1、0外文文献翻译原文RECENTDEVELOPMENTSINFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGSFAS157,FAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,WHICHBECAMEEFFECTIVEINJANUARY2008,DEFINESFAIRVALUEANDPROVIDESCOMPREHENSIVEIMPLEMENTATIONGUIDANCEFORAPPLYINGITTOASSETSANDLIABILITIESFORMEASUREMENTUNDERGAAPSINCETHEN,THEMELTDOWNOFFINANCIALMARKETSANDADEEPENINGRECESSIONHAVELED
2、TOAREAPPRAISALOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGCRITICSARGUETHATTHEFAIRVALUEACCOUNTING,COMMONLYCALLEDMARKTOMARKETACCOUNTING,HASEXACERBATEDTHECRISISBYREQUIRINGSIGNIFICANTWRITEDOWNOFASSETS,RESULTINGINSHARPDECREASESINREGULATORYCAPITALOFBANKSANDOTHERFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSSEEWILLIAMISAAC,“HOWTOSAVETHEFINANCIALSYSTEM,”
3、WALLSTREETJOURNAL,SEPTEMBER19,2008JOHNBERLAU“MAYBETHEBANKSAREJUSTCOUNTINGWRONG,”WALLSTREETJOURNAL,SEPTEMBER20,2008GARYGORTON,“THEPANICOF2007,”YALEICFWORKINGPAPERNO0824,SSRNCOM/ABSTRACT1255362THECRISISLEDTOSWIFTANDUNPRECEDENTEDACTIONSFROMTHETREASURYDEPARTMENT,THEFEDERALRESERVE,ANDCONGRESS,INCLUDINGTH
4、E700BILLIONTROUBLEDASSETSRELIEFPROGRAMTARPTOHELPFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSINOCTOBER2008,CONGRESSPASSEDTHEEMERGENCYECONOMICSTABILIZATIONACT,AUTHORIZINGTHESECTOSUSPENDSFAS157FORSOMEISSUERSORCERTAINTRANSACTIONSINORDERTOPROTECTINVESTORSANDTHEPUBLICINTERESTTHEACTALSODIRECTEDTHESECTOSTUDYTHESTANDARDSIMPACTONFI
5、NANCIALINSTITUTIONSBALANCESHEETSANDONBANKFAILURES,ASWELLASTOSUGGESTALTERNATIVEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFASBSOONISSUEDTHREESTAFFPOSITIONSFSPFSPFAS1574,“DETERMININGFAIRVALUEWHENTHEVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITYFORTHEASSETORLIABILITYHAVESIGNIFICANTLYDECREASEDANDIDENTIFYINGTRANSACTIONSTHATARENOTORDERLY”FSPFAS1071AN
6、DAPB281,“INTERIMDISCLOSURESABOUTFAIRVALUEOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTS”ANDFSPFAS1152AND1242,“RECOGNITIONANDPRESENTATIONOFOTHERTHANTEMPORARYIMPAIRMENTS”ASPARTOFITSRESPONSETOTHECONCERNSRELATEDTOMEASUREMENTANDRECOGNITIONOFFAIRVALUEININACTIVE1MARKETSTHEAUTHORSDISCUSSHOWTOIMPLEMENTTHESEFSPS,PROVIDEEXAMPLESANDDE
7、CISIONFLOWCHARTSTOAIDTHEPROCESS,ANDDISCUSSTHEIRIMPLICATIONSFORBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONONFSPFAS1574,ITSLINKAGEWITHSFAS157,ANDTHEMARKETANDPREPARERSREACTIONSTOIT,SEE“FAIRVALUESHOWMEETSWHENTHECOMPLICATIONSOFAPPLYINGMARKTOMARKETACCOUNTINGINANINACTIVEMARKET,”BYCHENGKANG,THECPAJOURNAL,AUGUST2009SFAS157ESTABLI
8、SHESATHREETIERHIERARCHYOFOBSERVABLEORUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSLEVEL1INPUTSAREQUOTEDPRICESUNADJUSTEDFORIDENTICALASSETSORLIABILITIESINACTIVEMARKETS,SUCHASTHESTOCKPRICEOFAPUBLICLYTRADEDCORPORATIONLEVEL2INPUTSAREQUOTEDPRICESFORSIMILARASSETSANDLIABILITIES,INPUTSOTHERTHANQUOTEDPRICESTHATAREOBSERVABLEFORTHEASSETO
9、RLIABILITYEG,INTERESTRATES,YIELDCURVES,ORINPUTSTHATAREDERIVEDPRINCIPALLYFROMORCORROBORATEDBYOBSERVABLEMARKETDATABYCORRELATIONOROTHERMEANSLEVEL3INPUTSAREUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSTHATREFLECTAREPORTINGENTITYSOWNASSUMPTIONSWITHLITTLEORNOCORROBORATIONWITHOBSERVABLEMARKETDATAABOUTASSUMPTIONSTHATMARKETPARTICIPANT
10、SWOULDUSEINPRICINGTHEASSETORLIABILITYOBSERVABLEINPUTSAREBASEDONINDEPENDENTMARKETDATA,WHILEUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSREFLECTTHECOMPANYSOWNASSUMPTIONSSFAS157REQUIRESMAXIMIZINGOBSERVABLEINPUTSLEVEL1ANDMINIMIZINGUNOBSERVABLELEVEL3INPUTSASMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUESTODETERMINEFAIRVALUETHECURRENTCREDITCRISISHASINCREASE
11、DTHEDIFFICULTYINMEASURINGMANYFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESFAIRVALUE,PARTICULARLYREPACKAGEDCOMPLEXFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSSUCHASMORTGAGEBACKEDORASSETBACKEDSECURITIESVALUINGTHEMOFTENINVOLVESUSINGLEVEL2INPUTSTHEFREEZINGOFMARKETSFORMANYFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSHASFORCEDCOMPANIESTORELYINCREASINGLYONLEVEL3INPUTSTO
12、VALUESUCHASSETSFSPSFAS1573AND1574TOCLARIFYTHEAPPLICATIONOFSFAS157ININACTIVEMARKETS,INOCTOBER2008FASBISSUEDFSPFAS1573,“DETERMININGTHEFAIRVALUEOFAFINANCIALASSETWHENTHEMARKETFORTHATASSETISNOTACTIVE”FSPFAS1573NOTESTHATWHEN2SIGNIFICANTDECLINESINANASSETSVOLUMEANDLEVELOFTRADINGACTIVITYOCCUR,AVAILABLEPRICES
13、VARYSIGNIFICANTLYOVERTIMEORAMONGMARKETPARTICIPANTS,ANDIFOBSERVABLEPRICESARENOTCURRENT,THEMARKETSMAYBEDEEMEDINACTIVETHEFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTOBJECTIVESOFSFAS157SHOULDAPPLYEQUALLYTOINACTIVEANDACTIVEMARKETSNEVERTHELESS,FSPFAS1573DOESNOTDEFINE“INACTIVE,”ANDWHILEITMENTIONSSEVERALFACTORSSUCHASQUOTEDPRICES,A
14、NALYSTREPORTS,INTERESTRATES,ANDBROKERQUOTESTOBECONSIDEREDINDETERMININGFAIRVALUE,ITPROVIDESNOGUIDANCEASTOTHEIRRELATIVEIMPORTANCEORHOWTOAGGREGATETHEMCOMPANIESTHEMSELVESSHOULDDETERMINEWHETHERTHEMARKETFORAPARTICULARASSETISINACTIVEONTHEMEASUREMENTDATEAND,IFSO,DECIDEONTHENECESSARYADJUSTMENTSFOROBSERVABLEI
15、NPUTSFSPFAS1573ALSOREQUIRESTHECONSIDERATIONOFNONPERFORMANCEANDLIQUIDITYRISKSINVALUATIONNONPERFORMANCERISKREFERSTOOBLIGATIONSTHATTHELIABILITYWILLNOTBEFULFILLEDLIQUIDITYRISKREFERSTOTHEBUYERFINDINGDIFFICULTYSELLINGTHEASSETUNDERCURRENTMARKETCONDITIONSADDINGLIQUIDITYPREMIUMS,WHICHCANBESUBSTANTIALININACTI
16、VEMARKETS,PUTSTHEFAIRVALUEBACKTOWHATTHEMARKETPARTICIPANTSWILLPAYATTHEMEASUREMENTDATE,ESSENTIALLYREFLECTINGINACTIVEORDISORDERLYMARKETSTHESESHORTCOMINGSLEDFASBTORESCINDFSPFAS1573INAPRIL2009,MAKINGITEFFECTIVEONLYFROMTHELASTQUARTEROF2008TOTHEFIRSTQUARTEROF2009THESECSDECEMBER2008MARKTOMARKETACCOUNTINGSTU
17、DYHADRECOMMENDEDTHATFASBPROVIDEADDITIONALGUIDANCETOIDENTIFYFORCEDORDISTRESSEDTRANSACTIONSANDINACTIVEMARKETSANDDETERMINEFAIRVALUEUNDERSUCHCONDITIONSINMARCH2009,THEHOUSEFINANCIALSERVICESCOMMITTEEHELDAHEARINGONMARKTOMARKETACCOUNTING,WHEREITURGEDFASBTOACTQUICKLYORFACELEGISLATIVEINTERVENTIONTOMEETTHESECM
18、ANDATEANDTOADDRESSTHECONCERNSEXPRESSEDATTHEHEARING,INAPRIL2009FASBISSUEDFSPFAS1574SUPERSEDINGFSPFAS1573,FSPFAS1574BECAMEEFFECTIVEFORREPORTINGPERIODSENDINGAFTERJUNE15,2009,ANDSHOULDBEAPPLIEDPROSPECTIVELYASACHANGEINESTIMATEFSPFAS1574REITERATESTHEORIGINALSFAS157POSITIONTHATFAIRVALUEISTHEPRICETHATWOULDB
19、ERECEIVEDTOSELLANASSET3ORPAIDTOTRANSFERALIABILITYINANORDERLYNOTAFORCEDLIQUIDATIONORDISTRESSEDSALETRANSACTIONBETWEENMARKETPARTICIPANTSATTHEMEASUREMENTDATEUNDERCURRENTMARKETCONDITIONSSFAS157STRESSEDTHEUSEOFOBSERVABLELEVEL1ANDLEVEL2INPUTSTHATDONOTREQUIRESIGNIFICANTADJUSTMENTTHEFSPNOTESTHATOBSERVABLEINP
20、UTSSHOULDBE“RELEVANT”TOTHESECURITY,THATIS,UNOBSERVABLE,RELEVANTINPUTSAREPREFERREDOVEROBSERVABLEONESTHEGUIDANCEDOESNOTAPPLYTOQUOTEDPRICESFORANIDENTICALASSETORLIABILITYINANACTIVEMARKETLEVEL1INPUTS,ANDITSTATESTHATSIGNIFICANTDECLINESINVOLUMEDONOTBYTHEMSELVESMAKETHEMARKETINACTIVE“INACTIVE”REPRESENTINGASI
21、GNIFICANTDECREASEINVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITYWHENCOMPAREDWITHNORMALMARKETACTIVITY,RATHERTHANACOMPLETEABSENCEOFTRANSACTIONSTHEMARKETISSTILLCONSIDEREDACTIVEFORFREQUENTLYOCCURRINGTRANSACTIONSUNLIKEFSPFAS1573,THEFSPFAS1574AVOIDSTHENEEDTOIDENTIFYTHELASTTRANSACTIONINACTIVEMARKETSITINSTEADPROVIDESASETOFINDIC
22、ATORSOFINACTIVEMARKETSFORASSETSORLIABILITIESTHEREAREFEWRECENTTRANSACTIONSPRICEQUOTATIONSARENOTBASEDONCURRENTINFORMATIONPRICEQUOTATIONSVARYSUBSTANTIALLYEITHEROVERTIMEORAMONGMARKETMAKERSINDICESTHATWEREPREVIOUSLYHIGHLYCORRELATEDWITHTHEFAIRVALUESOFTHEASSETORLIABILITYARENOWDEMONSTRABLYUNCORRELATEDWITHREC
23、ENTINDICATIONSOFFAIRVALUETHEREISASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINIMPLIEDLIQUIDITYRISKPREMIUMS,YIELDS,ORPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFOROBSERVEDTRANSACTIONSORQUOTEDPRICESWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHEREPORTINGENTITYSESTIMATEOFEXPECTEDCASHFLOWSTHEREISAWIDEBIDASKSPREADORASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINTHEBIDASKSPREADTHEREISASIGNIFICANTDECLIN
24、EORABSENCEOFAMARKETFORNEWISSUANCESIE,APRIMARYMARKETFORTHEASSETORLIABILITYORSIMILARASSETSORLIABILITIESLITTLEINFORMATIONISRELEASEDPUBLICLYEG,APRINCIPALTOPRINCIPALMARKETTHEABOVELISTISNOTEXHAUSTIVEAFTERCONCLUDINGTHATTHEMARKETFORAPARTICULARASSETORLIABILITYHASBECOMEINACTIVE,ANENTITYSHOULDANALYZEAVAILABLET
25、RANSACTIONSOR4QUOTEDPRICESTODETERMINEWHETHERTHEYAREDISORDERLYIE,DISTRESSEDORFORCEDTOHELPMAKETHISDETERMINATION,THEFSPPROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGINDICATORSOFDISORDERLYTRANSACTIONSTHEREWASNOTADEQUATEEXPOSURETOTHEMARKETFORAPERIODBEFORETHEMEASUREMENTDATETOALLOWFORUSUALANDCUSTOMARYMARKETINGACTIVITIESTHEREWASAUSU
26、ALANDCUSTOMARYMARKETINGPERIOD,BUTTHESELLERMARKETEDTHEASSETORLIABILITYTOASINGLEMARKETPARTICIPANTTHESELLERISINORNEARBANKRUPTCYORRECEIVERSHIPIE,DISTRESSED,ORTHESELLERWASREQUIREDTOSELLTOMEETREGULATORYORLEGALREQUIREMENTSIE,FORCEDTHETRANSACTIONPRICEISANOUTLIERWHENCOMPAREDTOOTHERRECENTTRANSACTIONSFORANIDEN
27、TICALORSIMILARASSETORLIABILITYUSEOFTRANSACTIONPRICESINDETERMININGFAIRVALUETHEWEIGHTPLACEDONATRANSACTIONININACTIVEMARKETDEPENDSONWHETHERTHETRANSACTIONISORDERLYBASEDUPONTHEFOLLOWINGFSPGUIDANCEEXHIBIT1IFTHETRANSACTIONISNOTORDERLY,PLACELITTLE,IFANY,WEIGHTCOMPAREDWITHOTHERINDICATORSOFFAIRVALUEONTHATTRANS
28、ACTIONPRICEWHENESTIMATINGFAIRVALUEORMARKETRISKPREMIUMSIFTHETRANSACTIONISORDERLYWHENESTIMATINGFAIRVALUEORMARKETRISKPREMIUMS,THEWEIGHTONTHATTRANSACTIONPRICEDEPENDSUPONFACTORSSUCHASTHEVOLUMEOFTHETRANSACTION,COMPARABILITYOFTHETRANSACTIONTOTHEASSETORLIABILITYMEASUREDATFAIRVALUE,ANDPROXIMITYOFTHETRANSACTI
29、ONTOTHEMEASUREMENTDATEIFITCANNOTBEDETERMINEDWHETHERTHETRANSACTIONISORDERLY,DONOTUSETHATTRANSACTIONPRICEASTHESOLEORPRIMARYBASISTOESTIMATEFAIRVALUEORMARKETRISKPREMIUMSSUCHTRANSACTIONSSHOULDRECEIVELESSWEIGHTTHANORDERLYTRANSACTIONSADJUSTMENTSTOTRANSACTIONPRICESININACTIVEMARKETSFSPFAS1574STRESSESTHATAFAI
30、RVALUEMEASUREMENTSHOULDINCLUDEARISKPREMIUMTHEAMOUNTMARKETPARTICIPANTSWOULDDEMANDDUETOTHERISKUNCERTAINTYINTHEASSOCIATEDCASHFLOWSTHERISKPREMIUM5SHOULDREFLECTANORDERLYTRANSACTIONIE,NOTAFORCEDORDISTRESSEDSALEBETWEENMARKETPARTICIPANTSATTHEMEASUREMENTDATEUNDERCURRENTMARKETCONDITIONSITSPECIFICALLYPROHIBITS
31、CONSIDERINGAREPORTINGENTITYSINTENTIONTOHOLDTHEASSETORLIABILITYBECAUSEFAIRVALUEISAMARKETBASEDMEASUREMENT,NOTANENTITYSPECIFICMEASUREMENTPRICESSHOULDBEADJUSTEDFORDISORDERLYTRANSACTIONSSIGNIFICANTADJUSTMENTSALSOMAYBENEEDEDTOMAKETHEMMORECOMPARABLETOTHEMEASUREDASSETORFOROLDTRANSACTIONSWHILENOTINDICATINGPR
32、ECISELYHOWORWHATADJUSTMENTSTOMAKETOTRANSACTIONPRICESBEFOREUSINGTHEMTODETERMINEFAIRVALUE,FSPFAS1574PROVIDESSOMETIPSFORDOINGSOCHANGETHEVALUATIONTECHNIQUEORUSEMULTIPLEVALUATIONTECHNIQUESEG,MARKETAPPROACHESANDPRESENTVALUETECHNIQUESTOYIELDARANGEOFFAIRVALUEESTIMATESSELECTTHEPOINTWITHINTHATRANGETHATISMOSTR
33、EPRESENTATIVEOFFAIRVALUEUNDERCURRENTMARKETCONDITIONSASTHEFAIRVALUEESTIMATEIFTHERANGEISWIDE,USEFURTHERANALYSISTONARROWITDOWNIFUSINGBROKERVALUATIONQUOTES,PLACELESSWEIGHTONQUOTESNOTREFLECTINGTRANSACTIONRESULTSWHEREBOTHANINDICATIVEPRICEANDBINDINGOFFERCANBEOBTAINED,GIVEMOREWEIGHTTOTHEBINDINGOFFERDISCLOSU
34、RESFSPFAS1574STRENGTHENSANDEXPANDSTHEDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSCOMPANIESXYZCOMPANYDOESNOTINTENDTOSELLTHESECURITYANDITISNOTMORELIKELYTHANNOTTHATTHEINVESTORWILLBEREQUIREDTOSELLTHESECURITYBEFORERECOVERYOFITSAMORTIZEDCOSTBASISASSHOWNINTHETABLEBELOW,THEENTITYSEPARATESTHETOTALIMPAIRMENTOF20,000COSTBASISOF50,0
35、00,LESSFAIRVALUEOF30,000ASOFDECEMBER31,2008INTOCREDITLOSSOF6,873,THEAMOUNTREPRESENTINGTHEDECREASEINEXPECTEDCASHFLOWSEXPECTEDTOBECOLLECTED,DISCOUNTEDATTHEORIGINALEFFECTIVERATEOF4,ANDOTHERTHANTEMPORARYIMPAIRMENTOTTIOF13,127,THEAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTATTRIBUTABLETOALLOTHERFACTORSINACCORDANCEWITHFSPFAS1152,X
36、YZRECOGNIZESTHEIMPAIRMENTRELATEDTOACREDITLOSSOF6,873INEARNINGSANDRECOGNIZESTHEREMAININGIMPAIRMENTOF13,127SEPARATELYINOTHERCOMPREHENSIVEINCOMEOCITHENEWCOSTBASISISNOW643,127INCOMESTATEMENTPRESENTATIONTHETOTALOTTIMUSTBEPRESENTEDINTHESTATEMENTOFEARNINGSWITHANOFFSETFORTHEAMOUNTOFTHETOTALOTTIIMPAIRMENTTHA
37、TISRECOGNIZEDINOCITHEINCOMEPRESENTATIONISASFOLLOWSTOTALOTTILOSSESONSECURITIES20,000PORTIONOFLOSSRECOGNIZEDINOTHERCOMPREHENSIVEINCOME13,127NETIMPAIRMENTLOSSESRECOGNIZEDINEARNINGS6,873INTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSWHERETHECOMPONENTSOFOCIANDBYEXTENSION,ACCUMULATEDOCIAREREPORTED,THEAMOUNTSRELATEDTOHELDTOMATUR
38、ITYANDAVAILABLEFORSALEDEBTSECURITIESFORWHICHAPORTIONOFANOTTIHASBEENRECOGNIZEDINEARNINGSSHOULDBESEPARATELYPRESENTEDSOUCEAVINASHARYAANDALANREINSTEIN,ACCOUNYINGFAS的1071和APB281，”文书“中期财务披露公允价值的简介和FAS的1152和1242，“承认和介绍其他非暂时性减值”作为市场的一部分，其响应无效的关注有关公平价值衡量和认可。作者讨论了如何落实这些金融服务商，提供实例和决策流程图，以帮助这一进程，并讨论它们的影响。的背景资料，
39、FAS的1574，其SFAS第157联动，市场和报税的反应吧，看到“公允价值的如何会见当在马克的并发症对市场会计的应用市场不活跃，“郑康，注册会计师杂志，2009年8月。SFAS第157条设立了一个观察或不可观察输入三级层次结构。一级输入报价，如价格（未经调整）相同资产或负债在活跃市场股票价格的上市公司。2级输入相关价格均以类似资产和负债，按投入以外报价数据可观察的资产或负债（例如，利率，收益曲线市场），或投入被证实主要来自或观察或其他方式。3级输入不可观察输入，反映报告主体自8己的假设（很少或没有数据佐证与观察到的市场）有关的假设，市场参与者将利用定价的资产或负债。观察数据是根据独立的市场数
40、据，而不可观察的输入反映了公司自己的假设。SFAS第157条规定最大限度地观察输入（1级）和减少不可观察（三级）技术输入，测量，以确定公允价值。目前的信贷危机，增加了价值难以衡量许多金融资产和负债的公允尤其是复杂的金融工具重新包装如抵押担保或资产抵押证券。重视他们往往涉及到使用二级投入。这些仪器冻结金融市场，迫使许多公司越来越依赖三级投入价值的资产。FAS的1573和1574金融服务商要澄清SFAS第157个市场中的应用无效财务会计准则委员会，2008年10月颁布了FSPFAS的1573“，确定金融资产的公允价值的资产时该市场不活跃。”FAS的1573活动时指出，在发生重大资产下降的交易量和水
41、平，大大超过现有价格不一时间或市场参与者，如果不是最新的观察价格，市场可能会被视为无效。公平价值SFAS第157号测量目标应同样适用于不积极，活跃的市场。然而，FAS的1573没有界定“不活跃”，虽然它提到经纪报价几个因素，如报价，分析报告，利率，并可以考虑在确定公允价值，它提供了其相对任何指导，以重要性或如何聚集他们。公司本身应确定是否为特定的资产市场是无效的测量日期，如果是这样，决定对观察数据进行必要的调整。FAS的1573还需要考虑的估值和流动性风险不履行。不履约风险是指履行义务的责任将不会风险是指买方难以找到出售资产。目前的市场条件下的流动性增加的流动性溢价，它可以在市场上大量无效，放
42、回到什么公平价值市场与会者将在计量支付日期，基本上反映了无效或无序的市场。这些缺陷导致财务会计准则委员会2009年4月撤销FAS的1573，使其有效的只是从2008年最后一个季度2009年第一季度到。SEC的2008年12月的标记TOMARKET会计财务会计准则委员会的研究建议，提供更多的指导，以确定强迫或不良交易和市场不活跃，并确定公允价值的条件下。2009年3月，美国众议院金融服务委员会举行的听证会上盯市场会计，财务会计准则委员会在它敦促迅速采取行动，否则将面临法律的干预。为了满足美国证券交易委员会的任务和解决FAS的1574的关注在听证会上表示，2009年4月财务会计准则委员会颁布了FS
43、P。9FAS157的取代，FAS的1574生效，2009年为报告期后结束6月15日，并应采用未来适用法。估计变更为3FAS的1574重申原有立场，即SFAS第157条的公允价值支付的价格是否会被接受出售或转让资产有序被迫（不是销售）市场参与者之间的交易时，测量条件下清盘或不良日期目前在市场上的责任。SFAS第157条强调的使用观察（1级和2级）的投入，不需要重大调整。指出，观察的投入应该是“有关”的安全，即不可观察，相关投入观察是首选。本指南不适用于所报价格相同资产或负债在活跃市场（1级输入），并指出，在做自己货量则显着下降，令市场不活跃（“不活跃”的代表数量大幅减少和活动水平较正常的市场交易
44、活动，而不是缺少一个完整的）。市场仍然被认为是1573FAS的活跃频繁发生的交易。不像，FAS的1574的避免了需要确定最后交易活跃的市场。它，而不是提供了一个集或负债为资产市场不活跃指标有几个最近的交易。价格报价单不能赔偿责任为基础的最新信息。价格或报价或有很大差异随着时间的推移或在市场上的资产者。公允价值相关，与先前指数高度正明显无关以公允价值最近表示的。有一个报价大幅增加，暗示流动性风险溢价，收益率交易或或性能指标，观察到流量比报告实体现金的估计预期。有一个广泛的买入及卖出传播或者有。大幅增加，买卖价差有显着下降或缺乏市场新发行或责任或类似的资产或负债（即初级市场）的资产。小资料公开发布
45、（例如，主要对主要市场）。上述清单并不详尽。负债后得出结论认为，市场对特定资产或已变为无效，应分析现有的实体交易或报价，以确定它们是否是无序的（例如，苦恼或强迫）。为了帮助实现这一决心，提供了以下指标无序的交易有没有足够的暴露在市场的日期前的测量，以期让营销活动习惯有一个习惯，通常销售期，但卖方销售的资产或负债一市场参与者。卖方或在其附近接管破产或（即心疼），或卖方必须出售给符合法规或法律要求（即强制）。10交易价格就比其他最近离群。就相同或类似的资产或负债的交易中交易价格确定使用公允价值不活跃市场交易中的份量放在取决于该交易有序）基于以下指导（图表1积极重量观察交易1很少，如果有的话，重量上
46、观察到的交易使用观察价格（第一级输入）交易是否有秩序减体重相比，有秩序的交易是不是是无法说明不是如果交易是不是有序，地方不大，如果有的话，重量或市场如果风险溢价。交易（与其他指标相比，公允价值）的交易价格是公允价值时，估计是有秩序的时候估计公平价值或市场风险溢价，重量该交易价格而定。经等因素作为量可比性的交易，交易的计量资产或负债按公允接近价值，交易到测量日期如果它无法确定是否交易秩序，不要使用或交易价格的主要依据是作为唯一的估计公平价值或市场风险溢价交易者少交易。重量比有序的调整等1574FAS的对交易价格在市场不活跃强调公平价值衡量应包括风险溢价，市场参与者的数量需求，由于相关的现金流量的
47、风险（不确定性）英寸风险溢价应该反映市场参与者即强迫或计量日在当前市场条件下，不是心疼销售）之间的有序交易（。它明确禁止审议报告实体的打算持有该资产或负债的公允价值，因为是一个以市场为基础的测量，而不是一个实体的具体测量。交易价格应该是无序调整。重大调整也可能需要，使他们更具有可比性的计量资产或旧的交易。虽然没有确切说明如何或有什么调整，使公允价值确定交易价格，然后利用他们，FAS的1574提供了这样一些秘诀更改或使用多种估值方法估值技术（例如，市场的办法和现在值技术），以产市场是否活跃11生的公允价值估计范围。立方米点选择在该范围内最有代表性的是公平的价值下披露FAS的1574加强和扩大了信
48、息披露的要求。公司信用缺失的测量及下的会计FAS的1152插图年份合约现金流量预期现金流现金流量减少20092,0002,00020102,0002,00020112,0001,0001,000201252,00045,0007,000现金流量合计58,00050,0008,000现值50,00043,1276,8732008年底账面价值50,000A信用缺失50,00043,1276,873B由于其他因素的减值43,12730,00013,127在2008AB总减值20,000截至12月公允价值31,200830,00012折扣为4请看以下事实模式公司购买了AAA级的五年，4，12月31日。
49、，2007年50,000债券按面值购买的XYZ的时间在市场利率为4。公司分类出售债券作为可供（AFS）的安全性根据SFAS115。2008其间，债券发行人的财务状况遇到了困难按时支付利息，由于其恶化。条件是由于部分由全行业的需求持续下降，这将可能在可预见的未来。债券的信用评级被降级为咩。某某认为这些信息以及其他因素，本金及相关利息的收回。信息的基础上所有可用的，它决定，截至2008年12月31日，只有港元利息1000将于2011年收集的。此外，该公司预计，2012年将无法收取任何利息，只为本金45000人将收集。截至12月31日，2008年，安全公允价值为30,000元。现值计算，列于下表。某某公司不打算出售的安全，这是不较有可能，投资者将被要求出售的摊余成本的基础上恢复其安全性之前。如下面所示表，实体分隔）到减值20,000元（成本计算的净收入为50,000元以下的公允价值30,00012月31日2008年总信贷6873亏损为，其数额相当于流动减少的预期现金预计将收集折扣在原实际利率为4其他非暂时性减值（森特奥蒂）的13127美元的因素减值金额占所有其他。根据在1152FAS和某某承认减值相关的信贷损失在收入6873元，并确认在（保监处其他综合收入），其
