1、0外文文献翻译原文ACCOUNTINGFOREXCHANGEOFASSETSUNDERFASBNO153DURINGDECEMBER2004,THEFASBISSUEDSTATEMENTNO153ONEXCHANGESOFNONMONETARYASSETSANAMENDMENTOFAPBOPINIONNO29THEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDFASBINDECEMBERISSUEDSTATEMENTNO153,EXCHANGESOFNONMONETARYASSETS,ANAMENDMENTOFAPBOPINIONNO29THEREVISEDGUIDANCE
2、ISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLETHATEXCHANGESOFNONMONETARYASSETSSHOULDBEMEASUREDACCORDINGTOTHEFAIRVALUEOFSUCHASSETSTHESTATEMENTREPLACESTHENARROWEXCEPTIONFORNONMONETARYEXCHANGESOF“SIMILARPRODUCTIVEASSETS“WITHABROADERONEFOREXCHANGESOF“NONMONETARYASSETSTHATDONOTHAVECOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE“THEGUIDANCE,WHOSEPROVISIONSW
3、ILLBEAPPLIEDPROSPECTIVELY,ISEFFECTIVEFORFISCALPERIODSBEGINNINGAFTERJUNE15,2005，ALTHOUGHAPPLICATIONISPERMITTEDFORSUCHTRANSACTIONSOCCURRINGINPERIODSBEGINNINGANYTIMEAFTERTHEDATEOFISSUANCETHISARTICLESUMMARIZESTHEKEYPROVISIONSOFTHENEWSTATEMENTANDPROVIDESEXAMPLESOFTHEREQUIREDACCOUNTINGCOMPUTETHETOTALGAINO
4、RLOSSONTHETRANSACTION,WHICHISEQUALTOTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEFAIRMARKETVALUEOFTHEASSETGIVENUPANDBOOKVALUECOSTMINUSACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATIONOFTHEASSETGIVENUPSOMETIMESTHEFAIRMARKETVALUEOFTHEASSETRECEIVEDISMORECLEARLYEVIDENTANDSHOULDBEUSEDTODETERMINETHEFAIRMARKETVALUEOFTHEASSETGIVENUPAFTERJUNE15,2005THEENT
5、IREGAINORLOSSISTOBERECOGNIZEDPRIORTOJUNE15,2005LOSSESWERERECOGNIZEDINFULLBUTALLOF,NONEOFORONLYAPORTIONOFTHEGAINCOULDHAVEBEENRECOGNIZEDREQUIREMENTSFORRECOGNIZINGGAINSWASASFOLLOWS1IFTHEEARNINGSPROCESSISCONSIDEREDCOMPLETEANEXCHANGEOFDISSIMILARASSETS,THEENTIREGAINISRECOGNIZED,OR2IFTHEEARNINGSPROCESSISNO
6、TCONSIDEREDCOMPLETEANEXCHANGEOFSIMILARASSETSANDANOCASHISINVOLVED,NOGAINISRECOGNIZED,ORBSOMECASHISGIVENUP,NOGAINISRECOGNIZED,ORCSOMECASHISRECEIVEDUSETHEFORMULATODETERMINETHEGAINTOBERECOGNIZEDTHENEWSTATEMENTNOLONGERMAKESADISTINCTIONBETWEEN“SIMILAR”AND1“DISSIMILAR”PRODUCTIVEASSETSINSTEADACCOUNTANTSAREN
7、OWREQUIREDTOASSESSTHECOMMERCIALSUBSTANCEOFTHETRANSACTIONTHEFASBDEFINESCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCEASATRANSACTIONINWHICHTHEFUTURECASHFLOWSOFTHEENTITYAREEXPECTEDTOCHANGESIGNIFICANTLYASARESULTOFTHEEXCHANGEFORTHOSEEXCHANGESTHATHAVECOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,THENONMONETARYASSETSSHOULDBEACCOUNTEDFORATFAIRVALUEWITHTHEAPPR
8、OPRIATERECOGNITIONOFGAINSANDLOSSESHOWEVER,FORTHOSEEXCHANGESTHATLACKCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,THEASSETSAREACCOUNTEDFORATTHEIRGENERALLEDGERCARRYINGVALUEMEASUREMENTPRINCIPLESSOMEEXCHANGESINVOLVEASMALLAMOUNTOFCASHCONSIDERATION,WHICHISOFTENREFERREDTOAS“BOOT”IFTHENONMONETARYEXCHANGEOFASSETSHASCOMMERCIALSUBSTANC
9、E,THENTHECOSTOFTHEASSETRECEIVEDISEQUALTOTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHEASSETRELINQUISHEDPLUSTHEBOOTPAIDORMINUSTHEBOOTRECEIVEDGAINSANDLOSSESARERECOGNIZEDINFULLONTHEOTHERHAND,IFTHEEXCHANGEOFASSETSLACKSCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,THENTHECOSTOFTHEASSETRECEIVEDISEQUALTOTHENETCARRYINGVALUEOFTHEASSETRELINQUISHEDPLUSTHEBOOTPAIDO
10、RMINUSTHEBOOTRECEIVEDWHENTHEEXCHANGEDOESNOTHAVECOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,GAINSAND,POSSIBLY,LOSSESARENOTRECOGNIZEDHOWEVER,IFACOMPARISONOFTHENETCARRYINGVALUEOFTHEASSETANDITSFAIRVALUEINDICATESTHATALOSSHASOCCURRED,THENTHEPROVISIONSOFFASBSTATEMENTNO144AREAPPLICABLEANDTHEASSETTOBERELINQUISHEDSHOULDBETESTEDFORIM
11、PAIRMENTINACCORDANCEWITHTHEGUIDANCEFOUNDINPARAGRAPH29OFSFASNO144IFTHEASSETISFOUNDTOBEIMPAIRED,ALOSSSHOULDBERECOGNIZEDINTHEACCOUNTSSFASNO153DECISIONAIDFLOWCHARTASADECISIONAID,AFLOWCHARTISPRESENTEDINEXHIBIT1THATWILLAIDINEASILYUNDERSTANDINGTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGREQUIREMENTSOFANEXCHANGEOFNONMONETARYASSET
12、S2ASSETEXCHANGEDATATOILLUSTRATETHEACCOUNTINGREQUIREDBYSFASNO153,THEFOLLOWINGDATAWILLBEUSEDASSUMETHATXCOMPANYHASATANGIBLEASSETTHATORIGINALLYCOSTTHEM1MILLIONTOACQUIRESEVERALYEARSAGOACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATIONASOFTHEDATEOFEXCHANGEIS300,000THEESTIMATEDFAIRVALUEOFTHEASSETIS850,000COMPANYXWILLEXCHANGETHISASSE
13、TFORANOTHERASSETFROMUCOMPANYINUCOMPANYSGENERALLEDGER,THEORIGINALASSETCOSTIS2MILLIONANDACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATIONIS12MILLIONTHEESTIMATEDFAIRVALUEIS780,000AFTERINSPECTIONOFTHEASSETSANDNEGOTIATION,UCOMPANYALSOAGREESTOPAYXCOMPANY70,000INBOOTBASEDONTHISDATA,XCOMPANYHASANEXCHANGEGAINOF150,000ANDUCOMPANYHASAN
14、EXCHANGELOSSOF70,000THECALCULATIONSFORBOTHCOMPANIESAREPRESENTEDINEXHIBIT23JOURNALENTRIESFIVECASESWILLBEUSEDTOILLUSTRATETHEACCOUNTINGFORANEXCHANGEOFNONMONETARYASSETSBASEDONTHEASSUMEDDATAFORXANDUCOMPANIES,JOURNALENTRIESWILLBEPREPAREDFOREACHOFTHECASESCASEONECOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,GAINRECOGNIZEDINCASEONE,I
15、TISASSUMEDTHATTHEEXCHANGETRANSACTIONHASCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCEBASEDONTHECALCULATIONPRESENTEDINEXHIBIT2,XCOMPANYWILLRECOGNIZEAGAINONTHEEXCHANGEOFASSETSDUETOTHEDIFFERENCEINFAIRVALUESOFTHETWOASSETSBEINGEXCHANGED,XCOMPANYWILLALSORECEIVE70,000OFBOOTFROMUCOMPANYUSINGTHEFAIRVALUEVALUATIONPRINCIPLEOFSFASNO153,T
16、HEDOLLARAMOUNTTOBERECORDEDFORTHEASSETRECEIVEDBYXCOMPANY780,000ISEQUALTOTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHEASSETSURRENDEREDBYX850,000MINUSTHECASHRECEIVEDFROMU70,000THEJOURNALENTRYPREPAREDBYXISPRESENTEDBELOWASSETRECEIVED780,000ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION300,000CASH70,000ASSETSURRENDERED1,000,000GAINONEXCHANGE150,000CASETWO
17、NOCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,GAINNOTRECOGNIZEDINCASETWO,THESAMEORIGINALDATAFORXCOMPANYWILLBEUSEDHOWEVER,ITISNOWASSUMEDTHATTHEEXCHANGETRANSACTIONHASNOCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCETHEREFORE,XCOMPANYWILLNOTRECOGNIZETHE150,000GAINONEXCHANGEOFASSETSITISASSUMEDTHATUCOMPANYWILLSTILLPAYXCOMPANYTHE70,000OFBOOTWHENTHEEXCHANGE
18、LACKSCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,SFASNO153REQUIRESTHATTHEVALUATIONOFASSETSBEBASEDONTHEGENERALLEDGERNETCARRYINGVALUEBOOKVALUETHEDOLLARAMOUNTTOBERECORDEDFORTHEASSETRECEIVEDBYXCOMPANY630,000ISEQUALTOTHENETCARRYING4VALUEOFTHEASSETSURRENDEREDBYX700,000MINUSTHECASHRECEIVEDFROMU70,000THEJOURNALENTRYPREPAREDBYXISPR
19、ESENTEDBELOWASSETRECEIVED630,000ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION300,000CASH70,000ASSETSURRENDERED1,000,000CASETHREECOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,LOSSRECOGNIZEDTHENEXTTHREECASESWILLFOCUSONUCOMPANYFORCASETHREE,ITISINITIALLYASSUMEDTHATTHEEXCHANGETRANSACTIONPOSSESSCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCEBASEDONTHECALCULATIONPRESENTEDINEXHIBIT
20、2,UCOMPANYWILLRECOGNIZEALOSSONTHEEXCHANGEOFASSETSITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHESAMEFINANCIALREPORTINGWILLRESULTWHETHERORNOTTHEASSETTOBESURRENDEREDISIMPAIREDORISNOTIMPAIREDINEITHERIMPAIRMENTSITUATION,THELOSSWILLBERECOGNIZED,ANDTHEVALUATIONOFTHEASSETRECEIVEDWILLBETHESAMESINCETHEREISADIFFERENCEINTHEFAIRVALUESO
21、FTHETWOASSETSBEINGEXCHANGED,UCOMPANYWILLPAY70,000OFBOOTTOXCOMPANYLIKETHATOFCASEONE,BECAUSETHEEXCHANGEHASCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,THEFAIRVALUEVALUATIONPRINCIPLEWILLBEUSEDTHEDOLLARAMOUNTTOBERECORDEDFORTHEASSETRECEIVEDBYUCOMPANY850,000ISEQUALTOTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHEASSETSURRENDEREDBYUCOMPANY780,000PLUSTHECASHPAI
22、DTOXCOMPANY70,000THEJOURNALENTRYPREPAREDBYUCOMPANYISPRESENTEDBELOWASSETRECEIVED850,000ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION1,200,000LOSSONEXCHANGE20,000CASH70,000ASSETSURRENDERED2,000,000CASEFOURNOCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,ASSETNOTIMPAIRED,LOSSNOTRECOGNIZEDCASESFOURANDFIVEWILLASSUMETHATTHEEXCHANGETRANSACTIONLACKSCOMMER
23、CIALSUBSTANCEALSO,SINCETHEREWASANIMPLIEDLOSSONTHEEXCHANGETRANSACTIONSEECOLUMNTWOOFEXHIBIT2,UCOMPANYTESTEDTHEASSETTOBESURRENDEREDFORIMPAIRMENTANDFOUNDTHATTHEREWASNOIMPAIRMENTTHEREFORE,GIVENTHATTHETRANSACTIONLACKSCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,SFASNO153SPECIFIESTHATNOLOSSISTOBERECOGNIZEDUCOMPANYWILLSTILLPAYXCOMP
24、ANY70,000OFBOOTTHEASSETWILLBERECORDEDBASEDTHEGENERALLEDGERNETCARRYINGVALUETHEDOLLARAMOUNT870,000TOBERECORDEDBYUCOMPANYFORTHEASSETRECEIVEDFROMXCOMPANYISCOMPUTEDBY5ADDINGTOGETHERTHENETCARRYINGVALUEOFTHEASSETSURRENDEREDBYUCOMPANY800,000ANDTHECASHPAIDBYUCOMPANY70,000THEJOURNALENTRYPREPAREDBYUCOMPANYISPR
25、ESENTEDBELOWASSETRECEIVED870,000ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION1,200,000CASH70,000ASSETSURRENDERED2,000,000CASEFIVENOCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,ASSETIMPAIRED,LOSSRECOGNIZEDINCASEFIVE,UCOMPANYHASAGAINTESTEDTHEASSETTOBESURRENDEREDFORIMPAIRMENTANDTHISTIMEHASDISCOVEREDTHATTHEASSETISIMPAIREDTHEREFORE,ANIMPAIRMENTLOSSWI
26、LLBERECOGNIZEDBEFORERECORDINGTHEEXCHANGEOFASSETSBYRECORDINGTHEIMPAIRMENTLOSSOF20,000,UCOMPANYSACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATIONACCOUNTWILLINCREASEBY20,000CONSEQUENTLY,THENETCARRYINGVALUEONUCOMPANYSBOOKSWILLBE780,000ORIGINALCOSTOF2MILLIONMINUSTHEREVISEDACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATIONOF122MILLIONTHEASSETRECEIVEDBYUCOMP
27、ANYWILLBERECORDEDBASEDONTHEGENERALLEDGERNETCARRYINGVALUEOFTHEASSETSURRENDEREDTHEDOLLARAMOUNT850,000RECORDEDBYUCOMPANYISCOMPUTEDBYADDINGTOGETHERTHENETCARRYINGVALUEOFTHEASSETSURRENDEREDBYUCOMPANY780,000ANDTHECASHPAIDBYUCOMPANY70,000UCOMPANYSJOURNALENTRIESTORECORDTHEIMPAIRMENTLOSSANDTHEEXCHANGETRANSACT
28、IONAREPRESENTEDBELOWLOSSDUETOIMPAIRMENT20,000ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION20,000ASSETRECEIVED850,000ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION1,220,000CASH70,000ASSETSURRENDERED2,000,000SUMMARYFASBSTATEMENTNO153HASIMPROVEDTHEACCOUNTINGFOREXCHANGESOFNONMONETARYASSETSACCOUNTANTSNOLONGERHAVETOATTEMPTTODISCERNWHETHERTHEASSETSBE
29、INGEXCHANGEDARESIMILARORDISSIMILARINNATUREINADDITION,FORTHOSEEXCHANGETRANSACTIONSTHATLACKCOMMERCIALSUBSTANCE,THEACCOUNTINGHASCHANGEDFROMWHATWASREQUIREDBYAPBOPINIONNO29THISARTICLEHASSUMMARIZEDTHENEWREQUIREMENTSOFSFASNO153ANDHASPROVIDEDFIVEILLUSTRATIONSOFACCOUNTINGFOREXCHANGESOFNONMONETARYASSETS6SOURC
30、EDRJOHNJSURDICK,ACCOUNTINGFOREXCHANGEOFASSETSUNDERFASBNO153JCPAJOURNAL,MAY2006,VOL76ISSUE124267译文关于FASB第153号中的资产交易2004年12月，财务会计准则委员会（FASB）在十二月份声明第153号，对APB意见书第29号中非货币性资产交易进行了修订。修订后的指导意见在原来非货币性资产交换的基础上，应根据该资产的公允价值计量的原则。该声明将非货币性交交易中狭义的“同类的生产性资产”替换为有一个更广泛的“非货币性资产”不具有商业实质的交易。该指导将适用于未来对于非货币性资产交换的规定，于2005
31、年6月15日后开始的会计期间开始生效。虽然是这个应用的发生时期允许在签发日期开始后的任何时间里。本文总结了新准则的主要条款，并提供所需的会计例子。计算交易的总收益或亏损，等于资产的市场公允价值与账面价值之间（成本减累计折旧）的差异。有时，资产的市场公允价值更能清晰明显地用来决定换出资产的市场公允价值的依据。对2005年6月15日之后的收益或损失予以确认。对于2005年6月15日之前已确认的全部损失或收益只能部分确认。为确认收益的情况如下1如果获利过程被认为是完整的（不同类资产的交换），全部的收益是公允的。2如果不考虑盈利过程的完成情况（同类资产的交换），并且A不涉及现金，或一部分的收益是公允的
32、；B一部分现金是放弃的，或一部分收益是公允的；C一些收到的现金要使用公式来确定应确认的收益。这个新的声明中不再作出“同类”和“异种”生产性资产的区别，取而代之的是现在需要会计师评估交易的实质。财务会计准则委员会对商业实质的定义是作为交易的商业主体的未来现金流量预计将发生重大改变。对于那些具有商业实质的交易，非货币性资产应当以公允价值入账并适当地确认交易中的收益和损失。然而，对于那些缺乏商业实质的交易，资产以账面价值入账。1、计量原则有些交易所涉及的现金代价，这通常被称为少量“补价”。如果非货币性资8产交换具有商业实质，则该资产的取得成本等于该资产的公允价值加上收到的补价或减去支付的补价，全部确
33、认收益及亏损。另一方面，如果是缺乏商业实质的非货币性资产交换，那么该资产的取得成本等于该资产账面净值加上支付的补价或减去收到的补价。当交换不具有商业实质时，收益和损失可能就不予确认。但是，如果资产的账面净值与其公允价值的比较表明，损失已经发生，那么，适用财务会计准则委员会第144号声明规定，对换出的资产应进行减值测试，根据与财务会计准则第144号第29条指导发现，如果资产被发现有减值，应确认损失。财务会计准则第153号决定的辅助流程图流程图载于表1，将有助于中理解非货币性资产交换的财务报告要求。表一非货币性资产交换具有商业实质不具有商业实质确认收益确认损失不确认收益如果是损失，是否是资产减值换
34、入资产的成本换出资产的公允价值支付的现金收到的现金不是是不确认损失确认损失换入资产的成本换出资产的账面净值支付的现金收到的现金92、资产交换的数据为了阐明SFAS第153号的会计处理规定，我们将使用下面的数据。假设X公司在几年前以100万美元成本购入的有形资产，截止交换日期已累计折旧300,000美元，估计资产的公允价值为85万。X公司将以这个资产换入一个U公司的资产。在U公司的账上，原来的资产的成本为200万美元，累计折旧为120万美元，估计公允价值78万美元。经过评估和谈判，U公司还同意支付X公司在补价70,000美元。根据这些金额，X公司有一个15万美元的收益，U公司有70,000美元的
35、损失。两家公司的计算列于表2表二3、会计处理将用五个案例来说明一个非货币性资产交换的会计处理。假设以X公司和U公司的数据为基础，准备将对每个案例作会计处理。案例一具有商业实质，确认收益在案例一中，它是假设该交易具有商业实质。根据表2中的计算，X公司将确认对资产交换的收益。由于两个交换资产的公允价值是不一样的，X公司也将获得由U公司支付的70000美元的补价。根据会计准则第153号公允价值计价原则，X公司（78万美元）收到的资产的入账金额等于用换出资产X（85万美元）的公允价值减去从U收到（70000美元）现金。X公司的会计处理编写如下借固定资产换入的资产780,000累计折旧300,000X公司U公司原始成本1,000,0002,000,000累计折旧300,0001,200,000账面净值700,000800,000公允价值850,000780,000（收益）或损失150,00020,000收到或（支付）的现金70,00070,00010现金70,000贷固定资产换出的资产1,000,000营业外收入150,000来源DRJOHNJSURDICK,，财务会计准则委员会第153号下的资产交易的会计处理J会计师杂志，2006（5），第1期76卷2426
