1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目GREENACCOUNTINGFORBLACKGOLD外文出处ENERGYJOURNAL,2009P113139外文作者ROBERTDCAIRNS原文GREENACCOUNTINGFORBLACKGOLDROBERTDCAIRNSINTHEPETROLEUMINDUSTRY,VALIDGREENECONOMICACCOUNTINGMAGNITUDESAREINFLUENCEDBYNATURALANDOTHERCONSTRAINTSONPRODUCTION,BYNONCONVEXITYOFTECHNOLOGYANDBYNONOPTIMALITYOFOUTPUT
2、THEPAPERUNDERTAKESANECONOMICANALYSISOFOILEXTRACTIONTHATEXPLICITLYREPRESENTSTHECONDITIONSANDCONSTRAINTSTHATINFLUENCETHEDECISIONSOFAFIRMTHISMICROECONOMICANALYSISDIVERGESFROMCONVENTIONAL,“HOTELLING“MACROECONOMICMODELSOFNONRENEWABLERESOURCEEXTRACTIONANDHASSUBSTANTIALLYDIFFERENTFINDINGSOPTIMALITYCONDITIO
3、NSSUCHASHOTELLINGSRULEORFIRSTORDERCONDITIONSARENOTUTILIZEDINDEFININGACCOUNTINGSTATISTICSCONTRARYTOTHEFINDINGSOFMANYSTUDIES,ITISFOUNDTHATTRADITIONALNONGREENACCOUNTINGPRACTICEFORCOMMERCIALNATURALRESOURCESSUCHASPETROLEUMSENSIBLYBALANCESTHEAIMSOFECONOMICACCOUNTINGINSTEAD,ADJUSTMENTSTOPRACTICEAREMOSTNEED
4、EDFORNONCOMMERCIALVALUESSUCHASPOLLUTIONORAMENITIES1NONOBSERVABILITY,NONCONVEXITY,NONOPTIMALITYTHEAIMOFENVIRONMENTALACCOUNTINGISTORECORDTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTTOHUMANWELLBEINGANDANYCHANGEINITSABILITYTOMAKETHATCONTRIBUTIONASELSEWHEREINENVIRONMENTALECONOMICS,THETECHNOLOGICALANDPHYSICALATTRIBUTE
5、SOFENVIRONMENTALUSEMUSTBEANALYZEDEXPLICITLYTHEKEYINSIGHTISTHATNATURALRESOURCESAREAFORMOFCAPITALINACCOUNTINGFORANONRENEWABLERESOURCESUCHASPETROLEUM,THEFUNDAMENTALQUESTIONTHATHASBEENADDRESSEDBYECONOMISTSISHOWTOEVALUATETHEREDUCTIONINFUTUREOPPORTUNITIESTHATRESULTFROMCURRENTUSETHETYPICALINVESTIGATIONISBA
6、SEDONAMACROECONOMICOPTIMIZATIONMODELAMACROSTATISTIC,NETNATIONALPRODUCT,ISDERIVEDANDIMPLICITLYISALLOCATED,“TOPDOWN“,AMONGTHESECTORSOFTHEECONOMYWEITZMAN2003100,HOWEVER,OBSERVESTHATHISTHEORYOFNATIONALACCOUNTINGMAKESMORESENSEWHENTHEOBJECTOFANALYSISISAFIRMMOREOVER,ACENTRALCONTRIBUTIONOFACAREFULSTUDYBYSEF
7、TONANDWEALE2006ISADEMONSTRATIONOFHOWMACROECONOMICOUTCOMESAREAGGREGATESOFTHERESULTSOFDECISIONSBYHOUSEHOLDSANDFIRMSINTHEORYASWELLASINPRACTICE,THEREFORE,MACROSTATISTICSARE“BOTTOMUP“AGGREGATESOFMICROSTATISTICSPROVIDEDTHAT“THERIGHTPRICES“AREINEFFECT,THERECORDEDVALUEOFANACTIVITYISITSMARGINALORINCREMENTALC
8、ONTRIBUTIONTOWELFAREHEREINITISASSUMEDTHATPRICESELSEWHEREINTHEECONOMYAREEQUALTOSOCIALSHADOWVALUESORELSEHAVEBEENADJUSTEDTHROUGHCOSTBENEFITANALYSISTHEASSUMPTIONISHEROICITSBENEFITISTHATITALLOWSFORSTRESSTOBEPUTONTHENEGLECTOFNONPRICEDGOODSANDSERVICES,THEMAINAIMOFGREENACCOUNTING,RATHERTHANONTHEOVERALLCOMPE
9、TITIVENESSOFTHEECONOMYUNDERTHEASSUMPTION,AMICROANALYSISPROVIDESWHATISREQUIREDFORTHETHEORETICALINTERPRETATIONOFNNPTHEPAPERBEGINSWITHASUMMARYOFTHEFINDINGSOFACONVENTIONAL,MACRO,SOCALLEDHOTELLINGANALYSISOFTHEEXTRACTIONOFANDTHEGREENACCOUNTINGFORNONRENEWABLERESOURCESSUCHASPETROLEUMDISSATISFACTIONWITHTHATM
10、ODELLEADSTOANODYSSEYTHROUGHENGINEERING,ECONOMICANDACCOUNTINGANALYSESTHEOUTCOME,AMICROECONOMICMODELOFEXTRACTIONANDOFACCOUNTING,HASTWOSIGNIFICANTDIVERGENCESFROMTHEMACROONEONEDIVERGENCEISFROMASSUMPTIONSCONCERNINGTHEINFLUENCEOFNATURALANDTECHNOLOGICALCONSTRAINTSONTHEDECISIONSOFASTYLIZEDFIRMTHEOTHERDIVERG
11、ENCEISINTHEDEFINITIONSOFECONOMICACCOUNTINGMAGNITUDESTHESEDEFINITIONSAREBASEDONANOPTIMIZATIONMODELTHEIRPOWERISBROUGHTOUT,HOWEVER,WHENTHEMODELISMODIFIEDTODISCUSSNONCONVEXITY,NONOPTIMALITYANDNONOBSERVABILITYTHERESULTISAFUNDAMENTALDEVIATIONFROMCONVENTIONALMETHODOLOGYTHETHEORYISILLUSTRATEDINANUMERICALEXA
12、MPLEFINALLY,ITISEXTENDEDTOEXPLORATIONANIMPORTANTCONCLUSIONISTHAT,CONTRARYTOMANYANALYSES,TRADITIONAL“NONGREEN“ACCOUNTINGISQUITESERVICEABLE,INTHESENSEOFBEINGACCURATEINANIMPORTANTSENSEOVERTIME,WHENAGOODSFINALFORMISMEDIATEDINMARKETSATTENTIONISMOREPROFITABLYDIRECTEDTONONMARKETEDFINALGOODS2MACROVSMICROMOD
13、ELS21ATYPICALHOTELLINGMACROMODELINASIMPLEMODEL,OUTPUTATANYTIMEISPRODUCEDUSINGTHEMANUFACTUREDCAPITALSTOCK,K,ANDTHEFLOWOFTHERESOURCEINTOPRODUCTION,Q,ACCORDINGTOAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,FK,QOUTPUTISALLOCATEDTOAGGREGATECONSUMPTIONXANDINVESTMENTDK/DTKDEPLETIONOFTHERESOURCESTOCKSISREPRESENTEDBYQDS/DTSCONSUMPTI
14、ONXGIVESRISETOSOCIALUTILITYUXSOCIALWELFAREISTHEINTEGRALOFUTILITYDISCOUNTEDATTHESOCIALRATEOFTIMEPREFERENCE,P,ANDDEPENDSONTHESTOCKSOFCAPITALANDRESOURCEAVAILABLETHEOBJECTIVEOFASOCIALPLANNERATTIMETISTOMAXIMIZEWELFARE,WST,KT,MAXTUXSEST1THEIMPLICITORSHADOWPRICESOFTHERESOURCEANDTHECAPITALGOODAREREPRESENTED
15、BYANDIFWS,KISDIFFERENTIABLE,THENDW/DSANDDW/DKACCORDINGTOOPTIMALCONTROLTHEORY,WELFAREISMAXIMIZEDBYMAXIMIZING,THROUGHCHOICEOFTHECONTROLVARIABLESXANDQATEACHTIMEST,THECURRENTVALUEHAMILTONIAN,HX,Q,K,S,UXSKUXQFK,QX2NETINVESTMENTINMANUFACTUREDCAPITALISIDENTIFIEDTOBEKIFTHENETCHANGEINCAPITALKEVALUATEDATITSSH
16、ADOWPRICEFORTHERESOURCE,NETINVESTMENTISGIVENBYSSINCES0THEEXPRESSIONISNEGATIVEANDSQISDEFINEDTOBETHEDEPRECIATION,ORTHEVALUEOFDEPLETION,OFTHERESOURCETHEREFORE,THEHAMILTONIANISTHESUMOFTHEUTILITYOFCONSUMPTION,UX,ANDTHEUTILITYVALUEOFNETINVESTMENT,SKWEITZMAN2003IDENTIFIESTHEHAMILTONIANASNETNATIONALPRODUCTI
17、NUTILITYTERMSITISINSTRUCTIVETODIFFERENTIATEBOTHSIDESOFEQUATION1WUXWSK3AREARRANGEMENTSHOWSTHEHAMILTONIANTOBEEQUALTOINTERESTONWELFARE,W,WHICHCANBEIDENTIFIEDASNETNATIONALINCOMEINUTILITYTERMSCAIRNS2008THEPATHSOFTHESHADOWPRICESTHROUGHTIMEAREDETERMINEDBYADJOINTCONDITIONSTHEADJOINTCONDITIONFORTHERESOURCEIS
18、KNOWNASHOTELLINGSRULE,THATTHESHADOWPRICE,ANDHENCEPERUNITDEPRECIATION,RISESATTHERATEOFINTERESTDH/DS4ATHOUGHTHERESOURCEISCONSIDEREDTOBEAFORMOFCAPITAL,ACCOUNTINGINTHECANONICALMODELISASYMMETRICTHESHADOWPRICEISEQUALTOTHEPRICEVALUEOFTHEMARGINALPRODUCTRECEIVEDBYRESOURCEEXTRACTORS,UFQSINCEBOTHTHEVALUEOFRESO
19、URCEOUTPUTANDDEPRECIATIONOFTHERESOURCEAREEQUALTOQ,THEMODELHASTHEDISTURBINGIMPLICATIONTHATTHENETCONTRIBUTIONOFTHERESOURCEINDUSTRY,INTHESENSEOFNETINCOMEATTRIBUTABLETOUSEOFTHERESOURCEASSET,ISNILINCONTRAST,THERETURNSTOMANUFACTUREDCAPITALCONTRIBUTETOITSOWNERS,ANDNATIONAL,NETINCOMEANAPPARENTWAYTODEALWITHT
20、HEDISTURBINGIMPLICATIONISTOINTRODUCEANEXTRACTIONCOST,Q,WHICHABSORBSSOMEOFFINALOUTPUTSOTHATFQ,KXKQITISEASILYCHECKEDTHATTHESHADOWPRICESTILLRISESATRATEBUTTHATITISEQUALTOPRICENETOFMARGINALCOSTFQ5IFMARGINALCOSTISCONSTANT,THEDISTURBINGIMPLICATIONREMAINSBUTIFMARGINALCOSTISRISINGTHENMARGINALCOSTEXCEEDSAVERA
21、GECOSTDEPRECIATIONDOESNOTACCOUNTFORTHEENTIREVALUEOFTHERESOURCEINDUSTRYSOUTPUTTHEDIFFERENCE,HOWEVER,ISATTRIBUTABLETOTHEEXTRACTIVETECHNOLOGYTOTHESHAPEOFTHECOSTCURVETHERESOURCEASSETITSELFSTILLMAKESNOCONTRIBUTIONTONATIONALINCOMESINCETHEINITIALSTOCKOFTHERESOURCEISFINITE,NONRENEWABILITYISMODELEDEXPLICITLY
22、THEREPRESENTATIONOFNATURALCONDITIONSANDTHEEXTRACTIVETECHNOLOGY,HOWEVER,ISRUDIMENTARYITISCONSIDEREDFEASIBLETOEXTRACTTHEENTIREREMAININGSTOCKATANYINSTANTOFTIMEDOINGSOMAYBEVERYCOSTLYIFMARGINALCOSTRISESSTEEPLY,BUTNOTEVENTHATRESTRAINTAPPLIESIFMARGINALCOSTISCONSTANTCAPITAL,K,ISNOTCOMMITTEDTOSPECIFICRESERVE
23、STHETECHNOLOGIES,REPRESENTEDBYFQ,KANDQ,AREASSUMEDTOBECONVEXTOASSURETHEEXISTENCEOFASOLUTIONTOTHEPROBLEMSINCEANYUNITOFTHERESOURCEINTHEGROUNDISANONPRODUCINGASSET,OWNERSCANBEINDUCEDTOHOLDITRATHERTHANEXTRACTITIMMEDIATELYONLYIFTHEREISTHESTEADYCAPITALGAINREPRESENTEDINEQUATION4THEREFORE,ANY“UNANTICIPATED“CH
24、ANGESINCONDITIONSTHATCAUSECHANGESINPRICEORTHEINTERESTRATELEADTOIMMEDIATESHIFTSOFTHEPATHOFOUTPUTSUCHTHATHOTELLINGSRULE4CONTINUESTOHOLDASSETVALUESARECALCULATEDBYANINAPPROPRIATEAPPLICATIONOFHOTELLINGSRULEKNOWNASTHEHOTELLINGVALUATIONPRINCIPLECFCAIRNSANDDAVIS1998,2001FREQUENTLYITISHELDTHATCOSTCANBEWRITTE
25、NQ,SWITHD/DS0BECAUSEITIS“EASIER“TOEXTRACTFROMAMOREABUNDANTRESOURCEBECAUSETHESTOCKSANDHENCED/DSCHANGETHROUGHTIME,HOTELLINGSRULE4ISADJUSTEDTOINCLUDEANOTHERTERMA“STOCKEFFECT“STILLTHEREISNOCONSTRAINTONCURRENTEXTRACTION,QECONOMICANALYSISANDACCOUNTINGSHOULDBECONSISTENTWITHTHETECHNOLOGICALANDNATURALCONDITI
26、ONSTHATAPPLYTOANINDUSTRYABSTRACTIONSCANHELPTOEXPOSETHEMAINRELATIONSHIPS,BUTTHEANALYSTSHOULDBECAREFULNOTTONEGLECTIMPORTANTFEATURESOFPRODUCTIONIMPORTANTFEATURESARENEGLECTEDINTHEABOVEMODELWHATISREQUIREDISANECONOMICTHEORYOFEXTRACTIONTHATISMORECONSISTENTWITHTECHNOLOGYANDNATURALCONDITIONSTHENATHEORYOFECON
27、OMICACCOUNTINGCANBEDERIVEDTHENEXTSECTIONCONSIDERSTHECONDITIONSOFEXTRACTIONOFPETROLEUMLATERSECTIONSSHOWTHATTHEMOREREALISTICCONDITIONSIMPLYASUBSTANTIALLYDIFFERENTPATTERNOFDEPRECIATIONANDOFRESOURCEINCOMEFROMTHOSETHATARISEINMACROMODELS22CONSTRAINTSONOILPRODUCTIONOILISFOUNDUNDERPRESSUREWITHINUNDERGROUNDR
28、OCKFORMATIONSENGINEERSDISCUSSPOROSITYANDPERMEABILITYOFTHEHOSTROCKANDVISCOSITYOFTHEHYDROCARBONSOLUTIONINTHEIRDETERMINATIONOFHOWTOEXPLOITAGIVENRESERVOIRANDOFHOWFASTTHEYTHINKTHATTHEOILWILLMIGRATETHROUGHTHERESERVOIRINRESPONSETOCHANGESINPRESSURECLARK1969ANDHYNE2001PROVIDEACCESSIBLETECHNICALDISCUSSIONSCAI
29、MSANDDAVIS1998,2001ANDTHOMPSON2001PROVIDEECONOMICANALYSESTHEPHYSICALCONDITIONSIMPLYTHATTHENATURALRESOURCEISNOTA“POOL“ASPERCEIVEDINMUCHECONOMICANALYSISBUTISMUCHSUBTLERINDISCUSSINGTHERPERCENTRULEINTHECASEOFFREEFLOW,CAIMSANDDAVIS2001ARGUETHATTHESCARCE,EXHAUSTIBLERESOURCEISRESERVOIRPRESSUREINTHEIRMOREEL
30、ABORATEMODELS,PRESSUREISAUGMENTEDORENHANCEDBYSECONDARYORTERTIARYMETHODSINYETMOREABSTRACTTERMS,THERESOURCECANBEVIEWEDASTHEEMBODIMENTOFANOPPORTUNITYTOEXTRACTVALUABLEPRODUCTGIVENGEOLOGYANDAPORTFOLIOOFAVAILABLETECHNOLOGIESTHESIMPLESTCASEISAGUSHERONCEAPRODUCTIONWELLISSUNKINTOTHERESERVOIR,OILISDRIVENTOWAR
31、DTHEREDUCTIONINPRESSUREATTHEWELLANDTHENTOTHESURFACEBYTHEPRESSUREOFGASABOVE,OFWATERBELOW,OROFDISSOLVEDGASWITHINTHEFORMATIONASTHEOILISDEPLETED,THEPRESSUREAND,CONSEQUENTLY,QUANTITYPRODUCEDDECLINEADELMAN1990MODELSEXPONENTIALDECLINEOFOUTPUTQATRATEAQ(TQ0EAT6THISFORMULAISAREDUCEDFORMFORHOWNATURALPRESSURECO
32、NSTRAINSPRODUCTIONTHECONSTRAINTDOESTENDTOBINDMARGINALCOSTISUSUALLYLOWANDCLOSETOCONSTANTINTHEOILINDUSTRYITISFREQUENTLYASSUMEDTOBENEGLIGIBLETHEMARKETPRICEDOESNOTADJUSTSUCHTHATNETPRICECANRISEATTHERATEOFINTERESTSEEALSOTHOMPSON2001135THEINCENTIVEISTOPRODUCEASSOONASPOSSIBLEINACONVENTIONALMODELWITHASTOCKEF
33、FECT,ASTHESTOCKDECLINESCOSTRISESDQ,S/DS0OUTPUTISNOTRESTRICTEDINCONTRAST,INADELMANSMODEL,PRESSUREISDEPENDENTONTHEREMAININGSTOCKTHEREMAININGSTOCKLIMITSOUTPUTBUTDOESNOTAFFECTCOSTTHETYPICALOILWELL,HOWEVER,ISNOTAGUSHERPRESSUREMAYNOTBESUFFICIENTTOLIFTTHEOILTOTHESURFACEPUMPSAREINSTALLEDATTHESURFACETODRAWOI
34、LUPWARDASITFLOWSINTOTHEWELLPUMPINGDOESINCREASETHEPRESSUREGRADIENTWITHINTHERESERVOIR,ANDAMONGOTHERTHINGSADDSTOTHENATURALIMPETUSFORAFLOWTOWARDTHEWELLTHEFUNDAMENTALPURPOSEOFPUMPING,HOWEVER,ISNOTTOINCREASETHERATEOFPRODUCTIONBUTSIMPLYTOLIFTTOTHESURFACETHEOILTHATMIGRATESATARATEDETERMINEDBYNATURERESERVOIRP
35、RESSUREANDHENCEOUTPUTSTILLDECLINEATARATETHATCANBEMOSTSIMPLYREPRESENTEDBYEQUATION6SECONDARYMETHODSENTAILAFURTHERINVESTMENTCFAMIT1986WELLSSPACEDINAGEOMETRICALPATTERNAROUNDTHEPRODUCINGWELLINJECTWATERORGASTOAUGMENTNATURALPRESSUREDEEPINTHERESERVOIR,THEINJECTEDWATERRADIATESOUTFROMTHEINJECTIONWELLSANDDRIVE
36、STHEOILINITSPATHONECANVISUALIZEASYMMETRICALRESERVOIRWITHAPRODUCTIONWELLATTHECENTERANDNINJECTIONWELLSATANEQUALSPACINGOF360/NDEGREESATTHEEDGEIFTHEREAREMOREWELLS,BOTHCURRENTOUTPUTUPTOTHEENDOGENOUSCAPACITYOFTHEPRODUCTIONWELLANDTHETOTALRESERVEAREHIGHERBECAUSETHESWEEPOFTHEINJECTEDWATERISMOREEFFECTIVEATPUS
37、HINGMOREOILTOWARDTHEPRODUCTIONWELLINTHEINVESTMENTDECISION,THEFIRMTRADESOFFEARLIERANDGREATERTOTALPRODUCTIONAGAINSTINCURRINGHIGHERCOSTSOFMOREINJECTIONWELLSANDOFAGREATERCAPACITYOFTHEPRODUCINGWELLTHEINCENTIVEISSTILLTOEXTRACTASQUICKLYASPOSSIBLE译文黑金的绿色会计罗伯特D凯恩斯在石油工业,绿色经济核算的有效程度是受自然灾害和其他制约生产的非凸性的技术,以及非最优的产
38、出影响的。本文进行的石油开采的经济分析,明确代表的条件和制约因素影响了公司的决定。这种从传统的微观经济分析发散,到“霍特林”不可再生资源开采的宏观经济模型,有了大大不同的结果。最优性条件如霍特林设想的规则或一阶条件不用于定义会计统计。根据许多研究结果表明我们发现传统的(非绿色)为商业自然资源核算的做法,如合理平衡石油经济核算的目标。相反,最需要的是调整以实践为非商业性的价值观念,如污染或康乐设施。1不可观测性、非凸性、非最优性环境会计的目标在于记录对人类健康和使环境的能力有任何改变的贡献。环境经济学与在其它地方一样,技术和物理属性的环境使用,必须加以分析明确。关键的洞察力是自然资源就是一种资本
39、。在会计为不可再生资源如石油,经济学家的问题是如何评价未来的结果减少目前的使用。典型的调查根据宏观经济学最优化模型,宏观统计,国民生产净值中获得和隐含地“自上而下”被分配在行业的经济中。然而,韦茨曼(2003100)他指出当对象是企业时,国民核算理论会更有意义。此外,一个由塞夫顿和威尔仔细(2006)研究贡献是宏观经济是由家庭和企业聚集决定的结果。因此在理论上和实践中,宏观统计数据是“自下而上”的微观统计汇总。“适当价格”规定,一个活动记录的值是它的边际或增量福利贡献。在此假定经济中其他地方的社会价值观是平等的,社会的影子价值观和调整还通过成本效益分析。它的好处是它允许强调要在非定价的商品和服
40、务,而不是经济的整体竞争力。根据该假设,一个微观分析提供了什么是国民生产净额理论解释的要求。本文构建了一个传统的、宏观的、所谓霍特林分析的对石油等不可再生资源的绿色核算分析的模型。对于模型的不满使奥德赛产生了一种通过工程、经济和会计的分析。结果是从微观经济模型和会计角度,与从宏观角度有两个重大分歧。一个分歧是关于从自然和技术制约了企业的决策风格的影响的假设,另一个分歧是在经济核算程度的定义。这些定义基于一种优化模型,然而当模型被修改,非凸,非最优性和非可观的结果页随之改变,与传统的方法产生偏差。该理论说明的只是一个数值,需要扩展的勘探。一个重要的结论是,与许多分析相反,传统的(“非绿色”)会计
41、是很耐用,随着时间的推移,商品的最终形式是进入市场。值得注意的是更多的利润指向非上市的最终产品。2宏比与微观模型21典型的霍特林宏模型在一个简单的模型,在任何时候生产采用的生产资本存量,K和资源的投入生产,Q,根据生产函数F(K,Q)输出的。输出被分配到总消费X和投资DK/DTK,资源股的消耗是QDS/DTS。消费X引起社会效用函数U(X),社会福利是在社会的时间偏好率贴现效用积分,P,资金和资源的股票而定的,社会规划的目的是提高在时刻T的福利,WST,KT,MAXTUXSEST1资源和资本的隐式或影子价格为和。如果WS,K可导,DW/DS和DW。根据最优控制理论,福利最大化是通过控制变量X和
42、Q,任何时候ST,哈密顿量。HX,Q,K,S,UXSKUXQFK,QX2在制造资本投资净额是确定为K如果资本K表中的净改变其影子价格评价。为资源,投资净额给予S。由于S0的表达式是消极和(S)Q被定义为折旧,或消耗资源的价值。因此,哈密顿是消费,U型公用事业和(X)和净投资,SK的实用价值。韦茨曼(2003年)确定了在实用性方面的净国民生产哈密顿。它是有益的区分方程两边(1)WUXWSK3一个重排显示哈密顿等于福利,W,可在实用性方面确定净国民收入(凯恩斯2008年)。影子价格通过时间的路径是伴随条件的。该资源的伴随情况被称为霍特林的规则,即影子价格,因此每单位的贬值,利率在上升DH/DS4虽
43、然资源被认为是一种资本,会计在规范的模型是对称的。影子价格的等于边际价值的价格产品。因为这价值的资源输出和贬值的资源都是平等的,Q该模型具有令人不安的意蕴,净收入资源产业,在这种意义上净收入的归责于利用系统资源资产,是毫无价值的。与此相反,对生产的资本回报率有助于它的所有者、国家和净收入。一个明显的方法来处理是引入开采成本,(Q),最终输出FQ,KXKQ。这是很容易检查了影子价格的上涨率仍然为,但它的价格等于边际成本净额FQ5如果边际成本是恒定的,令人不安的意义仍然存在。但是如果边际成本上升,然后边际成本超过平均成本,折旧不占整个价值资源产业的输出。然而区别归因于萃取技术形状的成本曲线。资源资
44、产本身仍然是没有国家收入的贡献。由于初始库存的资源是有限的,自然条件和采掘技术的代表被认为是可行的,但是不成熟。在任何时间提取瞬间全部剩余股票,这样做可能是非常昂贵的,如果边际成本上涨大幅上涨,但是约束适用在当边际成本是不变的。资本,K,不承诺具体的储备。这些技术中F(Q,K)和Q被认为是一个解决问题的办法。因为任何在地面资源单位是一个非生产资产,业主可致持有它,而不是只有立即提取它是有稳定的资本收益公式(4)代表。因此,任何“意外”的条件改变,造成价格或利率变动导致的输出路径立即转移,这样霍特林的规则(4)继续举行。不适当的应用霍特林统治被称为霍特林估价原则(比照1998年和2001年凯恩斯
45、和戴维斯)。持有成本常常可写成Q,S与D/DS0,因为它是“容易”来提取更丰富的资源。由于股票S,D/DS通过时间的变化,调整霍特林的规则(4)产生另一个词(“股票效应”),始终没有对当前的提取约束,Q适用于一个行业的经济分析和会计应符合有关国家的技术和自然条件。抽象的概念有助于揭露的主要关系,但是分析师应该小心不要忽视生产的重要特征。现在需要的是一个经济理论的提取更符合技术和自然条件,然后是经济核算理论可以计算出来。下一节将考虑对石油开采的条件。后面的章节表明越多的现实条件大幅贬值意味着不同的模式和资源从那些在宏观模型产生的收入。22对石油生产的约束石油是在地下岩石的内部压力下找到的。工程师
46、们讨论孔隙度、渗透率、粘度寄主岩石中的油气的解决方法,在他们的确定如何利用一个给定的储层和多快的石油将他们认为迁徙的储集层的变化反应压力,克拉克1969和HYNE2001提供普遍的技术讨论CAIMS和戴维斯1998年2001和汤普森2001提供经济分析。物质条件意味着自然资源不是一个“池”的感觉,许多经济分析是非常微妙。在讨论自由流动情况下的R百分之规则,CAIMS和DAVIS(2001)认为,稀少、枯竭的资源是水库的压力。在他们更精细的模型,压力增加或二级或三级的方法增强。在更多的抽象术语,资源可以被看作是一个机会,体现提取有价值的产品给地质和现有的技术组合。最简单的例子是一个井喷。一旦生产
47、井进了水库,石油是驱动压力对减少,或在油中溶解气体形成的。由于石油耗尽,因此生产量下降。阿德尔曼(1990)模型的输出Q指数在下降率AQ(TQ0EAT6这个公式是一个简化为正常压力限制生产,约束会倾向于困境。边际成本通常很低,接近常数,在石油行业假定可以忽略不计。市场价格不调整,能起到净价作用。请参见汤普森2001135。在传统模型和股票效果,股票下跌成本上升DQ,S/DS0,输出不受限制。相反,在阿德尔曼的模型下,压力是依赖于剩下的股票,剩下的股票限制输出但不影响成本。典型的油井,但是不是一个井喷。泵会在储层增加压力梯度,在其他事情上增加了自然动力流往井里。泵的根本宗旨,但并未增加生产的速度而只是电梯到表面的油速率移居取决于大自然。储层压力,因此输出仍然下降速度可以是最简单的为方程6。二级方法带来进一步的投资(见阿米特1986年),水井周围生产井间距注入水(气),以增加自然压力在几何图案。深的水库,注入水散发出的注水井驱动石油道路。人们可以想像在井中心和一个360/N的页边间距相等N注水井与生产对称的水库。如果有更多的井,同时电流输出(到本国能力的生产井),总储量较高,因为注入水扫推向更在生产更多的石油和有效的。在投资决策,企业对行业招致更多的注水井更高的成本和生产井的更大容量的脱离稍早和更大的生产总量,提取的越快越好。