOULDTHENCALLFORCAUTIONININTERPRETINGTHERESULTSGIVENTHEABOVECONSIDERATIONS,OUREMPIRICALINVESTIGATIONWILLRELYONBOTHAPPROACHES,THEDETAILSOFWHICHARESUMMARIZEDBELOWINTHETIMESERIESAPPROACH,WEEMPLOYTHESYSTEMGMMESTIMATIONFRAMEW
27、ORKDEVELOPEDBYARELLANOANDBOND1991ANDTHENEXTENDEDBYARELLANOANDBOVER1995ANDBLUNDELLANDBOND19988MORESPECIFICALLY,WEREGRESSTHEANNUALGROWTHRATEINLABOURPRODUCTIVITYONTHESETOFEXPLANATORYVARIABLESLAGGEDONEPERIOD,WITHAFULLSETOFTIMEDUMMIESTHEUSEOFTHESYSTEMGMMMETHODISMOTIVATEDBYTHEFACTTHATOURSPECIFICATIONCANBE
28、REWRITTENSOTHATTHELEVELOFPRODUCTIVITYINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPEANMEMBERSTATESISEXPRESSEDASAFUNCTIONOFITSOWNLAGANDTHELAGGEDLEVELOFPRODUCTIVITYINTHEEUROAREATHEPRESENCEOFTHELAGGEDDEPENDENTVARIABLEIMPLIESTHATSTANDARDMETHODSUSEDFORESTIMATINGPANELDATAMODELS,LIKETHEFIXEDEFFECTSESTIMATOR,PRODUCEBIASEDRESULTS
29、IFTHENUMBEROFTIMEPERIODSINTHESAMPLEISSMALLSEENICKELL,1981LAGGINGOTHEREXPLANATORYVARIABLES,ANDFDIINPARTICULAR,ISAIMEDATAVOIDINGASIMULTANEITYBIAS,9WHILEINCLUDINGTIMEDUMMIESISEXPECTEDTOCAPTUREPOSSIBLECYCLICALMOVEMENTSBETWEENPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHANDRIGHTHANDSIDEVARIABLES,COMMONACROSSCOUNTRIESANDINDUSTRIEST
30、HECROSSSECTIONAPPROACHISPURSUEDBYSPLITTINGTHESAMPLEINTOTWOFIVEYEARPERIODSANDAPPLYINGTHESURTECHNIQUETOASYSTEMOFTWOEQUATIONSALLVARIABLESINTHESEEQUATIONSAREEXPRESSEDASFIVEYEARAVERAGES,EXCEPTFORTHERELATIVEPRODUCTIVITYLEVEL,WHICHISMEASUREDINTHEYEARPRECEDINGTHEBEGINNINGOFTHERELEVANTPERIODITHASTOBENOTEDTHA
31、TOURSAMPLEISDIFFERENTFROMSTANDARDCROSSSECTIONSTUDIESINTHATITHASBOTHACOUNTRYANDANINDUSTRYDIMENSION,WHICHMAKESITPOSSIBLETODOTHEESTIMATIONSWITHAFULLSETOFCOUNTRYANDINDUSTRYDUMMIESNATURALLY,THISISNOTEQUIVALENTTOFULLYCONTROLLINGFORUNOBSERVABLEHETEROGENEITYACROSSOBJECTSLIKEINTHETIMESERIESAPPROACHWITHAFULLS
32、ETOFCOUNTRYINDUSTRYSPECIFICEFFECTSHOWEVER,ITISREASONABLETOEXPECTTHATTHISSTRATEGYWILLATLEASTATTENUATETHEPOSSIBLEBIASAFFLICTINGTRADITIONALCROSSSECTIONESTIMATIONSANADDITIONALADVANTAGEOFINCLUDINGCOUNTRYDUMMIESISTHEFACTTHATTHEYCANBEREGARDEDAS6IMPERFECTSUBSTITUTESFORCOUNTRYWIDEINDICATORSUSUALLYUSEDINTHEEM
33、PIRICALGROWTHLITERATUREQUALITYOFINSTITUTIONS,SIZEOFTHEGOVERNMENT,MACROECONOMICSTABILITY,FINANCIALMARKETDEVELOPMENTETC5DATASOURCESANDDEFINITIONSOFVARIABLESTHEMAINDATASOURCEOFWHICHTHISPAPERMAKESUSEISTHENEWEUKLEMSDATABASEITISTHERESULTOFAPROJECTCARRIEDOUTBYACONSORTIUMOFRESEARCHINSTITUTESANDFINANCEDBYTHE
34、EUROPEANCOMMISSIONINORDERTOFACILITATEPRODUCTIVITYANALYSESINTHEEUATTHEINDUSTRYLEVELSEETIMMERETAL,200711THEMAINADJUSTMENTSTOTHEOFFICIALSTATISTICALSOURCESMADEINTHEDATABASERELATETOFILLINGGAPSININDUSTRYLEVELDATAUSINGINDUSTRYSTATISTICSANDTOLINKINGSERIESOVERTIMEAKEYADVANTAGEOFTHEEUKLEMSDATABASEISTHATITCOVE
35、RSAWIDERANGEOFINDUSTRIESUPTO72PERCOUNTRY,INCLUDINGABREAKDOWNOFSERVICESINANINTERNATIONALLYCOMPARABLEWAY,WITHTHEKEYVARIABLESANCHOREDINOFFICIALSTATISTICSTHEDATABASECOVERSTHEEUMEMBERSTATESINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPEFROM1995ONWARDSINADDITION,ITINCLUDESALARGENUMBEROFVARIABLESTHATAREPOTENTIALLYRELEVANTFORUND
36、ERSTANDINGPRODUCTIVITYDEVELOPMENTSTHESEFEATURESMAKETHEDATABASEPROBABLYTHESTATEOFTHEARTSOURCEFORCROSSCOUNTRYANDCROSSINDUSTRYCOMPARISONSDESPITETHEABOVEADVANTAGES,ITSHOULDBEEMPHASISEDTHATTHEEUKLEMSDATABASEISSTILLWORKINPROGRESSTHELEVELOFDETAILVARIESACROSSCOUNTRIES,INDUSTRIESANDVARIABLES,WITHSOMEGAPSINPA
37、RTICULARFORTHEEUMEMBERSTATESINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPESEETABLE1INADDITION,THEQUALITYOFTHEDATAISSTILLBEINGEVALUATEDBYTHENATIONALSTATISTICALINSTITUTESOFTHECOUNTRIESCONCERNEDMOREGENERALLY,ITNEEDSTOBEKEPTINMINDTHATTHEMEASUREMENTOFPRODUCTIVITYINSERVICESISSURROUNDEDBYANUMBEROFCONCEPTUALANDEMPIRICALCAVEATS,
38、WHICHSUGGESTSTHATTHEDATAFORTHESEINDUSTRIESSHOULDBEUSEDWITHSOMEDEGREEOFCAUTIONTHISAPPLIES,HOWEVER,NOTONLYTOTHEEUKLEMSDATABASEANOTHERDATASOURCEUSEDINTHEPAPERISTHEWIIWDATABASEONFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINCENTRAL,EASTANDSOUTHEASTEUROPESEEHUNYAANDSCHWARZHAPPEL,2007ITCONTAINSINDUSTRYLEVELFDIDATAASREPORTEDBY
39、THENATIONALCENTRALBANKSOFTHECOUNTRIESINTHEREGIONAKEYADVANTAGEOFTHEDATABASEISTHATTHEINDUSTRYBREAKDOWNISCONSISTENTWITH7THEONEINTHEEUKLEMSDATABASEINADDITION,THEDATAAREHARMONISEDINTHESENSETHATTHEYAREINLINEWITHSTANDARDIMFDEFINITIONSANDMETHODOLOGICALGUIDELINESALTHOUGHSOMEMETHODOLOGICALCHANGESOVERTIMEHAVET
40、AKENPLACETHEFDIDATAINTHISPAPERCOMEFROMTHEMAY2007RELEASEOFTHEWIIWDATABASE毕业论文外文翻译外文题目FDIANDECONOMICGROWTHRELATIONSHIPANEMPIRICALSTUDYONMALAYSIA出处INTERNATIONALBUSINESSRESEARCH,APRIL,2008作者HARWAIMUNANDTEOKAILINANDYEEKARMAN译文外商直接投资与经济增长关系对马来西亚的实证研究HARWAIMUNTEOKAILINYEEKARMAN摘要外商直接投资(FDI)一直是马来西亚经济增长的重要来源
41、,为促进经济增长,需要引进资金投资,技术和管理知识。因此,本文旨在使用时间序列19702005期间的数据来探讨外商直接投资和马来西亚的经济增长之间的关系。通过普通最小二乘法(OLS)回归与实证分析,以马来西亚19702005年的年度数据为基础,得出外商直接投资与经济的的增长关系。从国际货币基金组织的国际金融统计年报数据表中,以马来西亚的例子,国际货币基金会公布得到外商直接投资与经济增长之间的关系。结果表明,LGDP,LGNI以及马来西亚的LFDI系列是I(1)系列。足够的证据表明,马来西亚经济增长与外商直接投资(FDI)的流入拥有显著关系。外商直接投资对RGDP有直接积极的影响。外商直接投资产
42、生1的增长速度将导致经济增长的速度增加0046072。此外,外商直接投资对RGNI也有直接的积极影响,因为当外商直接投资率增加1,这将导致经济增加0044877的增长速度。关键词增长,FDI流入,FDI与经济增长的关系,马来西亚的经济1介绍8本文定义为国际资本流动的外商直接投资(FDI),其形式是在一个国家创造或者扩大附属公司。它不仅涉及到资源转移,还有收购的控制。20世纪90年代以来,外商直接投资一直是马来西亚经济增长的来源,除了引进资本,外商直接投资还带来了许多好处。对于一个发展中国家,如马来西亚,最重要的好处就是外商直接投资可以创造更多的就业机会。此外,技术转移是对东道国的另一个利益所在
43、。当外国的工厂设置在他们的国家,他们将暴露在更高的技术生产和更有效率的管理制度下。一旦在将来,他们能够生产具有竞争力的商品和服务,就像竞争力强的外商制造的商品。不过,投资资金不足是寻求外商直接投资的主要原因。通常,许多欠发达国家缺乏投资基金。外商直接投资可以帮助他们发展自己的国家,改善他们的生活水平,为他们创造更多的就业机会。根据MOHDNAZARIISMAIL(2001)研究,他认为外商直接投资在马来西亚发挥了重要作用经济,特别是在电子行业。除了创造更多的就业机会和创造出口,外商跨国公司也促成了当地人的技术能力的发展。这是通过工艺技术转让实现的。2外国直接投资在马来西亚的流动格局与趋势图1介
44、绍了在1970年至2004年,马来西亚外商直接投资流入的趋势。在过去的二十年内,马来西亚吸引了很多外商直接投资。在70年代,马来西亚的外商直接投资存量开始慢慢增长。70年代至90年代期间,外商直接投资流入量增加了将近二十倍,从70年代的9400万美元至90年代的26亿美元,即使期间有一些波动。尽管外商直接投资比前些年有所增加,然而自20世纪90年代初,出现了放缓的几个时期。1993年,外商直接投资大幅下降,从两个马来西亚投资的主要来源来看,主要的原因之一是由于日本和台湾的减速投资。另一个主要原因是相对其他(如中国,越南和印度尼西亚)的亚洲国家来说,马来西亚上升的工资率。在1996年,当马来西亚
45、的外商直接投资总额达到73亿美元时达到了最高峰。在1997年金融危机的影响下,东南亚大部分国家也减少对马来西亚的外商直接投资。2000年代初期以来,外商直接投资在马来西亚的流动往往不一致,随机波动,但它也能达到一个平均流入每年30亿美元的水平。9图1FDI流入马来西亚(单位百万美元)19702004年资料来源联合国贸易与发展会议(贸发会议),多种观点。在一般情况下,马来西亚是东南亚地区经济增长和平均国民生产总值(GNP)的增长第二快的国家,在过去七年里,每年有百分之八增长率。自1957年独立,马来西亚已经从一个以农业为基础的国家向经济更多元化和出口为主国家转变。马来西亚市场是相当公开的,如平均
46、关税约百分之十五,几乎不存在非关税贸易壁垒和外汇管制。凭借稳定的政治环境,提高人均收入和通过整个东南亚联盟(东盟)区域一体化的潜力表明,马来西亚拥有对外商直接投资具有吸引力的前景。外商直接投资有助于马来西亚经济增长,其取得成功的关键因素,是因为良好的环境。如果环境不适合,马来西亚也不会鼓励外国投资者前来投资。良好的有利条件,使投资者面临的问题也较少,因为所有的投资者可以方便地运行他们的业务,在保证生命安全的前提下,赚取更多的利益。外商直接投资的几个重要的线索,包括政治稳定,经济稳定,低工资,和易获得的丰富原料,特殊权利,和人身安全。长期的政治稳定,使企业与外国投资者拥有成功并保持盈利的信心。除
47、此之外,如通货膨胀,汇率波动和经济危机也是另一个投资者要考虑的重要的环境因素,因为未知状况可能会导致企业失败。此外,外商投资者试图以寻找低工资国家生产商品来降低平均生产成本来说服外商在该国投资。一个拥有丰富原料足够保证商品生产的国家能吸引更多的投资者,比一个没有原料和安全保证的国家强很多。因为外商投资者也认为生命比金钱更重要更有价值,没有人愿意承担被杀害或在国外遭绑架的风险。103研究的目的本文的主要目标,是为了利用19702005年期间时间序列数据来研究马来西亚外商直接投资与经济增长之间的关系。本文的其余部分的结构如下第2节,展示对外商直接投资和经济增长所做的实证文献;第3节,讲数据和方法;
48、第4节,是最后的结论和解释;第5节,是本研究的结果。4文献回顾外商直接投资(FDI)在该地区的许多经济体中起到了主导作用。有些决策者认为,外商直接投资(FDI)提高了东道国生产率和促进发展。有些学者对外商直接投资和经济增长做了多项研究。一些研究测试出外商直接投资与经济增长之间的关系,有些则找出两个变量之间的因果关系。他们的发现不同源于他们使用不同的研究方法,比如说,一些研究人员发现外商直接投资对经济增长产生积极影响。例如BALASUBRAMANYAM(1996)分析了外商直接投资如何影响经济发展中经济体的增长。使用截面数据和OLS回归方程,他认为利用出口促进策略,外商直接投资对所在国经济增长有
49、积极影响,但不使用国家的进口替代战略。OLOFSDOTTER(1998)提供了类似的分析。使用截面数据,她发现外商直接投资存量的增加对经济增长呈正相关,作为衡量产权保护和东道国官僚效率的程度,其效果是为加强东道国的体制往更高水平发展。除此之外,BORENSZTEIN(1998)在回归的框架内,在过去的二十年里从69个发展中国家向工业化国家转变,利用外商直接投资流量的数据,研究外商直接投资(FDI)对经济增长的影响。他们这项研究的结果是外商直接投资是重要的技术转移手段,其对经济增长的奉献较多于国内投资。然而,当东道国的人力资本存量达到最低时,外商直接投资仅拥有更高的生产力。因此,外商直接投资对经济增长的唯一贡献仅是东道国经济能提供足够的先进技术的吸收能力。另一项基于对发展中经济的研究是BORENSZTEIN等人(1998年)负责审查外商直接投资在技术扩散和经济增长过程中的作用。本文认为,外商直接投资对经济增长产生积极影响,但该影响的强度取决于东道国人力资本的总金额。与此相反,DEMELLO(1999)尽管使用时间序列和面板数据的固定效应估计32个发达国家和发展中国家,只发现外商直接投资和经济疲软迹象之间的积极增长关系。11另一方面,张(2001)和崔(2003)分析了外商直接投资与经济增长之间的因果关系。张(2001)使用东亚和拉美国家中的11个发展中国家的数