1、1本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目REGULATIONBYDISCLOSURETHECASEOFINTERNALCONTROL外文出处HTTP/WWWSPRINGERLINKCOM/CONTENT/351U43877V108J45/,20090714外文作者LAURAFSPIRAMICHAELPAGE原文REGULATIONBYDISCLOSURETHECASEOFINTERNALCONTROL1、INTRODUCTIONDISCLOSUREASAREGULATORYTOOLTHETRADITIONALFRAMEWORKOFCORPORATEACCOUNTABILITYRELIESONDI
2、SCLOSUREOFINFORMATIONTOSTAKEHOLDERSTHEFORM,CONTENTANDRELIABILITYOFTHISDISCLOSUREHAVEBEENAMATTEROFCONCERNANDDEBATEEVERSINCETHEESTABLISHMENTOFLEGISLATIVEPROTECTIONFORINVESTORSANDCREDITORSINTHEMIDNINETEENTHCENTURYFINANCIALSCANDALSTYPICALLYPROMPTCALLSFORIMPROVEMENTSINDISCLOSURETHEASSUMPTIONUNDERLYINGTHI
3、SFORMOFDISCLOSUREISTHATSTAKEHOLDERSWILLBEPROVIDEDWITHINFORMATIONTHROUGHWHICHTHEYMAYHOLDCOMPANYMANAGEMENTTOACCOUNTFORTHEUSEOFRESOURCESPROVIDEDASTEWARDSHIPAPPROACHADIFFERENTVIEWOFTHEPURPOSEOFDISCLOSUREUNDERLIESDEVELOPMENTSINSTANDARDISINGFINANCIALREPORTINGWHICHHAVEBEENJUSTIFIEDONTHEBASISTHATUSERSOFFINA
4、NCIALSTATEMENTSNEEDINFORMATIONINORDERTOMAKEABROADRANGEOFECONOMICDECISIONSABOUTTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSWITHCORPORATIONS,ANASSUMPTIONWHICHUNDERPINSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSFORFINANCIALREPORTINGMORERECENTLY,DISCLOSUREHASBECOMEVIEWEDASATOOLOFREGULATIONFOREXAMPLE,THEUKCOMPANIESACT2006HASREQUIREDCOMP
5、ANIESTOMAKEDISCLOSURESRELATINGTORISKSANDFUTUREPROSPECTSTHISAPPROACHTODISCLOSUREASAREGULATORYTOOLISREFLECTEDINRECENTDISCUSSIONSOFEUROPEANPOLICYTHEWINTERREPORT1OF2002STATEDDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSCANSOMETIMESPROVIDEAMOREEFFICIENTREGULATORYTOOLTHANSUBSTANTIVEREGULATIONTHROUGHMOREORLESSDETAILEDRULESSUCHDI
6、SCLOSURE2CREATESALIGHTERREGULATORYENVIRONMENTANDALLOWSFORGREATERFLEXIBILITYANDADAPTABILITYP34THEDISCUSSIONPAPERRISKMANAGEMENTANDINTERNALCONTROLINTHEEUSTATESTHATIFREGULATIONISNECESSARY,THENDISCLOSUREOFINFORMATIONSHOULDBETHEPREFERREDREGULATORYTOOLBECAUSEITPUTSPOWERINTHEHANDSOFSHAREHOLDERSANDMARKETSRAT
7、HERTHANLEAVINGITENTIRELYWITHREGULATORSFEDERATIONDESEXPERTSCOMPTABLESEUROPEENS2005,P4DISCLOSUREISTHUSSEENTOBEBENEFICIALFROMTHREELINKEDANDOVERLAPPINGPERSPECTIVESINSECURINGCORPORATEACCOUNTABILITYANDTHEEXERCISEOFGOODCORPORATEGOVERNANCEONBEHALFOFSTAKEHOLDERSINENABLINGBETTERINVESTMENTDECISIONSANDTHESMOOTH
8、RUNNINGOFCAPITALMARKETSANDASAFORMOFINDIRECTREGULATIONTHATACHIEVESTHEGOALSOFREGULATORSINTHEUS,SECURITIESLEGISLATIONHASRELIEDONMANDATEDDISCLOSURESINCETHE1930SALTHOUGHDISCLOSUREISCENTRALTOITSREGIMEOFCORPORATEACCOUNTABILITY,THEUKAPPROACHTOCORPORATELEGISLATIONHASBEENSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTRECOGNITIONOFTHI
9、SDIFFERENCEHASBEENHEIGHTENEDINMUCHOFTHERECENTRULESVPRINCIPLESDEBATEFOLLOWINGTHEENRONDEBACLEBUSH2005THERESPONSETOSUCHAPPARENTFAILINGSOFTHESYSTEMOFACCOUNTABILITYISTYPICALLYADEMANDFORFULLERDISCLOSUREOFINFORMATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFUKCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPOLICYHASBEENCHARACTERIZEDBYASOFTERAPPROACH,BASEDONTHE
10、PRINCIPLEOFCOMPLYOREXPLAIN,UNDERWHICHDISCLOSUREOFINFORMATIONABOUTCOMPLIANCEBECOMESMANDATORY,ALTHOUGHCODECOMPLIANCEREMAINSVOLUNTARYARGUMENTSINSUPPORTOFTHISAPPROACHRESTONTHENEEDFORFLEXIBILITYTORECOGNIZETHERANGEOFDIVERSITYAMONGCOMPANIESANDTHEIRACTIVITIESANDTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHEINFORMATIONPROVIDEDABOUTCO
11、MPLIANCEWILLALLOWENFORCEMENTTHROUGHMARKETDISCIPLINESTUDIESOFDISCLOSURETENDTOFOCUSONTHEREADILYOBSERVABLETHECONTENTOFTHEDISCLOSURESTHEMSELVESRATHERTHANTHEBEHAVIORALEFFECTSINCORPORATEPOLICIESANDPROCESSESWHICHDISCLOSUREISINTENDEDTOSECUREBUTWHICHAREFARMOREDIFFICULTTOASSESSHOWEVER,THEKNOWLEDGETHATDISCLOSU
12、REISREQUIREDMAYHAVEANEARLIERANDEQUALLYIMPORTANTEFFECTONMANAGEMENTBEHAVIORASTHATPRODUCEDBYMARKET3RESPONSETHISISHINTEDATINTHECOMMENTOFWILLIAMLCARY,FORMERCHAIRMANOFTHESECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONWHOWROTEIN1967THATDISCLOSUREISTHEMOSTREALISTICMEANSOFCOPINGWITHTHEEVERPRESENTPROBLEMOFCONFLICTSOFINTEREST
13、INSOMEINSTANCESOURCONDUCTISMOTIVATEDBYWHATWETHINKISRIGHT,WITHOUTREGARDTOANYTHINGELSEBUT,PERHAPSEQUALLYIMPORTANT,ETHICALBEHAVIORANDWISECOUNSELINGRESULTSFROMESTIMATINGTHEPUBLICREACTIONTOAFULLKNOWLEDGEOFAPLANNEDCOURSEOFCONDUCTTHEREQUIREMENTOFDISCLOSUREINCERTAININSTANCES,ANDITSPOSSIBILITYALWAYSISTHUSAMO
14、STIMPORTANTREGULATORYFORCEINOURSOCIETYDISCLOSUREISTHEFOUNDATIONOFRELIANCEONSELFREGULATORYAPPROACHESTOCONFLICTPROBLEMSANDISTHECLEARESTALTERNATIVETOGREATERGOVERNMENTALORINSTITUTIONALINTERVENTIONCARY1967408ALTHOUGHSTATEMENTSSUCHASTHOSEABOVEIDENTIFYDISCLOSUREASAREGULATORYTOOL,CARYSISUNUSUALINTHATITATTEM
15、PTSTODESCRIBETHEMECHANISMSBYWHICHITWORKSINTHISPAPERWEFOCUSONASPECIFICFORMOFDISCLOSURETHATRELATINGTOINTERNALCONTROLINASPECIFICCONTEXTTHATOFTHEUKSCOMPLYOREXPLAINCORPORATEGOVERNANCEREGIMEOURCHOICEOFINTERNALCONTROLASADISCLOSURETOPICREFLECTSTHECONTINUINGFOCUSONTHISAREAIN1999THEINSTITUTEOFCHARTEREDACCOUNT
16、ANTSINENGLANDANDWALESICAEWPUBLISHEDINTERNALCONTROLGUIDANCEFORDIRECTORSONTHECOMBINEDCODEINTERNALCONTROLWORKINGPARTYTHETURNBULLREPORT1999ITWASPREPAREDBYANINTERNALCONTROLWORKINGPARTYCHAIREDBYNIGELTURNBULLANDISOFTENREFERREDTOASTHETURNBULLREPORTORTHETURNBULLGUIDANCETHEFINANCIALREPORTINGCOUNCILLATERSETUPT
17、HETURNBULLREVIEWGROUPWHICHPUBLISHEDREVISEDGUIDANCEIN2005TURNBULLREVIEWGROUP2005ALMOSTSIMULTANEOUSLYICAEWPUBLISHEDABRIEFINGDOCUMENTIMPLEMENTINGTURNBULLABOARDROOMBRIEFINGJONESANDSUTHERLAND1999WECONSIDERTHEIMPACTOFINTERNALCONTROLDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSBYEXAMININGTHENATUREOFTHEDISCLOSURESMADEINACCORDANCE
18、WITHTHETURNBULLGUIDANCEFORDIRECTORSREPORTINGONINTERNALCONTROLWEOBSERVETHATTHEFORMATANDCONTENTOFSUCHDISCLOSURESMAYCONVERGEINTOASTANDARDIZEDBOILERPLATEANDWEDISCUSSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHISINCONTRASTTOOTHERRECENTSTUDIESEGBEATTIEETAL2004BERETTAANDBOZZOLAN42004ABRAHAMETAL2005LINSLEYANDSHRIVES2005WHICHHAVESOU
19、GHTTOMEASUREDISCLOSUREQUALITYTHROUGHTHEADOPTIONOFACONTENTANALYSISAPPROACH,OURRESEARCHMETHODISINFORMEDBYGROUNDEDTHEORYASANAPPROPRIATEMEANSOFGENERATINGINSIGHTSINTOTHEPRESENTATIONANDINTERPRETATIONOFDISCLOSURESTHEPAPERBEGINSWITHANOUTLINEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECONCEPTOFINTERNALCONTROL,NOTINGTHEDIFFICULTIES
20、ENCOUNTEREDINARRIVINGATASUITABLEDEFINITIONFORPURPOSESOFDISCLOSURE,ANDITSRECENTIDENTIFICATIONWITHRISKMANAGEMENTFOCUSINGONTHEDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSOFTHEUKTURNBULLGUIDANCE,WEINVESTIGATEDISCLOSERSRESPONSESTOTHECOMPLYOREXPLAINREGIMETHROUGHANANALYSISOFSELECTEDDISCLOSURENARRATIVESWECONCLUDEBYIDENTIFYINGADI
21、SCLOSURELIFECYCLEWHICHHIGHLIGHTSISSUESTHATPOLICYMAKERSENDORSINGTHEUSEOFDISCLOSUREASAMEANSOFREGULATIONMAYNEEDTOADDRESS2INTERNALCONTROLANDITSDISCLOSURETHESUBJECTOFINTERNALCONTROL,ONCEAGUARANTEEDREMEDYFORSLEEPLESSNESS,HASMADEASPECTACULARENTRYONTOPOLITICALANDREGULATORYAGENDASPOWER199757INHISANALYSISOFTH
22、EDEVELOPMENTOFTHEROLEOFAUDIT,POWEROBSERVESTHATINTERNALCONTROLHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTASPARTOFASYSTEMOFREGULATIONWHICHRELIESONMAKINGINTERNALMECHANISMSVISIBLETHROUGHFORMSOFSELFVALIDATIONANDDISCLOSURECORPORATEGOVERNANCEREQUIREMENTSHAVEFREQUENTLYBEENCOUCHEDINHISFORMOFCODESOFPRACTICEONTHEPRINCIPLEO
23、FCOMPLYOREXPLAINRATHERTHANPRESCRIPTIVELEGISLATIONTHEMONITORINGROLEOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,WHICHFORMSTHEAPEXOFTHEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMOFANORGANIZATION,HASBEENEMPHASIZEDTHEINFLUENCEOFPARTICULARINTERESTGROUPSHASBEENIMPORTANTINTHENEGOTIATIONOFTHESEDEVELOPMENTSAUDITORS,BOTHINTERNALANDEXTERNAL,CANCLAIMEXPER
24、TISEININTERNALCONTROL,ADVANCINGTHEIRORGANIZATIONALPOSITIONINTHECASEOFINTERNALAUDITORSSPIRAANDPAGE2003ANDINCREASINGTHEPOTENTIALFORSALESOFSPECIALIZEDSERVICESINTHECASEOFEXTERNALAUDITORSREGULATORSANDLEGISLATORSHAVEFOCUSEDONINTERNALCONTROLISSUESASAPOLICYRESPONSETOCRISESCUNNINGHAM2004THEUSEOFINTERNALCONTR
25、OLASACORPORATEGOVERNANCEDEVICEREFLECTSASUBTLEBUTSIGNIFICANTCHANGEINITSCONCEPTION,MOVINGFROMTHEORIGINALSUPPORTIVENOTION5THATINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSWEREANINTEGRALPARTOFTHESTRUCTUREOFANORGANIZATIONWHICHENABLEDITSGOALSTOBEACHIEVED,TOTHEMORERECENTVIEWOFINTERNALCONTROLASASUBSTANTIALLYPREVENTIVESYSTEM,DESIG
26、NEDTOMINIMIZESOBSTRUCTIONSTOGOALACHIEVEMENTANDCARRYINGSIGNIFICANTLYGREATEREXPECTATIONSOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSUCHSYSTEMSASPAGEANDSPIRA2004NOTE,COMPANIESHAVEALSOINCREASINGLYTAKENRISKBASEDAPPROACHESTOINTERNALCONTROLBECAUSEOFTHEINCREASEDPACEOFORGANIZATIONALCHANGECONTROLSYSTEMSCHANGETOOFASTTOBERIGIDLYDOCUM
27、ENTEDANDCOMPANIESMAYNOTEVENHAVEFULLDOCUMENTATIONRELATINGTOSOMEOFTHEIRITBASEDSYSTEMSFORTHESEREASONSTHEREHASBEENANINCREASEINDELEGATIONOFCONTROLDOWNWARDSINTHEORGANIZATIONANDTHEREISLIKELYTOBENOCENTRALRECORDOFCONTROLSYSTEMSTHEEMERGENCEOFRISKBASEDAPPROACHESTOINTERNALCONTROLHASRESULTEDINACONFLUENCEOFINTERN
28、ALCONTROLANDRISKMANAGEMENTTOTHEPOINTTHATANINFLUENTIALPUBLICATIONJONESANDSUTHERLAND1999ISSUEDATTHESAMETIMEASTHETURNBULLGUIDANCEREFERREDFREQUENTLYTOINTERNALCONTROLANDRISKMANAGEMENTASASINGLECONCEPTINPROVIDINGPRACTICALASSISTANCEFORBOARDSINCOMPLYINGWITHTHETURNBULLDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSTHEDEMONSTRATIONOFG
29、OODCORPORATEGOVERNANCEISACHALLENGEFORBOARDSOFDIRECTORSBUTDESCRIBINGSTRUCTURALMECHANISMSSUCHASINTERNALCONTROLPROCESSESMAYBEONEWAYOFMEETINGDEMANDSFORTRANSPARENCYTHUS,WHATWASONCEANINTERNALINTERESTBECOMESAMEANSOFDEMONSTRATINGREGULATORYCOMPLIANCECONCERNSABOUTINTERNALCONTROLINTHEUSANDTHEUKAROSEINITIALLYFR
30、OMADESIRETOESTABLISHTHEBOUNDARIESOFEXTERNALAUDITORRESPONSIBILITYTHEDIFFICULTIESOFDEFININGINTERNALCONTROLAREILLUSTRATEDINTHEEARLIESTUSEXPERIENCE,ASSUMMARIZEDINALECTUREBYMAUTZ1980HEQUOTESTHE1949AICPADEFINITIONINTERNALCONTROLCOMPRISESTHEPLANOFORGANIZATIONANDALLOFTHECOORDINATEMETHODSANDMEASURESADOPTEDWI
31、THINABUSINESSTOSAFEGUARDITSASSETS,CHECKTHEACCURACYANDRELIABILITYOFITSACCOUNTINGDATA,PROMOTEOPERATIONALEFFICIENCY,ANDENCOURAGEADHERENCETOPRESCRIBEDMANAGERIALPOLICIES,ANDDESCRIBESTHECONCERNOFFIRMSLEGALCOUNSELABOUTTHEBROADNESSOFTHISDEFINITIONTHISCONCERNLEDTOANEW6DEFINITIONISSUEDIN1958WHICHSPLITTHEFOURP
32、ARTSOFTHEORIGINALDEFINITIONBETWEENACCOUNTINGCONTROLSAFEGUARDINGASSETSANDCHECKINGRELIABILITYANDACCURACYOFACCOUNTINGDATAANDADMINISTRATIVECONTROLPROMOTIONOFOPERATIONALEFFICIENCYANDENCOURAGEMENTOFADHERENCETOPRESCRIBEDMANAGEMENTPOLICIESANDDEFINEDAUDITORSRESPONSIBILITYASREVIEWINGACCOUNTINGCONTROLSONLYAFUR
33、THERNARROWINGTOOKPLACEIN1972WHENTHEUSAUDITINGPROFESSIONLIMITEDTHETWOCOMPONENTSOFACCOUNTINGCONTROLEVENMOREUPTOTHISPOINT,THEDEFINITIONWASREALLYONLYOFCONCERNTOCOMPANIESANDTHEIRAUDITORSBUTTHEPASSINGOFTHEFOREIGNCORRUPTPRACTICESACTIN1977CHANGEDTHISTHEACTWASPASSEDINRESPONSETOBRIBERYSCANDALSANDFORTHEFIRSTTI
34、MEENVISAGEDTHEUSEOFINTERNALCONTROLASREGULATIONITWASBASEDONANARROWCONCEPTIONOFINTERNALCONTROLNEWLYDESCRIBEDASINTERNALACCOUNTINGCONTROLITALSOCHANGEDTHEFOCUSOFINTERNALCONTROLWHEREASTHECONCERNSOFACCOUNTINGCONTROLHADBEENATLOWORGANIZATIONALLEVELSANDCLERICALPROCEDURES,THEACTNOWSHIFTEDATTENTIONTOCONTROLSATB
35、OARDLEVELFORTHEFIRSTTIMEFURTHERCONCERNABOUTINADEQUACIESINFINANCIALREPORTINGLEDTOAPRIVATESECTORINITIATIVEWHICHESTABLISHEDTHETREADWAYCOMMISSIONONFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGIN1987ITSRECOMMENDATIONSINCLUDEDACALLFORAREVIEWOFTHEVARYINGCONCEPTSOFINTERNALCONTROLTODEVELOPACONSISTENTAPPROACHTHECOMMITTEEOFSPO
36、NSORINGORGANIZATIONSCOSO1992SUBSEQUENTLYPRODUCEDANINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKFORINTERNALCONTROLIN1992,DEFININGINTERNALCONTROLASAPROCESSDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEREASONABLEASSURANCEREGARDINGTHEACHIEVEMENTOFOBJECTIVESINTHEFOLLOWINGCATEGORIESEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYOFOPERATIONSRELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGCOMPLIANC
37、EWITHAPPLICABLELAWSANDREGULATIONSCOSO1992,P9HOWEVER,THESARBANESOXLEYLEGISLATIONOF2002INTRODUCEDAFURTHERDEFINITIONINTERNALCONTROLOVERFINANCIALREPORTINGWHICHSUGGESTSTHATCONSISTENCYHASNOTYETBEENACHIEVEDANDAMBIGUITYSTILLEXISTSINTHEUK,INTERNALCONTROLFIRSTENTEREDTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEAGENDAWHEN7THECADBURY
38、COMMITTEE,REPORTINGIN1992ONTHEFINANCIALASPECTSOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,ADOPTEDTHEVIEWTHATDIRECTORSRESPONSIBILITIESWITHREGARDTOINTERNALCONTROLSHOULDBECLARIFIEDTHEYRECOMMENDEDTHATDIRECTORSSHOULDREPORTONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSANDTHATAUDITORSSHOULDREPORTONTHATSTATEMENTBUTPASSEDRESPONSIBILI
39、TYFORIMPLEMENTINGTHISTOTHEACCOUNTANCYPROFESSIONIN1994THERUTTEMANWORKINGPARTYDEFINEDINTERNALCONTROLUSINGTHEUSDEFINITIONOF1958ANDALSOREPLACEDTHECADBURYRECOMMENDATIONTHATDIRECTORSSHOULDREPORTONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLSWITHTHESUGGESTIONTHATTHEYMAYWISHTODOSOIN1998THEHAMPELREVIEWOFTHECADBURYCODEW
40、EAKENEDTHISRECOMMENDATIONEVENFURTHERBUT,FORTHEFIRSTTIME,SUGGESTEDTHATINTERNALCONTROLANDRISKMANAGEMENTWERERELATEDSOURCELAURAFSPIRAMICHAELPAGEREGULATIONBYDISCLOSURETHECASEOFINTERNALCONTROLEB/OLHTTP/WWWSPRINGERLINKCOM/CONTENT/351U43877V108J45/,200907148译文从信息披露规则角度看企业内部控制情况一、简介作为监管工具的披露传统企业的问责制框架依赖于利益相关
41、者的信息披露。自19世纪中期建立对投资者、债权人的法律保护以来，披露的形式内容和可靠性已经成为普遍关注和争论的问题。典型的财务丑闻呼唤披露的改进。财务报告使用者需要依据报告所披露的信息来做与企业的相关的经济决策,这就要求财务报告的规范化发展，这是财务报告概念框架发展的基础同时也形成了不同披露目的的观点。最近，信息披露已经成为一个有用的监管工具。例如，英国2006年公司法已要求公司作出有关风险和未来前景的披露。披露作为一个监管工具反映在最近的欧洲政策的讨论。2002冬季报告指出披露的要求可以提供一个比通过或多或少的详细规则体现的实质性调控更有效的监管工具。这种披露可以创建一个轻松的监管环境和具有
42、更大的灵活性和适应性。（第34页）如果监管是必要的，那么信息披露应该是首选的监管工具，因为它将权力给予股东和市场而不是全权交与监管机构（2005年，第4页）由此看出披露得益于三个相互联系相互重叠的观点确保代表利益相关者的公司问责制和良好的公司治理，实现更好的投资决策和资本市场的顺利运作，作为实现了监管机构的目标的间接调控的形式。在美国，证券立法基于上世纪30年代强制实施的披露。虽然披露是企业责任制度的核心，英国对不同企业的立法方法存在着显着差异这种差异的认识助长了自安然的崩溃后的“准则对原则”辩论，（布什2005年）。问责制度存在缺陷要求比较充分的信息披露。英国的公司治理政策的发展过程体现了“
43、软”方针的特点，虽然守则仍是自愿遵守，在准则的基础上“遵守或解释”，实际上披露合规信息成为强制性的。支持这种方法的论据是需要灵活的适用各种企业的经营活动，提供合规信息可以加强市场自律。披露的研究往往侧重于对自身内容的披露，而不是为了企业安全但很难设计的信息披露程序和企业方针。同样重要的是通过市场反应产生的关于信息披露是9必需的这个认知。这也证实证了券交易委员会前主席威廉L卡里，在1967年写的评论披露是应对目前利益冲突不断这一问题最现实的途径。在很多情况下我们的行为是被我们所认为是对的驱使，因此道德行为是同样重要的，通过它可以估计公众的反映从而掌握整个计划过程。在某些情况下披露可能是最重要的社
44、会监管力量。披露是内部监督依赖的基础，也为更广泛的政府或机构的等外部监督提供可能。1967年，第408页与上述认为披露作为监管工具的观点不同的是，CARY试图描述有效运行机制。在本文中，我们以特定的内部控制的披露和英国的“遵守或解释”公司治理制度为背景。我们选择内部控制作为披露主体继续关注披露。1999年，英格兰和威尔士特许会计师公会（ICAEW的）发表“内部控制董事综合守则指南”内部控制工作小组（特恩布尔报告）1999。它是由奈杰尔特恩布尔担任主席的内部控制工作小组起草，通常被称为“特恩布尔报告”或“特恩布尔指南”。财务汇报局后成立特恩布尔审查小组，2005年公布修订指南（特恩布尔审查小组2
45、005年）。几乎同时ICAEW发表了一份简报文件“特恩布尔的实施”（琼斯和萨瑟兰1999年）。我们通过分析按照特恩布尔指南编制的董事会的内部控制报告的性质考虑内部控制披露的影响。我们注意到，这种披露的格式和内容可形成一个标准化的“样板”，下面我们来论述它的影响。相对于其他近期研究，例BEATTIE等人（2004），BERETTA和BOZZOLAN2004亚ABRAHAM等人（2005），LINSLEY和SHRIVES（2005）都设法通过采用内容分析法衡量披露的质量，我们的研究方法扎根理论，深入到披露的陈述和解释。本文首先对内部控制的概念发展的概述，指出合适的定义披露目标的困难，和最近的关于风
46、险管理的定义。以英国特恩布尔指南的披露要求为重点，通过对选定的信息披露的叙述分析探讨“遵守或解释”制度下的披露，最后，我们指出政策制定者认可的披露作为监管工具可能需要解决的突出问题披露周期问题。二、内部控制及其披露曾经仅仅是被当做缓解经营不善的补救措施的内部控制如今提上了政治和管理上的重要议程项目。（力量，1997，第57页）他在的对审计角色的发展分析中，力量观察到内部控制通过自己检验并且披露的方式，作为内部控制机制管理系统的一部分变得愈加重要。他经常把公司治10理方法表示成实务守则的遵守或解释而不是立法本身，从而强调了被视为形成组织的内部控制制度的关键的理事的监视任务。在内部控制的发展中，特
47、殊利益群体影响力很重要。内部和外部的审计人员可以要求具有内部控制的专业知识，来提高内部审计人员的组织地位（SPIRA和2003页）和增强了对专业销售服务企业的内部审计案例的潜力。管理者和立法者致力于将内部控制作为应对危机的途径。CUNNINGHAM2004内部控制的概念，从原来的“监督”，内部控制制度作为保证其目标实现的组织结构，到最近的普遍认可的内部控制作为一个旨在减少目标实现的障碍和提高系统的有效性的“预防”体系，作为企业管理方法的内部控制的作用发生了微妙但重大的变化，正如PAGEANDSPIRA2004年注意到的一样，公司也采取了越来越多的以风险为本的方法，因为组织迅速变化控制系统变化得
48、如此快以致不能严格记录备案并且公司甚至没有充足的与IT基础系统有关的文件档案。与恩布尔指导经常提到的内部控制和风险管理在为董事会在符合恩布尔披露要求方面提供实际帮助上是独立的概念的同时一个有影响的刊物（琼斯和萨瑟兰1999年）发布了“以风险为基础的方法的内部控制的出现，导致了内部控制和风险管理的交集”的观点。证明有一个良好的公司治理是董事会的挑战，但是描述结构机制如内部控制过程可能是满足透明需求的方式。因此，讲内部利益作为良好管理手段的证明已经成为历史。关于在美国和英国出现的内部控制问题，从最初的愿望，到建立外部审计师的责任界限。美国是最早经历界定内部控制的困难，如在一个由莫茨（1980）讲座
49、所总结。他引用1949年美国注册会计师协会的定义内部控制包括组织计划、协调方法和采取的保障其资产完整性，检查会计数据的准确性和可靠性，提高运营效率，鼓励遵守规定的管理政策的活动，描述公司关于这个定义的广泛的合法建议。这一困难导致了在1958年发表的新定义，从原始的“会计控制”（保障其资产完整性，检查会计数据的准确性和可靠性）和“行政控制”（提高运营效率，鼓励遵守规定的管理政策）的定义中分裂出四个部分，并且定义审计师的唯一责任是审查会计控制。1972年美国审计行业限定“会计控制”的两因素进一步缩小审计师责任。至此，这一定义是真的只关系他们的公司和审计师，但1977外国腐败行为法案的通过改变了这种情况。11该法案为回应行贿丑闻被通过，且首次将内部控制引入法规。它是基于对内部控制的狭义的概念“内部会计控制”为基础。它也改变了内部控制的重点由原来的会计控制的组织和办事程序转移到对董事会的高度重视。关于财务报告缺陷的进一步关注导致了社会组织的倡议，于1987年成立了虚假财务报告特雷德韦委员会。其倡议包括对内部控制的不同概念的审查，以制定一个一致的方法。COSO委员会随后于1992年生产的内部控制综合框架，确
