1、浅谈医学数据挖掘技术姓名：甘承奇班级：1141302学号：201140130222邮编：344000摘 要:对数据挖掘的概念,医学数据的特殊性以及医学数据挖掘的关键技术做详细的阐述,介绍在医学当中数据挖掘如何应用,并给出具体实例。 关键词:数据挖掘;医学;技术;应用前言 随着数据库技术的迅速发展,在医疗机构中大量的医疗数据被精确地统计下来。同时,电子病例和病案的大量应用、医疗设备和仪器的数字化,使得医院数据库的信息量剧增,这些珍贵的医学信息资源对于疾病的诊断、治疗和研究都是非常有价值的,然而目前的数据库系统无法发现数据中存在的关系和规则,无法根据现有的数据预测未来的发展趋势,因此,如何从这些海
2、量的数据中,挖掘出有用的信息,为疾病的防控、诊断、治疗和医学研究的发展具有重大意义。 1 医学数据挖掘技术 1.1 数据挖掘的定义 数据挖掘是近年来随着数据库和人工智能技术发展而出现的一种新兴信息技术。就是从大量的、不完全的、有噪声的、模糊的实际应用数据中,提取隐含在其中的、人们事先不知道的,但又是潜在有用的信息和知识的过程,它能高度自动化地分析数据仓库原有数据,做出归纳性推理,挖掘出潜在的模式,最大效能地利用已有信息和数据。 1.2 医学数据挖掘的特殊性 医学数据挖掘的主要研究对象是临床医疗信息,反映了医学信息的独特之处: 1)模式多态性:医学信息包括纯数据、信号、图像、文字以及语音和视频信
3、息等多态性数据。 2)信息不完整性:病例和病案的有限性使医学数据库不可能对任何一种疾病信息都能全面地反映,疾病信息所体现出的客观不完整性和描述疾病的主观不确切性,形成了医学信息的不完整性。 3)数据的时序性:病人的就诊、疾病的发病过程在时间上有一个进度,医学检测的波型、图像都是时间函数,这些都具有一定的时序性。 4)数据冗余性:医学数据库是一个庞大的数据资源,有大量相同的或部分相同的信息存储在其中。 1.3 医学数据挖掘的关键技术 医学数据的特点使其与常规的数据挖掘之间存在较大的差异,其关键技术如下: 1)数据预处理:医学数据库中包括大量模糊的、不完整的、带有噪声和冗余的信息,必须对这些信息进
4、行清理和过滤,填充缺失的值、光滑噪声、纠正数据中的不一致,以确保数据的一致性和确定性。 2)数据集成技术:要进行数据挖掘的医学信息一般是多态性的,应将这些数据源中的数据整合到一起,使其在属性上趋同或一致。 3)数据归约与鲁棒的挖掘算法:医学数据库是一个海量的信息库,要从中提取知识,需要花费大量的时间,因此必须考虑医学数据挖掘的效率问题。数据归约技术用于从原有的庞大的数据库中获得一个精简的数据集合,并使其保持原有数据集的完整性,从而提高数据挖掘的效率,并且使挖掘出来的结果与使用原有数据集所获得结果基本相同。同时,医学数据库的类型较多,并且又是动态变化的,要求挖掘算法具有一定的容错性和鲁棒性。 4
5、)准确性和可靠性:医学数据挖掘的主要目的是为医疗活动和管理提供科学的决策,因此必须保证挖掘算法所提供的知识具有较高的准确率和可靠性。 2 医学数据挖掘应用 1)疾病诊断、预测:数据挖掘可以通过对患者大量的数据资料的处理,挖掘出有价值的诊断规则,建立预测模型,再对这个模型进行测试,得到合适的算法模型,利用这种模型可以辅助临床医学诊断。如借助数据挖掘技术中的贝叶斯(Bayes)网络技术来研究抑郁症的中医证候规律。 2)遗传基因:遗传学的研究表明,遗传疾病的发生是由基因决定的,如何从大量的 DNA数据中找到具有统计特异性的序列就成为最迫切需要解决的问题。建立良好的系统模型将基因组数据进行有效地存储、
6、分析和挖掘,从而获取大量有价值的知识。 3)医学图像挖掘:医学图像是利用人体内不同器官和组织对 X射线、超声波、光线等的散射、透射、反射和吸收的不同特性而形成的,为人体骨骼、内脏器官疾病和损伤进行诊断、定位提供了有效的手段,对医学图像的存储与挖掘将对人体内部器官的诊断与治疗具有重大意义。 3 应用举例 关联规则在中医疾病症候诊断中的应用:1 通过采用基于关联规则的数据挖掘方法,可以得到很有价值的一些规则,如从伤寒论中的病名,症状,舌苔分别作为数据表建立数据库,挖掘得出: 规则 1:发热、恶寒、脉浮身,能够得出太阳病(支持度 65%,置信度 5%,兴趣度 1.2),说明伤寒论里提到的发热、恶寒、
7、脉浮、太阳病的条文占 65%之多,该规则很有意义,可以认为发热、恶寒的确是太阳病的诊断依据。 规则 2:脉紧,得出太阳病(支持度 30%,置信度 l%)支持度与置信度小,故认为不能单独凭脉紧就诊断为太阳病。 规则 3:脉弦,得出太阳病(支持度 0.5%,置信度 0.5%)支持度与置信度都太小,可以认为脉弦根本不是太阳病的备选证候。 4 结束语 医学数据库的信息量非常庞大,其数据又具有自身的独特性。要想充分利用丰富而宝贵的医学资源,必须选择适合医学数据类型的数据挖掘工具及挖掘技术,尽可能大的发挥数据挖掘技术在医学信息获取中的价值,为医学发展开辟一条新路。（英文版 ） Two regulation
8、s promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiativ
9、es. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as “negative list, focusing on vertical gau
10、ge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the“ bottom line “. Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two
11、 fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the nec
12、essity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisd
13、om of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people refl
14、ect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eigh
15、teen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party str
16、ictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, “eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to“ hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions exces
17、sive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to “clean“ the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, onl
18、y needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet t
19、he comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damag
20、e the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment.
21、 By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Part
22、y of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the C
23、entral Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment c
24、larifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party comm
25、ittee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the
26、provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Disc
27、ipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised
28、 draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement
29、the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law,
30、 based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousnes
31、s, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that “no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fift
32、h Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules.“ the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere
33、 to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulat
34、ions governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue “de“, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the “self-discipline“, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the “vital few“, emphasized self-
