1、Energy Generation in Mitochondria and ChloroplastsChapter 7(1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cellsThe relationship between the structure and function of mit.(2) Chloroplasts: in plant cellsThe relationship between the structure and function of chl.Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation ATPChl: Photosynthe
2、sis ATP + NADPH SugarA. Mitochondrial structure and functionvThe size and number of mitochondria reflect the energy requirements of the cell.1. Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylationFigure 7-4 Relationship between mitochondria and microtubules.Figure 7-3 Mitochondrial plasticity. Rapid changes o
3、f shape are observed when a mitochondrion is visualized in a living cell. Figure 7-5 Localization of mitochondria near sites of high ATP utilization in cardiac muscle and a sperm tail. vInner and outer mitochondrial membranes enclose two spaces: the matrix and intermembrane space.Outer membrane: Con
4、tains channel-forming protein, called Porin. Permeable to all molecules of 5000 daltons or less.Inner membrane (Impermeability): Contains proteins with three types of functions:(1) Electron-transport chain: Carry out oxidation reactions; (2) ATP synthase: Makes ATP in the matrix; (3) Transport prote
5、ins: Allow the passage of metabolites Intermembrane space: Contains several enzymes use ATP to phosphorylate other nucleotides.Matrix: Enzymes; Mit DNA, Ribosomes, etc.Figure 14-6 Fractionation of purified mitochondria into separate components. These techniques have made it possible to study the dif
6、ferent proteins in each mitochondrial compartment. The method shown, which allows the processing of large numbers of mitochondria at the same time, takes advantage of the fact that in media of low osmotic strength water flows into mitochondria and greatly expands the matrix space (yellow). While the
7、 cristae of the inner membrane allow it to unfold to accommodate the expansion, the outer membranewhich has no folds to begin withbreaks, releasing a structure composed of only the inner membrane and the matrix. B. Specific functions localized within the Mit by disruption of the organelle and fracti
8、onationLocalization of metabolic functions within the mitochondrionOuter membrane:Phospholipid synthesisfatty acid desaturationFatty acid elongationInner membrane:Electron transportOxidative phosphorylationMetabolite transportIntermembrane spaceNucleotide phosphorylationMatrixPyruvate oxidationTCA cycle oxidation of fatsDNA replication, RNA transcription, Protein translation2. Molecular basis of oxidative phosphorylation
