1、1本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目FAIRVALUEANDTHEIASB/FASBCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKPROJECTANALTERNATIVEVIEW外文出处ABACUS外文作者WHITTINGTON,GEOFFREY原文FAIRVALUEANDTHEIASB/FASBCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKPROJECTANALTERNATIVEVIEWTHISPAPERANALYSESVARIOUSCONTROVERSIALISSUESARISINGFROMTHECURRENTPROJECTOFTHEIASBANDFASBTODEVELOPAJOINTCONCEPTUA
2、LFRAMEWORKFORFINANCIALREPORTINGSTANDARDSITDISCUSSESTHEIRPOSSIBLEIMPLICATIONSFORMEASUREMENTAND,INPARTICULAR,FORTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEASTHEPREFERREDMEASUREMENTBASISTWOCOMPETINGWORLDVIEWSAREIDENTIFIEDASUNDERLYINGTHEDEBATEAFAIRVALUEVIEW,IMPLICITINTHEIASBSPUBLICPRONOUNCEMENTS,ANDANALTERNATIVEVIEWIMPLICITINPUB
3、LICLYEXPRESSEDCRITICISMSOFTHEIASBSPRONOUNCEMENTSTHEFAIRVALUEVIEWASSUMESTHATMARKETSARERELATIVELYPERFECTANDCOMPLETEANDTHAT,INSUCHASETTING,FINANCIALREPORTSSHOULDMEETTHENEEDSOFPASSIVEINVESTORSANDCREDITORSBYREPORTINGFAIRVALUESDERIVEDFROMCURRENTMARKETPRICESTHEALTERNATIVEVIEWASSUMESTHATMARKETSARERELATIVELY
4、IMPERFECTANDINCOMPLETEANDTHAT,INSUCHAMARKETSETTING,FINANCIALREPORTSSHOULDALSOMEETTHEMONITORINGREQUIREMENTSOFCURRENTSHAREHOLDERSSTEWARDSHIPBYREPORTINGPASTTRANSACTIONSANDEVENTSUSINGENTITYSPECIFICMEASUREMENTSTHATREFLECTTHEOPPORTUNITIESACTUALLYAVAILABLETOTHEREPORTINGENTITYTHEDIFFERENTIMPLICATIONSOFTHETW
5、OVIEWSAREILLUSTRATEDBYREFERENCETOSPECIFICISSUESINRECENTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFINALLY,THETHEORETICALSUPPORTFORTHETWOVIEWSISDISCUSSEDITISCONCLUDEDTHAT,INAREALISTICMARKETSETTING,THESEARCHFORAUNIVERSALMEASUREMENTMETHODMAYBEFRUITLESSANDAMOREAPPROPRIATEAPPROACHTO2THEMEASUREMENTPROBLEMMIGHTBETODEFINEACLEARMEA
6、SUREMENTOBJECTIVEANDTOSELECTTHEMEASUREMENTMETHODTHATBESTMEETSTHATOBJECTIVEINTHEPARTICULARCIRCUMSTANCESTHATEXISTINRELATIONTOEACHITEMINTHEACCOUNTSANEXAMPLEOFSUCHANAPPROACHISDEPRIVALVALUE,WHICHISNOT,ATPRESENT,UNDERCONSIDERATIONBYTHEIASBKEYWORDSCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFAIRVALUEFINANCIALREPORTINGINTERNATIONAL
7、ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSMEASUREMENTTHEPROJECTBYTHEIASBANDFASBTODEVELOPAJOINTCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK,DERIVEDFROMTHEIREXISTINGFRAMEWORKS,ISLIKELYTOINFLUENCETHEDEVELOPMENTOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFORMANYYEARSTOCOMEITISTHEREFORENOTSURPRISINGTHATTHEFIRSTDISCUSSIONPAPERSRESULTINGFROMTHEPROJECTHAVEATTRACTEDMUCHFIERCERC
8、RITICISMTHANTHESTANDARDSETTERSSEEMTOHAVEANTICIPATED,ORTHATMUCHOFTHISCRITICISMHASCOMEFROMWITHINTHEEUROPEANUNION,WHICHISCOMMITTEDTOADOPTINGTHEINTERNATIONALFINANCIALREPORTINGSTANDARDSIFRSOFTHEIASBTHEISSUETHATSEEMSLIKELYTOATTRACTMOSTCONTROVERSYISTHATOFMEASUREMENT,WHICHHASNOTYETREACHEDDISCUSSIONPAPERSTAG
9、EWITHINTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKPROJECTINPARTICULAR,THEIASBSPERCEIVEDPREFERENCEFORFAIRVALUEASAMEASUREMENTOBJECTIVEISLIKELY,IFEXPRESSEDINTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKDISCUSSIONS,TOBESTRONGLYCONTESTEDTHISISSUEHASALREADYBEENRAISEDBYANEARLIERDISCUSSIONPAPERISSUEDBUTNOTENDORSEDBYTHEIASB,ANDAUTHOREDBYSTAFFOFTHECANA
10、DIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARD2005,WHICHPRAISEDTHEPOSITIVEPROPERTIESOFFAIRVALUECONTROVERSYHASBEENSTIRREDFURTHERBYTHEIASBSPUBLICATION,ASADISCUSSIONPAPERNOVEMBER2006,OFTHEFASBSSFAS1572006,WHICHATTEMPTSTOPRESCRIBETHEINTERPRETATIONOFFAIRVALUEWITHINFASBSTANDARDSASBEINGACURRENTMARKETSALEPRICE,IGNORINGTRANSA
11、CTIONCOSTSANDFREEOFENTITYSPECIFICASSUMPTIONSMANYCRITICSFEELTHATTHEADOPTIONOFTHISWITHINIASBSTANDARDSWOULDCHANGEPRESENTPRACTICESIGNIFICANTLYANDADVERSELY,BECAUSEIFRSAPPLYFAIRVALUEMOREWIDELYTONONFINANCIALASSETSTHANDOFASBSTANDARDSSALEPRICESARESEENASLESSRELEVANTANDLESSRELIABLEINTHECASEOFNONFINANCIALRATHER
12、THANFINANCIALASSETSALTHOUGHFAIRVALUEISAFOCUSFORMUCHOFTHERECENTCRITICISMOFTHEIASBS3STANDARDSANDISALSOLIKELYTOBESOFORITSCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKPROJECT,THEREASONSFORTHECRITICISMLIEINOTHERELEMENTSOFTHEFRAMEWORKCRITICSOFFAIRVALUEARE,INFACT,OFFERINGANALTERNATIVEWORLDVIEWOFFINANCIALREPORTING,ALTHOUGHTHISVIEWIS
13、USUALLYNOTWELLARTICULATEDNOR,FORTHATMATTER,ISTHEFAIRVALUEWORLDVIEWWELLARTICULATEDTHEARGUMENTISUSUALLYCONDUCTEDONTHEBASISOFACCEPTINGAFEWSIMPLEASSUMPTIONSTHATMAKEFAIRVALUESEEMTOBEANOBVIOUSCHOICE,WHEREASTHEASSUMPTIONSTHEMSELVESSHOULDBEUNDERDISCUSSIONTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOMAKESOMEPROGRESSTOWARDSIDE
14、NTIFYINGTHESEALTERNATIVEWORLDVIEWSANDTHEREFORETOCLARIFYTHENATUREOFTHEDISPUTEABOUTTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKINGENERALANDFAIRVALUEINPARTICULARTHEPERSPECTIVEISTHATOFTHEIASB,OFWHICHTHEAUTHORWASAMEMBERFROM2001TO2006,RATHERTHANTHEFASB,WHICHISITSPARTNERINTHEPROJECTTHEAUTHORSOWNEXPERIENCESINWRITINGANUMBEROFALTE
15、RNATIVEVIEWSTOIASBDRAFTSANDSTANDARDSINFORMTHEDISCUSSIONTHESEWEREWRITTENPIECEMEAL,BUTGRADUALLYAMORECOHERENTPATTERNBEGANTOBEAPPARENT,WHICHEXPRESSEDADIFFERENTSETOFASSUMPTIONS,ORWORLDVIEW,DESCRIBEDHEREASTHEALTERNATIVEVIEWTHISISINCONTRASTWITHTHEVIEWTHATISIMPLICITINMANYOFTHEIASBSPRONOUNCEMENTS,DESCRIBEDHE
16、REASTHEFAIRVALUEVIEWTHISACCOUNTISLIKELYTOBESUBJECTIVEANDINCOMPLETE,ANDTHEREARELIKELYTOBEMANYOTHERWORLDVIEWSHOWEVER,WHENTHEREISSUCHAFIERCEDEBATEBETWEENSUPPORTERSANDOPPONENTSOFAVIEW,ITMUSTSURELYHELPUNDERSTANDINGTOIDENTIFYTHEMAINSOURCESOFDISAGREEMENTITMUSTALSOBEACKNOWLEDGEDTHATSOMEOFTHECONTENTIOUSISSUE
17、SARISEWITHINTHEEXISTINGCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKS,BUT,ASTHEFRAMEWORKSAREBEINGREVISED,ITISAPPROPRIATETOQUESTIONTHEMTHEPAPERPROCEEDSASFOLLOWSFIRST,ADESCRIPTIONISGIVENOFTHECURRENTPROJECTTODEVELOPAJOINTCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFORTHEIASBANDFASB,INCLUDINGITSMOTIVATIONANDOBJECTIVESNEXT,THEREISADISCUSSIONOFTHECONTROVE
18、RSIALASPECTSOFTHEFIRSTTWODRAFTCHAPTERSOFTHENEWFRAMEWORK,ONTHEPURPOSEOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDTHEDESIRABLEPROPERTIESOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATION,WHICHHAVEALREADYBEENISSUEDINDISCUSSIONPAPERFORMTHISISFOLLOWEDBYADISCUSSIONOFTHEISSUESRAISEDBYTHESUBSEQUENTCHAPTERSOFTHENEWFRAMEWORKTHATARECURRENTLYINVARIOUS4STAGES
19、OFDEVELOPMENT,INCLUDINGDEFINITIONOFTHEELEMENTSOFACCOUNTS,RECOGNITIONANDMEASUREMENTANATTEMPTISTHENMADETOIDENTIFYTHETWOCOMPETINGWORLDVIEWSREPRESENTEDBYOPPOSINGSIDESOFTHEARGUMENTSONSPECIFICISSUESWETHENCONSIDERHOWTHESECOMPETINGVIEWSHAVEBEENREFLECTEDINPASTIASBPRONOUNCEMENTS,ANDINALTERNATIVEVIEWSEXPRESSED
20、ONTHEMWECONCLUDEBYCONSIDERINGTHETHEORETICALSUPPORTFORTHEALTERNATIVEVIEWTHEIASB/FASBCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKPROJECTBOTHTHEFASBANDTHEIASBALREADYHAVECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSTHEFASBSWASTHEFIRST,DATINGMAINLYFROMTHE1970S,ANDCONSISTSOFSEVENSUBSTANTIALCONCEPTSSTATEMENTS,EACHPUBLISHEDSEPARATELYTHEIASBSFRAMEWORKFORTHE
21、PREPARATIONANDPRESENTATIONOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTS1989ISAMUCHBRIEFERSINGLEDOCUMENTOF110PARAGRAPHS,DATINGFROM1989ITSCONTENTSHOWSASTRONGAFFINITYWITHTHEFASBSEARLIERWORK,ALTHOUGHTHEREAREIMPORTANTDIFFERENCESOFDETAILONEIMPORTANTSIMILARITYISTHAT,LIKETHEFASBFRAMEWORK,ITLACKSATREATMENTOFMEASUREMENTANDISTHEREFOR
22、EINCOMPLETETHISISALEGACYOFTHEFIERCEANDUNRESOLVEDDEBATESTHATTOOKPLACEPARTICULARLYINTHE1970S,WHENSTANDARDSETTERSSTRUGGLEDUNSUCCESSFULLYTOACHIEVEASOLUTIONTOTHEINFLATIONACCOUNTINGPROBLEMTHATWOULDBEACCEPTEDBYBOTHUSERSANDPREPARERSOFACCOUNTSANOTHERLEGACYOFTHEPRESSURESANDCONTROVERSIESOFTHATPERIODISTHATBOTHF
23、RAMEWORKSEMPHASIZEDECISIONUSEFULNESS,PARTICULARLYTOINVESTORSINCAPITALMARKETS,ASTHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFGENERALPURPOSEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHISWASABOLDSTEPATTHETIME,SWEEPINGAWAYTHETRADITIONALISTVIEWTHATACCOUNTINGISPRIMARILYFORLEGALANDSTEWARDSHIPPURPOSES,WITHDECISIONUSEFULNESSASAUSEFULPOSSIBLEADDITIONALBENEFIT
24、ITISARGUEDLATERTHATTHISCHANGEOFFOCUSMAYBECARRIEDTOOFARBYTHECURRENTREVISIONOFTHEFRAMEWORKSAPRIMARYMOTIVATIONFORTHEJOINTPROJECTISTOCONVERGETHEFRAMEWORKSOFTHETWOBOARDSINORDERTOPROVIDEACONSISTENTINTELLECTUALFOUNDATIONFORTHECONVERGENCEOFTHETWOSETSOFSTANDARDS,TOWHICHBOTHBOARDSCOMMITTEDTHEMSELVESINTHENORWA
25、LKAGREEMENTOF2002CONVERGENCEISNOT,HOWEVER,THEONLYMOTIVATIONIMPROVEMENTISEQUALLYIMPORTANTTHEREARETWOASPECTSTOIMPROVEMENTFILLINGGAPSTOACHIEVECOMPLETENESS,ANDREMOVINGINTERNALCONTRADICTIONSTOIMPROVECONSISTENCY5THEMOSTOBVIOUSGAPTHATNEEDSTOBEFILLEDISTODEVELOPGUIDANCEONMEASUREMENTTHEREAREMANYASPECTSOFTHECO
26、HERENCEOFTHEIASBSFRAMEWORKTHATNEEDIMPROVEMENTANAREATHATHASGIVENPARTICULARDIFFICULTYRECENTLYISTHEDEFINITIONOFALIABILITYANDESPECIALLYTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENALIABILITYANDEQUITYTHEJOINTPROJECTSTARTEDIN2005ITSPLANNEDSEQUENCEOFTOPICSANDCURRENTACHIEVEMENTSISLISTEDINTABLE1THEWORKINGPAPERSFORTHEPROJECTAREDEVEL
27、OPEDBYAJOINTIASB/FASBSTAFFTEAM,THEREBEINGADIFFERENTSTAFFTEAMFOREACHSTAGEFASBSGREATERSTAFFRESOURCESMEANTHATTHEYAREUSUALLYINTHEMAJORITY,ALTHOUGHSTAFFFROMTHECANADIANSTANDARDSETTINGBODYARECURRENTLYDEVELOPINGTHEPROPOSALSONELEMENTSANDRECOGNITIONEACHPAPERISDISCUSSEDBYBOTHBOARDS,USUALLYSEPARATELYBUTSOMETIME
28、SINJOINTMEETINGSTHUS,THEPROJECTISTRULYAJOINTONE,ALTHOUGHTHEGREATERBULKOFTHEFASBSEXISTINGFRAMEWORKANDITSSTRONGSTAFFINPUTMEANTHATTHESTARTINGPOINTTENDSTOBETHEFASBSEXISTINGDOCUMENTRATHERTHANTHEIASBSINMOSTASPECTS,THEREISLITTLEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHECURRENTIASBANDFASBFRAMEWORKS,SOTHATTHEFASBSDISTINCTINFLUENC
29、EISSEENMAINLYINTHEBULKANDSTYLEOFEXPOSITIONANDARGUMENTWHICHMAYBEPOLITELYDESCRIBEDASTHOROUGHINTHETWODRAFTCHAPTERSANDWORKINGPAPERSTHATHAVEAPPEAREDTODATETHEPRESENTPAPERIS,HOWEVER,WRITTENFROMTHEIASBPERSPECTIVE,ANDTHISMEANSTHATSOMEMATTERSWHICHLOOKLIKECHANGESFROMTHATPERSPECTIVEARETHERESULTOFCONVERGINGWITHT
30、HEFASBSEXISTINGPOSITIONOBJECTIVESANDQUALITATIVECHARACTERISTICSTHEFIRSTSTAGEOFTHEREVISIONPROJECTPHASEAINTABLE1WASINITIALLYCONSIDEREDTOBESOUNCONTROVERSIALTHATITWASINTENDEDTHATTHEFIRSTPUBLICATIONWOULDBEANEXPOSUREDRAFT,WHICHWOULDBETHEONLYPUBLICCONSULTATIONHOWEVER,WISERCOUNSELPREVAILEDANDITWASDECIDEDTHAT
31、THEFIRSTSTAGEWOULDBEASWITHALLSUBSEQUENTSTAGESOFTHEREVISIONADISCUSSIONPAPER,WHICHWOULDBEFOLLOWEDLATERBYANEXPOSUREDRAFTTHISPRELIMINARYVIEWSPAPER,ENTITLEDTHEOBJECTIVEOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDQUALITATIVECHARACTERISTICSOFDECISIONUSEFULFINANCIALREPORTINGINFORMATION,WASPUBLISHEDINJULY2006,WITHTHECOMMENTPERIO
32、DENDINGON3NOVEMBERTHECOMMENTSRECEIVEDHAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHEPROPOSALSARE6CONTROVERSIALANDHAVEJUSTIFIEDTHEDECISIONTOISSUEADISCUSSIONPAPER,ALLOWINGFURTHERCONSULTATIONONTHESUBSEQUENTEXPOSUREDRAFTTHEYWEREORIGINALLYCONCEIVEDASBEINGUNCONTROVERSIALBECAUSETHEYSUBSTANTIALLYREITERATEMUCHOFTHEMATERIALTHATISINT
33、HEEXISTINGFRAMEWORKSHOWEVER,THEYDOCONTAINSOMESIGNIFICANTRECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEFORMANDARGUMENT,CERTAINLYRELATIVETOTHEIASBSCURRENTLYSLENDERDOCUMENT,ANDTHESECONTAINTHESEEDSOFCONTROVERSYMOREOVER,THERETENTIONOFSOMEOFTHECONCEPTSINTHEEXISTINGFRAMEWORKISALSOCONTROVERSIAL,PARTICULARLYINTHOSECOUNTRIESTHATARERECE
34、NTADOPTERSOFIFRSANDTHATWERENOTINVOLVEDINTHEORIGINALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFRAMEWORKTHEOBJECTIVEOFFINANCIALREPORTINGCHAPTER1OFTHEDISCUSSIONPAPER,ONTHEOBJECTIVEOFFINANCIALREPORTING,ISFUNDAMENTALTOTHEREMAINDEROFTHEFRAMEWORKITREITERATESTHEEXISTINGCONCERNTOPRODUCEGENERALPURPOSEFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,THATIS,ONESTHA
35、TMEETTHENEEDSOFALLEXTERNALUSERSWHODONOTHAVEPRIVILEGEDACCESSTOTHEENTITYSINTERNALINFORMATIONITALSOCONTINUESTHEPRESENTPOLICYOFSELECTINGINVESTORSANDCREDITORSASTHEFOCUSGROUPFORESTABLISHINGNEEDSTHISINCLUDESPOTENTIALASWELLASPRESENTINVESTORSANDLENDERSASWELLASEQUITYINVESTORSTHENEEDSOFINVESTORSAREASSUMEDTOBET
36、OMAKERESOURCEALLOCATIONDECISIONS,WHICHWILLBESERVEDBYPROVIDINGINFORMATIONTOHELPPRESENTANDPOTENTIALINVESTORSANDCREDITORSANDOTHERSTOASSESSTHEAMOUNTS,TIMINGANDUNCERTAINTYOFTHEENTITYSFUTURECASHINFLOWSANDOUTFLOWSPARAOB3SOURCEABACUS,20081391447译文公允价值和国际会计准则/财务会计准则概念框架项目另一种观点本文分析了各种各样的国际会计准则与财务会计准则有争议的问题,从而
37、形成标准的财务报告联合概念框架,讨论了他们对计量的影响,特别是以公允价值为基础的计量。两种对立的观点如下公允价值的观点,隐含在国际会计准则的公开声明下,假设市场相对完善和健全,在这样的环境下,财务报告应该通过报告来源于市场价值的公允价值来满足被动投资者和债权人的需求。另一种观点假设市场相对不完善和不完整的,在这样的环境下,财务报告应该通过报告过去交易和事项的测量值,利用完全准确的信息来反映实际可用的报告实体来满足股东监督的需要。在最近的会计准则中阐述了这两种不同的看法,最后出现了理论支持这两种观点,认为,在一个现实的市场环境下,寻找一个普遍的测量方法是没有结果的,更可能是定义一个新的测量目标,
38、并在特定的目标关系的情况下选择最合适的测量方法。一个用这种方法的例子是损失价值,目前国际会计准则委员会在考虑中。关键字概念框架;公允价值;财务报告;国际会计准则;测量这个项目是由国际会计准则委员会和财务会计准则委员会开发的一种联合概念框架,来自他们现有的框架下,可能会影响会计准则多年来的发展。不足为奇的是第一个研讨会论文产生的项目已引起了比准则制定者预期的更广泛的激烈批判,那么多批评还是来自欧盟,他们采用国际会计准则委员会制定的国际财务报告准则。这个问题似乎可能引起最大的争论是在测量过程中,还未到达概念框架项目的研讨阶段。值得一提的是,该国际会计准则委员会很可能偏爱公允价值作为测试目的,即使在
39、概念框架讨论中被大力质疑。这个问题已经在一个更早的讨论稿中(不是批注中)被国际会计准则委员会提起,被授权写的是加拿大会计准则委员会(2005)的职工,它赞扬了公允价值的积极性。争议进一步影响了国际会计准则委员会的刊物,作为美国财务会计准则委员会财务公告157号(2006)的讨论稿(2006年11月),旨在解释在财务会计准则中公允价值作为当前的市场销售价格,忽视了交易成本和外在实体具体的假设。许多评论家认为,国际会计准则委员会采用公允价值标准将改变现在实行的关注度和不利影响,因为国际财务8报告准则中非金融资产更广泛地运用公允价值而不是财务会计准则的标准。相比较金融资产而言,在非金融资产中,销售价
40、格被看作是关系不大、不可靠的。虽然以国际会计准则委员会的标准批判公允价值是一个焦点,也可能在概念框架中也就如此,批评的原因在于概念框架的其他元素。实际上,公允价值的批评者选择另一种世界观,尽管这种观点通常不能很好地被表达出来。也不是,就此而言,是世界观很好地表达出来的公允价值争论通常在可接受的并建立在一种简单假设的基础上被实施,即公允价值似乎是一个明显的选择,然而他们在被讨论中。这篇文章的目的是要识别这些选择性的世界观的进展情况,从而阐明概念框架尤其是公允价值争论的本质。观点的作者是一名从2001年到2006年国际会计准则委员会的成员,而不是财务会计准则委员会的项目合伙人。作者以亲身经历讨论了
41、一些关于国际会计准则委员会草稿和标准。这些写得都很琐碎,但是渐渐地开始写一个更加紧密的模式是很明显的,表达了一套不同的假设或者说世界观,这里描述的是另外一套不同的假设。这是相反的观点,包含在许多国际会计准则委员会的声明中,在这里描述作为公允价值的观点。这个帐户可能是主观的和不完整,可能有许多其它的对世界观问题的看法。然而,有这样一场激烈的争论在支持和反对这种观点,这必定帮助理解和鉴定主要不一致的源头。必须承认很多有争议的问题出现在现有的概念框架中,但是,框架正在被修改,询问他们是很合适的。本文收益如下。首先,描述了现在发展联合概念框架的项目,包括国际会计准则和财务会计准则的动机和目标。其次,是
42、对新框架头两个章节有争议的方面进行讨论。为了披露理想的财务报告和令人满意的会计信息质量,这个问题在讨论稿中也有被提到。其次是对这些问题进行讨论并提出了新的框架,是目前后面的章节在不同阶段的发展,包括定义的元素帐户,确认和计量。接着试图找出由反对的论点双方就两个相互竞争的具体问题代表的意见的论据,然后,我们考虑如何将这些竞争性意见反映在过去的国际会计准则委员会声明中,并对他们表达不同的观点,我们最后考虑理论支持哪一种观点。国际会计准则委员会/财务会计准则概念框架的项目美国财务会计准则委员会与国际会计准则委员会已经形成概念性架构。美国9财务会计准则委员会的是第一个,注明日期主要从20世纪70年代,
43、由七个实质性的概念声明组成,每个都已分别公布。在国际会计准则委员会的架构中,准备和陈述了财务报表(1989)是一个更短更单一的文件,分为110个段落,从1989年开始。其内容,表现出与财务会计准则委员会更早的研究有密切关系,虽然在细节上有重要的区别。与美国财务会计准则委员会框架一个重要的共同点是,它缺少测量处理,因此是不完整的。这是一段激烈的解决悬而未决的辩论,发生在20世纪70年代,正当标准制定者努力寻找解决将要被使用者和重要的填表人所接受的通货膨胀会计问题的解决办法。另一个那个时期遗留下的压力和争端是框架强调决策有用,特别是对资本市场的投资者,是通用财务报表的主焦点。这是勇敢的一步,扫除传
44、统主义者认为会计是有用的,可能为法律和管理决策有用性提供服务并获取额外利益。文章认为,以后这种变化的重点可能偏离目前修订的框架很远。合作项目的一个主要动机是融合两块板的概念框架,为了提供一个一致的知识基础来融合两个阶段的标准,这也是在2002年的诺沃克协议两块板对自己的承诺。然而,唯一的动机改进同样是重要的。有两方面改进缩小差距来实现完整性,消除内部矛盾来提高一致性。最明显的差距,需要填补的是测量上的发展指导。国际会计准则委员会需要改进的框架有许多方面的一致性。一个特别困难的地方是债务的定义,尤其是区别在一种债务和权益。联合项目开始于2005年。论题的计划序列和现在的业绩就是列在表1。为完成这
45、个项目工作底稿,联合国际会计准则委员会/财务会计标准委员会在不同的阶段有不同的员工队伍。财务会计标准委员会更大的员工资源意味着他们通常占大多数,虽然加拿大标准体型的员工正在发展关于基础和识别的提案。每个文件讨论两者兼而有之,通常单独,但有时也会在联合会议讨论。因此,该项目是一个真正的联合,虽然财务会计准则现有的框架投入更大,它强大的员工意味着出发点趋向于美国财务会计标准委员会现存的文件而不是国际会计准则委员会。在大多数方面,当前的国际会计准则理事会和财务会计委员会框架很少有差异,美国财务会计标准委员会主要影响是在两篇草稿和出现日期的工作稿上阐述的容量和风格以及自变量可能会被礼貌地称为“深入”。
46、本论文虽然是从国际会计准则委员会的视角来写的,但这意味那些从那视角看起来像是改变了的事情是10财务会计准则现存的定位聚集的结果。目标和定性特征修改工程的第一阶段阶段A在表1最早被考虑不会有什么争议的,这是首个计划曝光的出版物,将是唯一的一个公共咨询。然而,聪明的律师占了上风,决定第一阶段如修订的所有阶段一样)是一个讨论稿,将随后曝光。这个初步观点的草稿,标题为财务报告的目标和财务报告信息决策有用的定性特征,2006年7月被刊登,评价期截止11月3日。所收到的评论证明建议都是有争议的,考虑到需要更深入地咨询,决定发布讨论稿。他们最初的构思是没有争议的,因为他们基本上重申现有的框架的大多数材料。然
47、而,他们都含有一些重要形式和论点的重建,当然相对于国际会计准则委员会现有的文件,他们包含争论的焦点。此外,保留现有框架的很多概念也引起很大的争议,特别是采用国际财务报告准则的这些国家,他们没有参与到概念框架的初始发展。财务报告的目标讨论稿的第一章,财务报告的目标是剩余框架的基础。它重申了通用财务报表现有的关注,就是说,为了满足所有没有特权访问本单位内部信息的外部用户的需求。它还继续选择目前的政策,将投资者、债权人作为建立需求的典型小组。这包括潜在的和现有的投资者和债权人以及股权投资者。假设投资者的需求决定资源分配,通过提供信息服务可以帮助现在和潜在的投资者和债权人和其他人评估一个实体未来现金流入和流出的数额、时间和不确定性(第三段,目标3)。来源算盘2008139144