1、外文文献翻译原文ISITFAIRTOBLAMEFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORTHEFINANCIALCRISISWHATWASTHEPRIMARYCAUSEOFTHECURRENTFINANCIALCRISISSUBPRIMEMORTGAGES,CREDITDEFAULTSWAPS,OREXCESSIVEDEBTNONEOFTHOSE,SAYSSTEVEFORBES,CHAIRMANOFFORBESMEDIAANDSOMETIMEPOLITICALCANDIDATEINHISVIEW,MARKTOMARKETACCOUNTINGWAS“THEPRINCIPALREASON“THA
2、TTHEUSFINANCIALSYSTEMMELTEDDOWNIN2008DOACCOUNTINGRULESACTUALLYPACKSUCHAWALLOPFORREADERSNOTSCHOOLEDINFINANCIALJARGON,MARKINGTOMARKETISTHEPRACTICEOFREVALUINGANASSETQUARTERLYACCORDINGTOTHEPRICEITWOULDFETCHIFSOLDONTHEOPENMARKET,REGARDLESSOFWHATWASACTUALLYPAIDFORITBECAUSETHEPRACTICEALLOWSFORNOOUTDATEDORW
3、ISHFULTHINKINGVALUATIONS,ITISAKEYCOMPONENTOFWHATISKNOWNASFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDITISATTHECENTEROFTHEHOTTESTACCOUNTINGDEBATEINDECADESMANYBANKERSPILLORIEDFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGWHENTHESUDDENSEIZEUPOFCREDITMARKETSINTHEFALLOF2008DROVETHECLEARINGPRICESFORKEYASSETSHELDBYTHEIRINSTITUTIONSTOUNPRECEDENTEDLOWSECON
4、OMISTBRIANWESBURYREPRESENTEDTHEVIEWSOFTHATGROUPWHENHEDECLARED,“MARKTOMARKETACCOUNTINGRULESHAVETURNEDALARGEPROBLEMINTOAHUMONGOUSONEAVASTMAJORITYOFMORTGAGES,CORPORATEBONDS,ANDSTRUCTUREDDEBTSARESTILLPERFORMINGBUTBECAUSETHEMARKETISFROZEN,THEPRICESOFTHESEASSETSHAVEFALLENBELOWTHEIRTRUEVALUE“WESBURYANDFORB
5、ESARGUETHATMARKINGTOMARKETPUSHEDMANYBANKSTOWARDINSOLVENCYANDFORCEDTHEMTOUNLOADASSETSATFIRESALEPRICES,WHICHTHENCAUSEDVALUESTOFALLEVENFURTHERPERSUADEDBYSUCHARGUMENTS,SOMEPOLITICIANSINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDEUROPEHAVECALLEDFORTHESUSPENSIONOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINFAVOROFHISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTING,INWHICHASSETSA
6、REGENERALLYVALUEDATORIGINALCOSTORPURCHASEPRICEYETMARKTOMARKETACCOUNTINGCONTINUESTOHAVEITSPROPONENTS,WHOAREEQUALLYADAMANTLISAKOONCE,ANACCOUNTINGPROFESSORATTHEUNIVERSITYOFTEXAS,WROTEINTEXASMAGAZINE“THISISSIMPLYACASEOFBLAMINGTHEMESSENGERFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGISNOTTHECAUSEOFTHECURRENTRISISRATHER,ITCOMMUNIC
7、ATEDTHEEFFECTSOFSUCHBADDECISIONSASGRANTINGSUBPRIMELOANSANDWRITINGCREDITDEFAULTSWAPSTHEALTERNATIVE,KEEPINGTHOSELOANSONTHEBOOKSATTHEIRORIGINALAMOUNTS,ISAKINTOIGNORINGREALITY“SHAREHOLDERGROUPSHAVEGONEEVENFURTHER,ASSERTINGTHATMARKINGTOMARKETISALLTHEMORENECESSARYINTODAYSENVIRONMENTTHEINVESTMENTADVISORYGR
8、OUPOFTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDFASBSTRESSEDTHAT“ITISESPECIALLYCRITICALTHATFAIRVALUEINFORMATIONBEAVAILABLETOCAPITALPROVIDERSANDOTHERUSERSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSINPERIODSOFMARKETTURMOILACCOMPANIEDBYLIQUIDITYCRUNCHES“INTHISVIEW,IFBANKSDIDNOTMARKTHEIRBONDSTOMARKET,INVESTORSWOULDBEVERYUNCERTAINAB
9、OUTASSETVALUESANDTHEREFORERELUCTANTTOHELPRECAPITALIZETROUBLEDINSTITUTIONSWHICHCAMPHASTHERIGHTANSWERPERHAPSNEITHERWEDONOTWANTBANKSTOBECOMEINSOLVENTBECAUSEOFSHORTTERMDECLINESINTHEPRICESOFMORTGAGERELATEDSECURITIESNORDOWEWANTTOHIDEBANKLOSSESFROMINVESTORSANDDELAYTHECLEANUPOFTOXICASSETSASHAPPENEDINJAPANIN
10、THEDECADEAFTER1990TOMEETTHELEGITIMATENEEDSOFBOTHBANKERSANDINVESTORS,REGULATORYOFFICIALSSHOULDADOPTNEWMULTIDIMENSIONALAPPROACHESTOFINANCIALREPORTINGBEFOREWECANBEGINTOIMPLEMENTSENSIBLEREFORMS,THOUGH,WEMUSTFIRSTCLEARUPSOMEMISPERCEPTIONSABOUTACCOUNTINGMETHODSCRITICSHAVEOFTENLAMBASTEDTHEREQUIREMENTTOWRIT
11、EDOWNIMPAIREDASSETSTOTHEIRFAIRVALUE,BUTINREALITYIMPAIRMENTISAMOREIMPORTANTCONCEPTFORHISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTINGTHANFORFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGMANYJOURNALISTSHAVEINCORRECTLYASSUMEDTHATMOSTASSETSOFBANKSAREREPORTEDATFAIRMARKETVALUE,RATHERTHANATHISTORICALCOSTSIMILARLY,MANYPOLITICIANSHAVEASSUMEDTHATMOSTILLIQUIDA
12、SSETSMUSTBEVALUEDATMARKETPRICES,DESPITESEVERALFASBRULINGSTOTHECONTRARYEACHOFTHESEMYTHSBEARSCLOSEEXAMINATIONMATH1HISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTINGHASNONONNECTIONTOCURRENTMARKETVALUEFAIRVALUEPROPONENTSARGUETHATHISTORICALCOSTSOFASSETSONACOMPANYSBALANCESHEETOFTENBEARLITTLERELATIONTOTHEIRCURRENTVALUEUNDERHISTORIC
13、ALCOSTACCOUNTINGRULES,MOSTASSETSARECARRIEDATTHEIRPURCHASEPRICEORORIGINALVALUE,WITHMINORADJUSTMENTSFORDEPRECIATIONOVERTHEIRLIFEORFORAPPRECIATIONUNTILMATURITYABUILDINGOWNEDBYACOMPANYFORDECADES,THEREFORE,ISLIKELYTOAPPEARONTHEBOOKSATAMUCHLOWERVALUETHANITWOULDACTUALLYCOMMANDINTODAYSMARKETHOWEVER,EVENUNDE
14、RHISTORICALACCOUNTING,CURRENTMARKETVALUESAREFACTOREDINTOFINANCIALSTATEMENTSUSREGULATORSREQUIREALLPUBLICLYTRADEDCOMPANIESTOSCRUTINIZETHEIRASSETSCAREFULLYEACHQUARTERANDASCERTAINWHETHERTHEYHAVEBEENPERMANENTLYIMPAIREDTHATIS,WHETHERTHEIRMARKETVALUEISLIKELYTOREMAINMATERIALLYBELOWTHEIRHISTORICALCOSTFORANEX
15、TENDEDPERIODIFTHEIMPAIRMENTISNOTJUSTTEMPORARY,THECOMPANYMUSTWRITETHEASSETDOWNTOITSCURRENTMARKETVALUEONITSBALANCESHEETANDRECORDTHERESULTINGLOSSONITSINCOMESTATEMENTMATH2MOSTASSETSOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSAREMARKEDTOMARKETTHOSEWHOHEAPBLAMEONTHEHEADOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGLIKETOIMPLYTHATFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS
16、SAWAMAJORITYOFTHEIRASSETSMARKEDTOTHEDETERIORATINGMARKETINFACT,ACCORDINGTOANSECSTUDYINLATE2008,ONLY31OFBANKASSETSWERETREATEDINTHISFASHION,ANDTHERESTWEREACCOUNTEDFORATHISTORICALCOSTMATH3ASSETSMUSTBEVALUEDATCURRENTMARKETPRICESEVENIFTHEMARKETFORTHEMISILLIQUIDLEVELLEVEL1ASSETSLEVEL2ASSETSLEVEL3ASSETSLIQU
17、IDITYSTANDARDMOSTLIQUIDITYMODERATELIQUIDITYLEASTLIQUIDITYVALUATIONMETHODVALUEDATDIRECTMARKETPRICES,BASEDONACTIVETRADINGOFINDENTICALINSTRUMENTSVALUEDUSINGOBSERVABLEMARKETINPUTSVALUEDUSINGAFINANCIALMODEL,SUCHASADISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWMODELHOWEVER,THESERULINGSDIDNOTPROVIDEENOUGHCOMFORTFORBANKERSWATCHINGTHEM
18、ARKETVALUEOFTHEIRTOXICASSETSPLUMMETTHEYCOMPLAINEDLOUDLYTOTHEIRELECTEDREPRESENTATIVES,WHOTHREATENEDTOLEGISLATEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSUNLESSFASBPROVIDEDMORERELIEFASARESULT,INAPRIL2009FASBQUICKLYPROPOSEDANDADOPTEDANEWRULE,WHICHDETAILEDCRITERIAFORDETERMININGWHENAMARKETISILLIQUIDENOUGHTOQUALIFYFORMARKTOMODEL
19、VALUATIONTHERULEWASDESIGNEDTOALLOWMORESECURITIESTOBEVALUEDBYBANKMODELSINSTEADOFBYMARKETINDICATORSONTHESAMEDAY,FASBISSUEDYETANOTHERRULEONHOWTOACCOUNTFORSECURITIESWHENTHEYWEREPERMANENTLYIMPAIREDTHERULESAIDTHATONLYTHECREDITLOSSPORTIONOFSUCHIMPAIRMENTSWOULDAFFECTABANKSINCOMEANDREGULATORYCAPITAL,WITHTHER
20、ESTGOINGINTOTHESPECIALACCOUNTFOROTHERCOMPREHENSIVEINCOMETHREERECOMMENDATIONSFORREALISTICREPORTINGONCEWEGETBEYONDTHEMYTHMAKINGANDARMWAVING,ITBECOMESCLEARTHATHISTORICALCOSTANDFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGAREMUCHCLOSERTOEACHOTHERTHANPEOPLETHINKNEVERTHELESS,THEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETWOFORMSOFACCOUNTINGMAYBESIGNIFI
21、CANTFORAPARTICULARBANKONASPECIFICREPORTINGDATEINTHESESITUATIONS,THEBANKEXECUTIVESUNDERSTANDABLEDESIRETOPRESENTASSETSINTHEBESTLIGHTISLIKELYTOCONICTWITHINVESTORSLEGITIMATEINTERESTINUNDERSTANDINGTHEBANKSPOTENTIALEXPOSURESSOLETUSCONSIDERHOWBANKSMIGHTISSUEFINANCIALREPORTSTHATWOULDCAPTURETHECOMPLEXREALITI
22、ESOFTHEIRFINANCIALSITUATIONSENHANCETHECREDIBILITYOFMARKINGTOMODELGIVENFASBSTWORECENTPRONOUNCEMENTSONLEVEL3ASSETS,THEREISNOQUESTIONTHATBANKSWILLINCREASINGLYVALUEILLIQUIDSECURITIESBYMARKINGTHEMTOMODELDURINGTHEFIRSTQUARTEROF2009,LEVEL3ASSETSATTHE19LARGESTUSBANKSINCREASEDBY143,ASCOMPAREDWITHTHEPRIORQUAR
23、TERBECAUSEBANKSAREALLOWEDTOMAKEREASONABLEASSUMPTIONSBASEDONTHEIROWNESTIMATESFORRATESOFRETURNONSUBPRIMELOANS,MORTGAGEBACKEDSECURITIES,ANDOTHERTROUBLEDASSETSOVERSEVERALYEARS,MARKTOMODELVALUATIONSWILLUSUALLYBEHIGHERTHANTHOSEBASEDONRECENTTRADESOFSIMILARASSETSMARKINGTOMODELLETSBANKSPAINTARELATIVELYOPTIMI
24、STICPICTUREOFTHEIRFINANCIALCONDITIONTHISISSURETOGIVERISETOREALINVESTORSKEPTICISMABOUTTHEACCURACYOFBANKVALUATIONSOFTROUBLEDASSETSASWARRENBUFFETTHASPOINTEDOUT,MARKTOMODELCANDEGENERATEINTO“MARKTOMYTH“HOWCANWECOUNTERTHATSKEPTICISMANDKEEPVALUATIONSDEFENSIBLETOHELPINVESTORSUNDERSTANDHOWITARRIVEDATVALUESFO
25、RASSETSMARKEDTOMODEL,ABANKSHOULDDISCLOSEASUPPLEMENTALSCHEDULELISTINGLEVEL3ASSETSANDSUMMARIZINGTHEIRKEYCHARACTERISTICSMOSTIMPORTANT,ABANKSHOULDDISCLOSEENOUGHDETAILABOUTTHEASSUMPTIONSUNDERLYINGITSMODELSTOALLOWINVESTORSTOTRACEHOWITREACHEDVALUATIONSUNLINKACCOUNTINGANDCAPITALREQUIREMENTSTHEMOSTFUNDAMENTA
26、LCRITICISMOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGISTHATITDRIVESBANKSTOTHEBRINKOFINSOLVENCYBYERODINGTHEIRCAPITALBASEINTHEVIEWOFMANYBANKERS,FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGHASFORCEDAN“ARTIFICIAL“REDUCTIONINASSETVALUESTHATARELIKELYTOREBOUNDAFTERTHEFINANCIALCRISISSUBSIDESTOINVESTORS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,NOTHINGISMOREARTIFICIALTHANPROCLAIMI
27、NGTHATANASSETISWORTHAPRICENOONEISACTUALLYWILLINGTOPAYTHETYPICALINVESTOR,MOREOVER,ISLESSCONFIDENTTHATDECREASESINTHEMARKETVALUEOFMANYBANKASSETSARETHETEMPORARYRESULTOFTRADINGILLIQUIDITY,NOTTHELASTINGRESULTOFRISINGDEFAULTSITMAYNOTBENECESSARYTORECONCILETHESEDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESBOTHCOULDBEACCOMMODATEDIFB
28、ANKSWEREREQUIREDTOFULLYDISCLOSETHERESULTSUNDERFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGBUTNOTTOREDUCETHEIRREGULATORYCAPITALBYTHEFULLYDISCLOSEDAMOUNTSASEXPLAINEDBEFORE,IFABANKHOLDSBONDSINTHEAVAILABLEFORSALECATEGORY,THEYMUSTBEMARKEDTOMARKETEACHQUARTERYETUNREALIZEDGAINSORLOSSESONSUCHBONDSDONOTAFFECTTHEBANKSREGULATORYCAPITAL
29、ACCOUNTINGANDCAPITALREQUIREMENTSCOULDBEUNLINKEDINOTHERAREAS,TOO,ASLONGASBANKSFULLYDISCLOSEDTHEDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIESUNREALIZEDQUARTERLYGAINSANDLOSSESONBONDSINTHETRADINGCATEGORY,FOREXAMPLE,COULDBEACCURATELYREECTEDONTHEBALANCESHEETANDINCOMESTATEMENTSOFTHEBANKBUTFORREGULATORYPURPOSES,ITSCAPITALCOULDBEC
30、ALCULATEDONTHEBASISOFTHEAVERAGEMARKETVALUEOFTHOSEBONDSOVERTHEPASTTWOQUARTERSTHISCOMBINATIONWOULDPROVIDEINVESTORSWITHDISCLOSUREREGARDINGTHECURRENTMARKETPRICESFORTHESEBONDS,WHILEREDUCINGTHEQUARTERLYVOLATILITYOFBANKSREGULATORYCAPITALCALCULATEEARNINGSPERSHAREBOTHWAYSEVENIFREGULATORSWERETOFURTHERUNLINKBA
31、NKCAPITALCALCULATIONSFROMFINANCIALRESULTSUNDERFAIRVALUEACCOUNTING,BANKERSWOULDSTILLBECONCERNEDABOUTTHEVOLATILITYOFQUARTERLYEARNINGSABANKWHOSETOTALNETREVENUEFROMFEESANDNETINTERESTINCOMEWASQUITESTABLEMIGHTSEEITSOVERALLEARNINGSUCTUATESIGNIFICANTLYFROMQUARTERTOQUARTER,THANKSTOCHANGESINTHECURRENTMARKETVA
32、LUESOFITSACTIVELYTRADEDBONDSANDOTHERASSETSANDTHATVOLATILITYMIGHTDEPRESSTHEBANKSSTOCKPRICEIFNOTFULLYUNDERSTOODBYINVESTORSLOOKINGFORSTABLEEARNINGSCOULDTHEINTERESTSOFBANKERSANDINVESTORSBERECONCILEDWITHREGARDTOTHEBANKSINCOMESTATEMENTYES,IFTHEBANKPUBLISHEDTWOVERSIONSOFITSEARNINGSPERSHAREEPSEACHQUARTERONE
33、CALCULATEDWITHFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDTHEOTHERWITHOUTSUPPOSETHEBANKREPORTEDEPSOF54CENTSFORTHEQUARTER,COMPRISINGNETOPERATINGINCOMEOF62CENTSPERSHAREANDALOSSOF8CENTSPERSHAREDUETOUNREALIZEDLOSSESINTHEMARKETVALUEOFITSBONDPORTFOLIOTHEBANKWOULDALSOPUBLISHASECONDEPSOF62CENTSPERSHARE,WITHANEXPLANATIONTHATTHISS
34、ECONDEPSEXCLUDEDTHOSEUNREALIZEDLOSSESTHEPUBLICATIONOFTWOEPSNUMBERSEACHQUARTERALONGTHESELINESWASRECOMMENDEDIN2008BYTHESECSADVISORYCOMMITTEEONIMPROVEMENTSTOFINANCIALREPORTINGIFBANKSFOLLOWEDTHECOMMITTEESRECOMMENDATION,WECOULDHAVETHEBESTOFBOTHWORLDSINVESTORSWOULDBETTERUNDERSTANDWHATPORTIONOFABANKSNETINC
35、OMECAMEFROMOPERATINGEARNINGSANDWHATPORTIONCAMEFROMMOVEMENTSINTHESECURITIESMARKETSATTHESAMETIME,BANKEXECUTIVESCOULDBETTEREXPLAINHOWTHEIRBANKSWEREEARNINGSTABLEPROFITSFROMCOREOPERATIONS,REGARDLESSOFTHEQUARTERLYPRICEUCTUATIONSINTHEIRSECURITIESHOLDINGSFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGDIDNOTCAUSETHECURRENTFINANCIALCRIS
36、IS,BUTTHECRISISMAYHAVEBEENAGGRAVATEDBYCOMMONMISPERCEPTIONSABOUTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSOMEINVESTORSINCORRECTLYASSUMEDTHATMOSTBANKASSETSWOULDBEVALUEDATMARKETPRICES,ASBONDPRICESWERENOSEDIVINGOTHERINVESTORSFAILEDTOREALIZETHATTHESHARPMARKDOWNSOFBONDSAVAILABLEFORSALEWOULDNOTPUTBANKSINVIOLATIONOFREGULATORYCAP
37、ITALREQUIREMENTSIFWECANMAKETHESEACCOUNTINGCOMPLEXITIESCLEARERBYADOPTINGAMULTIDIMENSIONALAPPROACHTOFINANCIALREPORTING,BOTHCOMPANIESANDINVESTORSSHOULDBEBETTEREQUIPPEDTORESPONDINTELLIGENTLYWHENFINANCIALMARKETSARENEXTTHROWNINTOTURMOILSOURCEHARVARDBUSINESSREVIEW译文将金融危机归咎于公允价值会计公平吗当前金融危机的首要原因是什么呢次级抵押贷款,信用
38、违约掉期,或过重的债务福布斯媒体主席和时政候选人史蒂夫福布斯认为这些都不是。在他看来,美国的金融体系在2008年崩溃,按市值计价是“最主要的原因”。会计准则真的会带来如此大的重击吗对于不懂金融术语的人来说,按市值计价是一种按资产在公开市场上出售的成交价,而不管实际付出形式的,以季度重估资产的行为。由于这种行为的及时性和按主观思维方式估计,它就成了公允价值计量的重要组成部分。它是十几年来最热门的计价争论话题。2008年秋,信贷市场的突然停滞使得银行机构所持有的主要资产的结算价格出现前所未有的低谷,很多银行家开始嘲笑公允价值计量。经济学家布赖恩韦斯伯里代表了这个群体的观点,他宣称按市值计价会计准则
39、已经变成了堆积如山的一大问题。大量的抵押债款、公司债券和债务结构依旧存在。但是由于市场被冻结,这些资产的价格已跌破其真正的价值。韦斯伯里和福布斯认为按市值计价迫使许多银行濒临破产,强迫它们以甩卖价抛售资产,这将导致价值的进一步下降。在这些争议的影响下,一些欧美政客呼吁暂停公允价值计量。历史成本计量(即用原始成本或购价来评估资产)大受青睐。同时,按市值计价也有其坚实的拥护者。德克萨斯大学的会计学教授丽莎昆斯,在德克萨斯杂志中写到嘲笑公允价值的行为完全是在指责信使。公允价值计量不是当前危机的根源。更确切地说,它通报了次级抵押贷款发放和书写信用违约掉期,这些不利的决策所产生的影响。另一种说法,认为这
40、些贷款按原始金额记账,是罔顾现实。股东团体更进一步断言在当今大环境下,按市值计价更加有必要。财务会计准则委员会的投资顾问小组强调在市场动荡伴随着流动性紧缩的时期,公允价值信息可以被资本提供者和其它财务报表使用者利用,这一点是至关重要的。因此,如果银行债务不以市场价值计价,投资者就会对资产价值不确定,从而不愿为陷入困境的机构注资。正确的答案会来自哪个阵营也许哪个也不是。我们不希望银行因为抵押贷款相关证券的价格短期下跌而破产。我们也不愿意银行对投资者隐瞒损失,拖延清除恶性资产的时机,就像1990年之后的那十年发生在日本的一样。为了满足银行家和投资者的正当需要,监管官员应采取多种方法来报告财务。在我
41、们可以开始实施合情理的改革前,我们必须首先纠正某些关于计量方式的错误看法。批评家经常痛骂公允价值计量模式下记录不良资产这一要求。但事实上,减值在历史成本条件下是更重要的概念。很多记者错误的假定大多数的银行资产按公允价值报告,而非历史成本。类似地,很多政客想当然地认为非流动资产必须以市场价格计量,尽管不少财务会计准则委员会的准则是相反的。这些神话必须逐一被仔细检查。神话1历史成本计量与当前的市场价值无关。公允价值的支持者认为在一个公司资产负债表中,资产的历史成本与当前的市场价值无关。在历史成本计量准则下,大多数资产是按其买价或原值计价,很少调整过程中的减值或到期前的增值。因此,由一个公司拥有了几
42、十年的建筑,很可能其账面价值远低于当前市场上其真正价值。然而,即使在历史成本计量下,当前市场价值也是被纳入财务报表的因素。美国监管机构要求所有上市公司每个季度详细检查它们的资产,弄清是否有资产已处于永久减值状态即资产的市场价值很可能表现为长期实质性的低于其历史成本。如果减值不是一时的,公司必须在资产负债表中记入资产的当前市场价值,然后在利润表中记录产生的损失。神话2大多数金融机构的资产是按市值计价的。那些频繁归咎于公允价值的评论者,常常暗示说,金融机构的大部分资产标志着市场的恶化。事实上,根据2008年底美国证券交易委员会的一个研究,只有31的银行资产以市值处理,其余的都是按历史成本入账的。神
43、话3即使资产的市场流动性较差,也必须按当前的市值计价。等级1级资产2级资产3级资产流动性水平强中等差估价方法以直接市场价格计价,以同等资产活跃交换为基础以应遵循的市场信息计价以财务模型计价,例如贴现现金流模型然而,这些裁决并无为看着他们的恶性资产的市场价值暴跌的银行家提供充分的满足,他们大声抱怨自己选出的代表,威胁要立法,除非财务会计准则委员会对会计准则提供更多的调剂。因此,财务会计准则委员会于2009年4月提出并很快通过了一项新的规则,这个规则为确定市场流动性足够差到什么时候才有资格使用模型定价提供了详细标准。该规则的目的是让更多的证券按银行模式计价,而不是按市场指标。同日,委员会发布了另一
44、个关于如何对永久减值的证券进行说明的规则。规则认为,伴随着其余存入其他全面收益的特别帐户,只有减值的信贷损失部分才会影响到银行的收入和监管资本。对现实的报告的三个建议。一旦我们超越了编造理论和权力指挥,历史成本和公允价值会计比人们想象的更接近对方,就变得十分清楚了。不过,两种形式之间的差异对某一特定银行在特定报告日的意义可能是重大的。此时,可以想象银行高管的愿望肯定是以最好的状态呈现资产。这与投资者希望了解银行潜在的风险这一合理的关注相抵触。为此,我们有必要考虑银行要如何公布那些将捕捉他们的复杂财务现状的财务报告。加强按模型定价的可靠性。讲财务会计准则委员会最近的两个声明应用于三级资产,毫无疑
45、问,银行将越来越多地通过模型来对非流动证券进行估价。在2009年第一季度,与上一季度相比,3级资产在美国最大的19家银行增加了143。因为模型定价允许银行基于他们估计的次级贷款作出合理的假设,那么这种情况下按揭证券和超过几年的其他问题资产的回报率会较以近期的交易为基础的类似的资产高。模型定价使银行相对乐观地描绘了他们的财务状况。这必将引起真正的投资者怀疑银行的不良资产估值的准确性。正如沃伦巴菲特所指出的那样,模型定价可以沦为神话定价。我们如何才能应对这种怀疑并保持估值的可辩护性为了帮助投资者了解模型定价的资产价值是如何达到的,银行应补充披露3级资产清单并总结其主要特点。最重要的是,银行应充分披
46、露这种模式的基本假设的具体细节。将计量和资金需求拆开。对公允价值计量最根本的批评是其通过侵蚀银行的资本基础,将银行逼向破产的边缘。在许多银行家看来,公允价值会计,迫使资产价值“人为”的减少,这种减少有可能在金融危机消退之后反弹。另一方面,对投资者来说,没有什么比宣布资产所值的价格实际上是没有人愿意支付的更人为。此外,典型的投资者,对很多银行资产的市场价值下降是交易流动性不足导致的临时结果,而不是持久的违约率上升这一说法,是缺乏信心的。可能没有必要协调这些不同的观点。如果银行被要求充分披露公允价值计量下的结果,但不减少其监管资本,双方是可容纳的。正如前面所解释,如果银行持有可供出售债券,就必须每
47、季度按市值计价,这些债券未实现的收益或损失就不会影响银行的监管资本。计量与资本需求在其他领域也一样可以被断开,只要银行充分披露这些不同的方法。例如,交易类债券未实现的季度收益及损失,可以准确地反映在银行的资产负债表和损益表。而且,出于监管的目的,可以以过去两个季度这些债券的平均市场价值为基础计算其资本。这种结合可以为投资者提供有关这些债券的现行市场价格的信息,同时减少了银行的监管资本的季度波动。两种方法计算每股收益。即使计量和资金需求脱钩,银行家们仍然会关注季度收益的波动性。归因于交易活跃的债券和其他资产的市场价值的变化,银行从费用和净利息收入得到的总净收入是相当稳定的。但是整体收益可能会呈现
48、大幅度季节波动。如果这种波动性没有被寻求稳定收益的投资者充分理解,那么银行的股票价格可能会降低。银行家和投资者的利益可以通过银行的损益表调和吗答案是肯定的。只要银行公布两个版本的每季度每股收益,一个用公允价值计算,另一个以其他方式,就可以了。假设银行可以报告它本季度的每股收益是54美分,其中包括62美分的每股净营业收入和由于其债券投资组合市场价值变动未查明的每股亏损8美分。该银行还可以公布另一个不包括以上未查明损失的每股收益,即62美分。每季度公布两个每股收益的方法来自于2008年美国证券交易委员会的咨询委员在对财务报告的改进中的建议。如果银行遵守了委员会的建议,我们便可以两全其美。投资者可以更好地了解银行的净收益哪部分来自于营业收入,哪部分来自于证券市场变动。与此同时,银行管理人员能更好地解释他们赚取的来自核心业务的稳定利润,排除其持有证券的季度价格波动的影响。公允价值计量并没有导致当前的金融危机,但危机可能由于对会计准则的误解而加剧。随着债券价格的急剧跳水,一些投资者错误地假设大多数银行的资产价值将是市场价格。其他投资者也没有意识到,可供出售债券大幅降价是不会令银行违反监管资本要求的。如果我们能够通过多种方法报告财务报表,使计量上的复杂变得明确,企业和投资者就能在金融市场下一次陷入混乱时更有准备更理智的应对。出处哈佛商业评论