1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文出处ACCOUNTINGPERSPECTIVES外文作者MICHELLMAGNAN原文FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDTHEFINANCIALCRISISMESSENGERORCONTRIBUTORFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGISNEITHERANOVELCONCEPTNORANEWPRACTICEINTHELATE19THCENTURYANDEARLY20THCENTURY,ITWASCOMMONFORFIRMSTOVALUETHEIRCAPITALASSETSUSINGAPPRAISEDVALUESIE,ESTIMATESOFTHENE
2、TREALIZABLEVALUESTHATTHEASSETSWOULDBRINGINTHEMARKETMANYEARLYECONOMISTSALSOBELIEVEDTHATTHEEXITVALUE,ORTHEAMOUNTAFIRMWOULDREALIZEBYSELLINGANASSETINTHEMARKET,WASTHEONLYAPPROPRIATEBASISTOCONSTRUCTFINANCIALSTATEMENTSSEE,AMONGOTHERS,DIEWERT,2005HOWEVER,BYTHE1930S,ABUSIVEVALUATIONPRACTICESBYSOMEMANAGERSLED
3、TOTHEENACTMENTOFMOREFORMALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBYTHEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONASARESULT,HISTORICALCOSTEMERGEDASTHEDOMINANTPRACTICEFORREPORTINGMOSTASSETSANDLIABILITIESNEVERTHELESS,FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGREMAINEDANATTRACTIVECONCEPTTOMANYACCOUNTINGTHEORISTSWHOFORMALIZEDITSAPPEALANDFORMOVERTHEYEARSFORINSTANCE,STAUB
4、US1961,CHAMBERS1964,ANDSTERLING1970ARGUEFORTHEUSEOFEXITVALUESINFINANCIALREPORTINGIE,THENETREALIZABLEVALUEFORTHEASSETALTHOUGHFVAWASKEPTASADEFAULTOPTIONINACCOUNTINGFORSOMEASSETSIE,LOWEROFCOSTANDMARKET,ITEFFECTIVELYREENTEREDUSFIRMSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSONLYIN1993THROUGHSFASNO115FASBGOINGBEYONDPRIORFAIRVAL
5、UEDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTS,SFASNO115MANDATESTHATSOMESECURITIESBEACCOUNTEDFORATTHEIRFAIRVALUE,THUSDIRECTLYAFFECTINGAFIRMSBALANCESHEETANDINCOMESTATEMENTTHEMAINRATIONALEUNDERLYINGSFASNO115ISTHEREDUCTIONOFGAINSTRADINGBYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSMANAGERSIE,THEABILITYTOCHOOSEHOWANDWHENUNREALIZEDSECURITIESPORTFOL
6、IOGAINSARERECOGNIZEDINTOTHEINCOMESTATEMENTOTHERACCOUNTINGPRONOUNCEMENTSFOLLOWED,REINFORCINGFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGSREACHWITHINFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,CULMINATINGWITHTHEENACTMENTOFSFASNO157FASB2006ASFASNO757FORMALLYDEFINESFAIRVALUEANDFRAMESITSMEASUREMENTANDDISCLOSURETHEEVOLUTIONOFSTANDARDSINCANADACLOSELYPARA
7、LLELSTHATINTHEUNITEDSTATESWITHTHEENACTMENTOFTHECANADIANINSTITUTEOFCHARTEREDACCOUNTANTSHANDBOOKSECTION3860AND,MORERECENTLY,SECTION3855THEINITIALIMPLEMENTATIONOFFVAFOCUSEDONFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSSUCHASDEBTANDEQUITYSECURITIESSEASNO115ASWELLASDERIVATIVESSFASNO133FASB,2008BFORTHEPURPOSEOFSFASNO115,THEAPPRO
8、PRIATEMEASUREMENTMETHODDEPENDSUPONMANAGEMENTSINTENTION,WHICHLEADSTOTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHREETYPESOFSECURITIESHOWEVER,WHILEACCOUNTINGTREATMENTSBETWEENTHETHREETYPESOFSECURITIESDIFFER,FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYUNDERLIESTHEMEASUREMENTOFALLTHREEFIRST,DEBTSECURITIESTHATANENTERPRISEHASTHEPOSITI
9、VEINTENTANDABILITYTOHOLDTOMATURITYARECLASSIFIEDASHELDTOMATURITYSECURITIESANDREPORTEDATAMORTIZEDCOSTHOWEVER,IFTHESESECURITIESSUFFERADECLINEINFAIRVALUEBELOWTHEAMORTIZEDCOSTBASISTHATISOTHERTHANTEMPORARY,THEIRACCOUNTINGCOSTMUSTBEWRITTENDOWNTOTHATVALUEANDTHEWRITEDOWNMUSTBEINCLUDEDINNETEARNINGSASAREALIZED
10、LOSSONCEWRITTENDOWN,HELDTOMATURITYSECURITIESCANNOTBEWRITTENUPSECOND,DEBTANDEQUITYSECURITIESTHATAREBOUGHTANDHELDPRINCIPALLYFORTHEPURPOSEOFSELLINGINTHENEARTERMARECLASSIFIEDASTRADINGSECURITIESANDREPORTEDATFAIRVALUE,WITHUNREALIZEDGAINSANDLOSSESINCLUDEDININCOMEFINALLY,DEBTANDEQUITYSECURITIESNOTCLASSIFIED
11、ASEITHERHELDTOMATURITYSECURITIESORTRADINGSECURITIESARECLASSIFIEDASAVAILABLEFORSALESECURITIESANDREPORTEDATFAIRVALUE,WITHUNREALIZEDGAINSANDLOSSESEXCLUDEDFROMEARNINGSANDREPORTEDINASEPARATECOMPONENTOFSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYOTHERCOMPREHENSIVEINCOMETWOCOMPREHENSIVECOMMENTARIESPROVIDEANUANCEDINTERPRETATIONOFTHE
12、ROLEOFFVAINTHE2008FINANCIALCRISISANDARECONSISTENTINTHEIRCONCLUSIONSWITHTHEFINDINGSREPORTEDBYTHESECINDECEMBER2008RYAN2008CONCLUDESTHATFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGDIDNOTCONTRIBUTETOTHECRISISBECAUSEITPROVIDEDINVESTORSWITHNEEDEDACCURATEANDCOMPLETEINFORMATIONCONCERNINGSUBPRIMEPOSITIONSHOWEVER,HECONCEDESTHATTHEREI
13、SANEEDFORADDITIONALGUIDANCEASTOWHATISANORDERLYTRANSACTION,BECAUSETHEUSEOFINPUTSFORFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGISDRIVENBYCONDITIONSATTHEMEASUREMENTDATELAUXANDLEUZ2009CONCLUDETHATFVAPROBABLYDIDNOTCONTRIBUTETOTHECRISISTOSUCHALARGEEXTENTBUTWASALSONOTMERELYAMESSENGERINTHEIROPINION,THEFVADEBATEISANEWVERSIONOFTHERE
14、LEVANCEVERSUSRELIABILITYARGUMENTMOREOVER,THEREARELEGITIMATECONCERNSABOUTMARKINGASSETVALUESTOMARKETPRICESINTIMESOFFINANCIALCRISESBECAUSETHEYARETIEDTOVARIOUSCONTRACTSANDREGULATIONSEG,CAPITALRATIOREGULATIONSFORBANKSHOWEVER,THESTANDARDSDOALLOWFORSOMEFLEXIBILITYANDDEVIATIONFROMMARKETPRICESUNDERTHESECONDI
15、TIONSTHEYCONSIDERTHATTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFFVAMAYLEADTOSOMEDISRUPTIONSFROMTHESTANDARDSINITIALINTENTFORINSTANCE,SECENFORCEMENTACTIONSCANIMPLYTHATAUDITORSANDFIRMSABIDEBYCERTAINRULESORPRACTICES,NOTUSINGTHEJUDGMENTINITIALLYENVISIONEDINTHESTANDARDSINCONTRAST,TOOMUCHMANAGERIALDISCRETIONINTHEDETERMINATIONOFFA
16、IRVALUESMAYTRANSLATEINTOMANIPULATIONSTHECHALLENGEFORSTANDARDSETTERSISTOFINDANAPPROPRIATEBALANCEBETWEENTHEPOTENTIALCONTAGIONEFFECTSFROMUSINGFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDINVESTORSNEEDSTORECEIVETIMELYINFORMATIONABOUTIMPAIRMENTSOVERALL,FVAMAYBEPROCYCLICAL,ACCENTUATINGTHEMAGNITUDEOFEARNINGSINBOOMSANDOFLOSSESINB
17、USTSHENCE,THEUSEOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONNEEDSTOBEADAPTED,BUTTHEUNDERLYINGACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSDONOTNEEDTOCHANGETHEYALSOOBSERVETHATHISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTINGISUNLIKELYTOSOLVEPROBLEMSOFMARKETINEFFICIENCYANDTHATITSUSEFORLOANSCONTRIBUTEDTOTHESECURITIZATIONRUSHTHATLEDTOTHECRISISTHEFINDINGSFROMALLENAN
18、DCARIETTI2008AANDPLANTINETAL2008SUGGESTTHATTHERELIANCEONFVAFORLONGLIVEDSENIORASSETSINDUCESSUBOPTIMALDECISIONSBYMANAGERSWHENMARKETSAREILLIQUIDMOREOVER,INILLIQUIDMARKETS,PRICEINFORMATIONISITSELFAFFECTEDBYTHEUSEOFFVAANDMAYBECOMEANUNRELIABLEVALUEMEASUREFINALLY,UNDERCONDITIONSOFILLIQUIDITY,THEUSEOFFVAFAC
19、ILITATESTHEPROPAGATIONOFDISTORTEDVALUESINTOFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSBALANCESHEETS,POTENTIALLYINDUCINGFAILURECONTAGIONBOTHSTUDIESSUGGESTTHATTHEUSEOFHISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTINGALLEVIATESSOMEOFTHESEPROBLEMSANDMAYBEABETTERMEASUREMENTTOOLUNDERSOMECONDITIONSFVAFORFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSISPARTOFABROADERTRENDINACCOUN
20、TINGSTANDARDSETTINGTOMOVEAWAYFROM“ACCOUNTING“TOWARDESTIMATINGEXPECTEDFUTURECASHFLOWSANDINCORPORATINGINTOFINANCIALSTATEMENTSIE,“FORECOUNTING“MAGNANANDCORMIER,2005THETRENDUNDERMINESDECADES,IFNOTCENTURIES,OFACCOUNTINGPRACTICESANDCONCEPTSSUCHASCONSERVATISMANDVERIFIABILITY,ANDREQUIRESACOMPLETESETOFVALUAT
21、IONSKILLSANDKNOWLEDGEFROMACCOUNTANTSTHECURRENTCRISISCONSTITUTESTHEFIRSTSERIOUSCHALLENGETOTHISTREND,ANDTOFVAINPARTICULAR,ANDISLIKELYTOGENERATEABUNDANTEMPIRICALRESEARCHOVERTHENEXTFEWYEARS,WHICHWILLALLOWUSTOBETTERASSESSTHEPROSANDCONSOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINACOMMENTARYINTHEFINANCIALPOST,THORNTON2009ARGUE
22、STHAT,ASACCOUNTANTS,“WENEEDTOSTARTWITHACLEANSHEETOFPAPERINREVISINGTHEACCOUNTINGSOTHATITCLEARLYANDCREDIBLYDISTINGUISHESLEMONSFROMCREAMPUFFS“INREVIEWINGTHEMARKETCONDITIONSDURINGTHECRISIS,HENOTESTHATAUDITORSOUGHTTODRILLDOWNINTOBANKASSETSTOASSESSTHEIRUNDERLYINGVALUE,MORESPECIFICALLYBYVERIFYINGEXPECTEDFU
23、TURECASHFLOWPROJECTIONSIFMARKETPRICESDIVERGEFROMUNDERLYINGORINTRINSICVALUESFORLACKOFLIQUIDITYREASONS,THENSUCHANAUDITWOULDVALIDATEMANAGEMENTSCLAIMOTHERWISE,THESECURITIESBEINGHELDAREPROBABLY“LEMONS“,SIMILARTOUSEDCARSSOLDBYUNSCRUPULOUSCARSALESPEOPLE,ANDSHOULDBEMARKEDTOMARKETINTHEABSENCEOFAUDITEDVERIFIC
24、ATIONOFLEVEL3INPUTSTHORNTONSPERSPECTIVEONFAIRVALUEISACALLFORACCOUNTANTSTOREGAINCONTROLOVERTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGPROCESSINSTEADOFPASSIVELYRELAYINGMARKETINDUCEDVALUESHISVIEWSAREALSOCONSISTENTWITHALLENANDCARLETTIS2008BVIEWTHATKNOWLEDGEOFUNDERLYINGMARKETSISCRITICALFORREPORTINGPURPOSESMOREOVER,HISSUGGESTI
25、ONISALSOCONSISTENTWITHEMPIRICALFINDINGSTHATTHEVALUATIONOFFAIRVALUEASSETSISENHANCEDWHENHIGHERQUALITYAUDITORSOREXPERTAUDITCOMMITTEESAREINVOLVEDSEEKOLEV,2008GOHETAL,2009SONGETAL,2009THEINTERVENTIONOFEXTERNALPARTIESSUCHASAUDITORSTODRILLDOWNINTOTHEPARAMETERSUNDERLYINGFAIRVALUEFIGURESALSOBREAKSTHEENDOGENO
26、USLYLOOPREFERREDTOBYMACINTOSHETAL2000HOWEVER,HEOFFERSAMAJORCHALLENGETOOURPROFESSIONTORETOOLITSELFANDRETHINKHOWAUDITORSWORK,ESPECIALLYWHENMARKETSAREEXPERIENCINGLIQUIDITYOROTHERCRISESTHUS,THEMARKETCRISISHASPROVIDEDTHEACCOUNTINGANDAUDITINGPROFESSIONWITHARAREOPPORTUNITYTOTAKEALEADERSHIPROLEINMANAGINGTHE
27、TRANSITIONOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTOWARDFVATHEFUTUREOFTHEPROFESSIONRESTSONITSSUCCESSINMANAGINGSUCHATRANSITIONSOURCEMICHELLMAGNANFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDTHEFINANCIALCRISISMESSENGERORCONTRIBUTORJACCOUNTINGPERSPECTIVES,2009,83189213译文公允价值会计与金融危机信使者或贡献者公允价值会计既不是一个崭新的概念,也不是新的实践。在19世纪末和20世纪初的时候,常常用于企业的资本资产评估值(
28、即净变现价值估计,资产会带来市场)。许多早期的经济学家也认为脱手价值,或者一些企业在市场上出售的资产,是构建建设财务报表的基础(DIEWERT,2005)。然而,到20世纪30年代,一些管理人员滥用评估实践导致了更为正式的会计准则立法。因此,历史成本成为占主导地位的做法,在大部分的资产和负债报告中。然而,对许多会计理论家来说公允价值会计仍然是一个有吸引力的概念。例如,STAUBUS(1961年),CHAMBERS(1964),STERLING(1970)主张的脱手价值在财务报告中使用(即净资产可变现值)。尽管公允价值会计被保存为一些资产的会计默认选项(即成本与市价孰低法),它有效地重返美国公司
29、的财务报表,仅在1993年通过第115号财务会计准则(财务会计准则委员会)。财务会计准则第115号,一些被占证券按公允价值计量,直接影响到一个企业的资产负债表和损益表。其主要理由是基本会计准则第115号由金融机构的管理人员减少的收益交易(即能够选择的方式和时间未变现证券投资组合收益表中确认为收益)。随着157号公报(财务会计准则委员会2006年)的颁布,其他会计声明,需要加强内部财务报表公允价值会计的业务范围。SFAS第757号正式定义和框架的公允价值计量和披露。在加拿大标准的演变密切平行于英国颁布的加拿大研究所特许会计师手册3860条,并通过美国加拿大研究所最近第3855条。公允价值会计实施
30、初期集中在诸如债务及股本证券(海第115号)以及衍生财务会计准则第133号)(财务会计准则委员会,2008B)金融工具。对于财务会计准则第115号的目的,采用适当的测量方法而定。管理层的意图,导致了三种类型的证券识别,然而,尽管证券之间有着三种不同的会计处理方法,公允价值会计的基础,直接或间接的影响着三个测量方法。首先,债务证券,一个企业有明确意图和能力持有至到期的有归类为持有至到期证券及以摊销成本报告。但是,如果这些证券遭受低于公允价值摊销成本基准即除暂时的,其会计成本必须被写入到该值,并写下来,必须在已实现净盈利,包括减少损失。一旦写下来,持至到期证券不能被写入了。第二,现买现持有的债务和
31、股权,以在短期内出售为目的的主要证券分类为交易性证券,公允价值报告了未实现收益和损失的收入。最后,债务及股本证券不归类为持有至到期证券或买卖证券分类为可供出售证券及按公允价值报告,未变现收益及收益损失排除在外,并在股东单独的组件报告权益(其他综合收入)。对两个综合性的评论提供了公允价值会计在2008年金融危机中的作用细致入微的解释,并与美国证券交易委员会2008年12月公布的调查结果在他们的结论是一致的。瑞安(2008)的结论是公允价值会计对这场危机作出贡献,因为它提供了信息投资者所需的准确和完整的关于次优级抵押贷款信息。不过,他承认,需要跟多关于什么是有序交易的指导,因为在计量日推动了公允价
32、值会计的使用。LAUX和LEUZ(2009)的结论是公允价值会计可能也无助于这种危机,但在很大程度上也不仅仅是一个传递者。在他们看来,公允价值会计的争论是争论的可靠性与相关性的新版本。此外,有人担心标志着在金融危机时期资产价值的市场价格,因为他们是联系在一起的各种合同和章程(例如,银行的资本比率规定)。然而,这些标准也允许一定程度的灵活性和在这些条件下的市场价格的偏差。他们认为,公允价值会计的实施可能会从初始意图就开始分裂出来了。例如,美国证券交易委员会执法行动意味着,审计人员和企业遵守一定的规则或惯例,不使用最初设想的判断标准。与此相反,太多的管理,在公允价值的确定可酌情转化为操纵。该标准制
33、定者的挑战是找到使用公允价值会计和投资者及时获取信息需求的平衡点。总体而言,公允价值会计可能会助长周期性波动,加剧了收入的繁荣和萧条中损失的大小。因此,公允价值会计信息的使用需要进行调整,但潜在的会计标准没有需要改变。他们还观察到,历史成本会计是不可能解决市场效率低下的问题,其对贷款的使用促成了证券导致危机的问题。从ALLEN和CARIETTI等人的研究结果表明,当市场缺乏流动性,公允价值会计对长期资产的依赖,诱使高级管理者最理想的决定。此外,在流动性不足的市场,价格信息本身受到的公允价值会计的使用,并可能成为一个不可靠的价值尺度。最后,在流动性不足的条件下,公允价值会计的使用促进扭曲了价值观
34、,如果纳入金融机构的资产负债表可能引发故障传染,传播。这两项研究表明,历史成本会计缓解了这些问题,并可能在一定条件下是一个更好的测量工具。金融工具公允价值会计是会计准则中的一个更广泛趋势的一部分,它摆脱“会计”走向估计预期未来现金流量及财务报表合并成。(MAGNANANDCORMIER,2005)。这种趋势削弱几十年,甚至百年来,会计实务如保守主义和可核查的概念,需要一套完整的估价技能和会计知识。当前的危机构成了这个趋势第一次严重的挑战,公允价值会计,尤其是有可能产生在未来数年丰富经验的研究,这将使我们能够更好地评估的优点和公允价值会计的利弊。在一个财政邮政,THORNTON评论(2009)认
35、为,会计师,“我们需要的是一张白纸开始修改会计,以便清楚和令人信服区别。”在审查危机的发展情况期间,他指出,审计人员应当深入到了银行资产的核实,以评估预计未来现金流量,更具体地预测它们的潜在价值。如果市场价格偏离内在价值或潜在的流动性不足的,那么这样的审计将验证管理的要求,否则,持有的证券可能被缩水,类似汽车销售人员被销售不良二手车,并应标示在3级投入的审计核实的情况下进入市场。THORNTON的评论从公允价值的角度来看是一个会计师呼吁重新控制了财务报告过程,而不是被动地传递市场引发的价值。他的观点也与ALLEN和CARLETTI的(2008)的观点一致,认为相关市场知识对报告的目的是至关重要
36、的。此外,他的建议也与实证研究结果相一致,即资产的公允价值估价是需要增强更高质量的审计或审计委员会的专家都参与(见KOLEV,2008GOH等人,2009SONG等人,2009年。)对外方,如审计师的干预,以深入底层的公允价值下降的数字也打破了内生性参数循环(MACINTOSH等人,2000年)。不过,他提供了一个重大的挑战,我们的行业重新装备自己,重新思考如何审计员的工作,尤其是当市场正经历流动资金或其他危机。因此,市场危机提供了会计和审计专业一个难得的机会,对公允价值会计管理的财务报表过渡发挥领导作用。该行业的未来取决于其是否在管理这种过渡取得成功。资料来源MICHELLMAGNAN。公允价值会计与金融危机信使者或贡献者J会计视觉,2009,83189213