1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目ONTHERELATIONBETWEENCONSERVATISMINACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDINCENTIVESFOREARNINGSMANAGEMENT外文出处JOURNALOFACCOUNTINGRESEARCH外文作者CHEN,Q1,HEMMER,THOMASANDZHANG,YUN原文ONTHERELATIONBETWEENCONSERVATISMINACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDINCENTIVESFOREARNINGSMANAGEMENTINTHISPAPER,WESTUDYTHEROLEOFSTANDARDSP
2、ECIFICANDTHUSOBSERVABLEACCOUNTINGBIASESINALLEVIATINGRATIONALYETDYSFUNCTIONALUNOBSERVABLEBIASESINTRODUCEDBYEARNINGSMANIPULATIONSPECIFICALLY,WESTUDYTHERELATIVEPERFORMANCEOFTWOALTERNATIVEFINANCIALREPORTINGREGIMESONEWHEREACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSAREDESIGNEDTOBEBIASFREEANDONEWHEREACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSAREDESIGNED
3、DELIBERATELYTOINTRODUCEACONSERVATIVEBIASINFINANCIALREPORTSWEIDENTIFYCONDITIONSUNDERWHICHCONSERVATISMINACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISEFFECTIVEINREDUCINGINCENTIVESTOMANAGEEARNINGSUPWARDSINADDITION,WEDEMONSTRATETHATDOINGSOCANREDUCECONTRACTINGCOSTS,THUSPROVIDINGINSIGHTSINTOTHESOURCEOFTHESEEMINGLYUNIVERSALPOPULAR
4、ITYOFCONSERVATISMINFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS1AVARIETYOFALTERNATEPERSPECTIVESONTHEDEMANDFORCONSERVATISMCURRENTLYEXISTINTHEACCOUNTINGLITERATUREWATTS2003APROVIDESANUMBEROFINTUITIVEEXPLANATIONSFORTHEBENEFICIALIMPLICATIONSOFCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTING,INPARTICULARFROMACONTRACTINGPERSPECTIVEHISMAINARGUMENTI
5、STHATCONSERVATISMCONSTRAINSOPPORTUNISTICBEHAVIORANDOFFSETSBIASESINTRODUCEDBYSELFINTERESTEDPARTIESOURPAPERISSOMEWHATRELATED,ASWEALSOFOCUSONTHEROLEOFCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGINALLEVIATINGBIASESINFINANCIALREPORTSINTRODUCEDBYOPPORTUNISTICREPORTINGBEHAVIOROURMAINPOINT,HOWEVER,DIFFERSSIGNIFICANTLYFROMHISBYAL
6、LOWINGFORBOTHSYSTEMICCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGBIASESANDOPPORTUNISTICLIBERALREPORTINGBIASESINANANALYTICALMODELWITHENDOGENOUSDEMANDFORFINANCIALREPORTS,WEAREABLETOSHOWTHATCONSERVATISMNEEDNOTOFFSETOPPORTUNISTICBIASESBYIMPOSINGEXPLICITCONSTRAINTSANDREDUCINGFIRMINSIDERSOPPORTUNITIESTOINTRODUCEBIASESRATHER,CO
7、NSERVATISMCANHAVESUCHANEFFECTSIMPLYBYDAMPENINGFIRMINSIDERSINCENTIVESTOMANAGEEARNINGSOURSTUDYOFACCOUNTINGCONSERVATISMISBASEDONASPECIFICMODELINWHICHWESEEKTOINTEGRATEANUMBEROFGENERALOBSERVATIONSABOUTTHEFEATURESOFSTANDARDFINANCIALREPORTINGREGIMESFIRST,WENOTETHATFINANCIALREPORTSAREPRODUCEDBYJOINTLYCONFRO
8、NTINGAUDITABLEHISTORICALDATAANDANARRAYOFSUBJECTIVEESTIMATESWITHSPECIFICPREDEFINEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES,PROCEDURES,ANDMETHODSANYBIASESINFINANCIALREPORTSARETHEREFOREBOUNDTOBETHENETRESULTOFBIASESINTRODUCEDBYSPECIFICACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES,PROCEDURES,ANDMETHODSWHILETHEFORMERARELARGELYPRECOMMITTEDPUBLICLYTHR
9、OUGHTHECHOICEOFSPECIFICACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES,THELATTER,BYTHEIRSUBJECTIVENATURE,AREHARDERTOCREDIBLYCOMMITTOANDMUCHMOREDIFFICULTFOROUTSIDERSTOIDENTIFYEXPOSTSECOND,WHILESOMEBIASESAREDETERMINISTICINTHESENSETHATTHEFINALREPORTALWAYSOVERORUNDERESTIMATESTHETRUTH,BIASESAREOFTENINTRODUCEDONLYINEXPECTATIONTHISI
10、SCERTAINLYTRUEFORBIASESINTRODUCEDBYPARTICULARACCOUNTINGMETHODSANDPRINCIPLES,ASTHESEHAVETOBEUSEDCONSISTENTLYAFTERTHEIRADOPTIONACCORDINGLY,WHILESTRAIGHTLINEDEPRECIATIONSMAYBEUSEDWITHTHEINTENTOFCREATINGACONSERVATIVEBIAS,INTHEABSENCEOFALIQUIDMARKETFORTHEASSETBEINGDEPRECIATED,THEREALIZEDBIASINTRODUCEDINT
11、OACCOUNTINGINCOMEMAYWELLENDUPBEINGLIBERALANDWHILETHEREMAYBEMOREDEGREESOFFREEDOMAVAILABLEWHENITCOMESTOBIASINGESTIMATES,THEVERYFACTTHATESTIMATESAREMADEEXANTEALLOWSFORTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATWHATSEEMSBIASEDINONEDIRECTIONEXANTEACTUALLYLEADSTOREALIZEDBIASESINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONEXPOSTTHIRD,ALTHOUGHBIASESINTROD
12、UCEDBYMANIPULATIVEACTIONSSUCHASTHEUSEOFBIASEDESTIMATESCOULDPOTENTIALLYBEOFFSETEXACTLY“ONAVERAGE“BYUSINGACCOUNTINGMETHODSBIASEDINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTION,TWODIFFERENTSOURCESOFBIASARENOTLIKELYTOBEPERFECTSUBSTITUTESSTATEDDIFFERENTLY,TWOWRONGSARENOTLIKELYTOMAKEARIGHTWHILETHEDIFFERENTBIASESINTRODUCEDBYBIASED
13、ESTIMATESANDBIASEDACCOUNTINGMETHODSMAYOFFSETINAWAYTOPRODUCEANOVERALLUNBIASEDREPORT,THEINFORMATIONCONTENTOFTHATREPORTISUNLIKELYTOBEIDENTICALTOONEPRODUCEDWITHOUTTHEINTRODUCTIONOFANYBIASATALLFOREXAMPLE,“LOWEROFCOSTORMARKET“MAYWELLPROVIDEANAPPROPRIATEOFFSETFOROPTIMISTICESTIMATESUSEDFORBADDEBTEXPENSEYETT
14、HEFINALREPORTTHATINCORPORATESSUCHOFFSETTINGBIASESSTILLDIFFERSSUBSTANTIVELYFROMAREPORTWHEREALLASSETSAREMARKEDTOMARKETINANUNBIASEDWAYFINALLY,WENOTETHATACCOUNTINGNUMBERSINFINANCIALREPORTSGENERALLYPLAYAMULTITUDEOFROLESTHATINEVITABLYCREATEDIVERGINGINCENTIVESFORATTEMPTINGTOENDOWTHEMWITHCERTAINBIASESFOREXA
15、MPLE,WHILEFROMASTEWARDSHIPPERSPECTIVE,CURRENTSHAREHOLDERSMAYFAVORACAUTIOUSAPPROACHTOFINANCIALREPORTING,FROMAVALUATIONPERSPECTIVETHEYMAYBEMORECONCERNEDABOUTAVOIDINGUNDERVALUATIONOFTHEIRSHARESOURMODELCAPTURESTHESEFEATURESINTHEFOLLOWINGWAYSFIRST,FORSPECIFICITYWECONCENTRATEONDIVERGINGREPORTINGINCENTIVES
16、RELATEDTOTHETWOAFOREMENTIONEDKEYUSESOFFINANCIALREPORTS“VALUATION,“WHEREPOTENTIALINVESTORSUSEACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONTOASSESSAFIRMSEXPECTEDFUTUREPAYOFF,AND“STEWARDSHIP,“WHEREACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISUSEDBYTHECURRENTOWNERSTOEVALUATEANDINCENTIVIZEEMPLOYEESWEDOTHISBYSTUDYINGASETTINGWHEREANINNOVATOR/ENTREPREN
17、EURCONTRACTSWITHAPROFESSIONALMANAGERTOHELPMANAGETHEFIRMINAWAYTOINCREASETHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMPRIORTOSELLINGALLORPARTOFITTOASECONDGENERATIONOFSHAREHOLDERS,FOREXAMPLE,THROUGHANINITIALPUBLICOFFERINGIPO2OURANALYSISTAKESACCOUNTINGNUMBERSDUALROLESASGIVENANDFOCUSESINSTEADONTHEIRCONSEQUENCES3SECOND,TOCAPTURETHEP
18、OINTTHATBIASESAREINTRODUCEDEXANTEANDTHUSTYPICALLYARE“INEXPECTATION,“ALLBIASESINOURMODELAREINTRODUCEDBYSTOCHASTICALLYALTERINGTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEUNDERLYINGFACTSCONCRETELY,BIASESAREINTRODUCEDTHROUGHREDUCINGTHEPROBABILITYTHATANEVENTISREPRESENTEDACCURATELYINTHEFINANCIALREPORTWHILEATTHESAMETIMEINCREASI
19、NGTHEPROBABILITYTHATTHEEVENTISEITHEROVERORUNDERREPRESENTEDDEPENDINGONTHEPARTICULARBIASBEINGINTRODUCEDTHISSTOCHASTICREPRESENTATIONALSOALLOWSUSTOCAPTURETHEPROPERTYTHATTWOWRONGSDONOTMAKEARIGHTINAPARTICULARLYPARSIMONIOUSWAYWEDOTHISBYASSUMINGTHATALIBERALBIASCANONLYBEINTRODUCEDBYACTIONSTHATINCREASEFROMZER
20、ODECREASEFROMONETHEPROBABILITYOFAFAVORABLEUNFAVORABLEEARNINGSREPORTWHENTHEUNDERLYINGTRUEEARNINGSAREUNFAVORABLEACONSERVATIVEBIAS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,CANONLYBEINTRODUCEDBYACTIONSTHATINCREASEFROMZERODECREASEFROMONETHEPROBABILITYOFANUNFAVORABLEFAVORABLEEARNINGSREPORTWHENTHEUNDERLYINGTRUEEARNINGSAREFAVORABLEA
21、CCORDINGLY,ALIBERALBIASTHATMAKESBADOUTCOMESAPPEARGOODCANALWAYSBEOFFSETINEXPECTATIONBYACONSERVATIVEBIASTHEOFFSETISNOTA“ONEFORONE“THOUGH,ASTHETOOLSAVAILABLEFORENGINEERINGTHEDIFFERENTBIASESAREDIFFERENTTHEMSELVESINADDITIONTOCAPTURINGTHENOTIONTHATBIASESMAYBEOFFSETMAINLYTHROUGHDISSIMILARACTIONS,THEREARESE
22、VERALOTHERADVANTAGESTOTHEPARTICULARREPRESENTATIONWEADOPTHEREFORONE,THEREPRESENTATIONCAPTURESTHENOTIONTHATACTIONSINTENDEDTODISTORTFINANCIALREPORTSARENOTINNOCUOUSINTHESENSETHATAUSEROFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANTICIPATINGAPARTICULARBIASISABLETOUNDOTHEDAMAGESIMPLYBYDEDUCTINGTHEANTICIPATEDBIASFROMTHEPUBLISHEDE
23、ARNINGSWITHTHESTOCHASTICSTRUCTURE,THEUSERCANTAKEOUTONLYTHEEXPECTEDBIASBUTCANNOTRESTORETHEINFORMATIONCONTENTOFTHEREPORTLOSTDUETOTHEINTRODUCTIONOFBIASEDNOISEANOTHERADVANTAGEOFOURREPRESENTATIONISTHATTHEMODELITSELFISBIASEDAGAINSTFINDINGANYBENEFITSOFCONSERVATISMINFINANCIALREPORTINGTHISISTRUEREGARDLESSOFT
24、HEPRESENCEOFALIBERALBIASSINCEINTRODUCINGCONSERVATISMHEREALWAYSREDUCESTHEINFORMATIONCONTENTOFTHEFINANCIALREPORT,THUSMAKINGITLESSUSEFULTHEANALYSISOFOURMODELYIELDSANUMBEROFINSIGHTSSTARTINGINABENCHMARKSETTINGWHERETHEACCOUNTINGREGIMEISUNBIASED,WEFIRSTESTABLISHTHATWHENTHEREISUNCERTAINTYABOUTTHEFUTUREPAYOF
25、FOFTHEFIRM,THECURRENTOWNERHASANINCENTIVETOMANAGETHEACCOUNTINGEARNINGSUPWARDINEXPECTATIONTOINDUCEMOREFAVORABLEPOTENTIALINVESTORSBELIEFABOUTTHEFIRMSPROSPECTSBECAUSEWEALLOWFORTHEFACTTHATTHEREISAFAIRAMOUNTOFDISCRETIONINTHEESTIMATIONPARTOFPREPARINGTHEFINANCIALREPORT,THISINCENTIVELEADS,INEQUILIBRIUM,TOTHE
26、INTRODUCTIONOFALIBERALBIASINTHEFINANCIALREPORTTHEEQUILIBRIUMWEIDENTIFYIMPLIESINEFFICIENCY,HOWEVERWHILETHECURRENTOWNERINFACTDOESCHOOSETOMANIPULATEEARNINGSUPWARDSINEQUILIBRIUM,HEDOESNOTBENEFITFROMTHEMANIPULATIONFORTWOREASONSFIRST,ALTHOUGHPOTENTIALINVESTORSDONOTDIRECTLYOBSERVETHEEARNINGSMANAGEMENT,THEY
27、RATIONALLYEXPECTANDPRICEPROTECTAGAINSTITACCORDINGLY,THEYCORRECTLYINCORPORATETHEEXPECTEDBIASINTHEFINANCIALREPORTWHENVALUINGTHEFIRMSECOND,SUCHMANIPULATIONACTUALLYREDUCESTHECURRENTOWNERSWELFARERELATIVETOAHEREUNATTAINABLENOMANIPULATIONEQUILIBRIUMTHISISBECAUSETHEINTRODUCTIONOFANONDETERMINISTICBIASALSORED
28、UCESTHEINFORMATIVENESSOFACCOUNTINGNUMBERSFORSTEWARDSHIPPURPOSES,WHICHINTURNLEADSTOINEFFICIENCIESINTHEINCENTIVEARRANGEMENTPROVIDEDBYTHECURRENTOWNERTOTHEMANAGERAGAIN,THECENTRALINEFFICIENCYARISESINOURSETTINGESSENTIALLYBECAUSEOFTHENEEDFORMAKINGESTIMATESINPRODUCINGFINANCIALREPORTSBECAUSESUCHESTIMATESARES
29、UBJECTIVE,UNVERIFIABLE,ANDLIKELYUNOBSERVABLE,ITISIMPOSSIBLEFORTHECURRENTOWNERTOCREDIBLYCOMMITNOTTOBIASHISESTIMATESDELIBERATELYWITHTHEINTENTTODISTORTACCOUNTINGEARNINGS4ITISINTHISCONTEXTTHATWESTUDYTHEPOTENTIALCONSEQUENCESOFUSINGPUBLICLYOBSERVABLEACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESWITHPUBLICLYOBSERVABLEEXPECTEDBIASWE
30、DOSOBYCOMPARINGTHEEFFICIENCYLOSSWHICHISCAPTUREDBYTHEINEFFICIENCYINRISKSHARINGINOURMODELUNDERTHETWOACCOUNTINGREGIMESWECONTRASTANUNBIASEDREGIMEWHERE,ABSENTEARNINGSMANAGEMENT,ACCOUNTINGEARNINGSREPRESENTTHEUNDERLYINGTRUEOUTPUTWITHOUTBIAS,ANDACONSERVATIVEONEWHERE,AGAININTHEABSENCEOFEARNINGSMANAGEMENT,ACC
31、OUNTINGEARNINGSMAYUNDERREPRESENTTHETRUEUNDERLYINGOUTPUTWESHOWTHATTHEDEGREEOFEARNINGSMANIPULATIONISLOWERINTHECONSERVATIVEREGIMETHANINTHEUNBIASEDACCOUNTINGREGIMETHEINTUITIONBEHINDTHISRESULTISTHEFOLLOWINGUNDERTHECONSERVATIVESYSTEM,OBSERVINGALOWACCOUNTINGEARNINGSNUMBERDOESNOTNECESSARILYMEANTHATTHETRUEEC
32、ONOMICEARNINGSAREASLOWTHISINTURNREDUCESTHEBENEFITOFEARNINGSMANIPULATIONS,ASTHEREASONFORTHEMANIPULATIONISEXACTLYTOMAKETHEINFERENCEDRAWNFROMOBSERVEDEARNINGSNUMBERSMOREFAVORABLEMOREOVER,WESHOWTHATCONSERVATISMINCREASESTHECURRENTOWNERSMARGINALCOSTTOMOTIVATETHEAGENT,FURTHERDAMPENINGHISINCENTIVETOMANAGEEAR
33、NINGSWEALSOIDENTIFYSITUATIONSWHERETHECONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGREGIMEIMPROVESTHECONTRACTINGEFFICIENCYFORTHECURRENTOWNERTHISRESULTISSOMEWHATCOUNTERINTUITIVEATFIRSTAFTERALL,CONSERVATISMINTRODUCESADDITIONALNOISEINTHEACCOUNTINGREPORT,WHICHINANDOFITSELFREDUCESTHESTEWARDSHIPVALUEOFACCOUNTINGDATAANDTHEREFOREIN
34、CREASESTHECOSTOFMOTIVATINGTHEMANAGERHOWEVER,WESHOWTHATUNDERREASONABLECONDITIONS,THECONSERVATIVESTANDARDACTUALLYREDUCESEARNINGSMANAGEMENTSOMUCHSOTHATTHENOISEINTRODUCEDBYTHECONSERVATIVESTANDARDISMORETHANOFFSETBYTHEREDUCTIONINEARNINGSMANAGEMENTTHISOVERALLNETREDUCTIONINEQUILIBRIUMNOISEMAKESTHEACCOUNTING
35、REPORTSMOREINFORMATIVEABOUTMANAGERIALACTIONINTHISPAPER,WEEXPLORETHEROLEOFCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSINCOMBATINGUNOBSERVABLEEARNINGSMANAGEMENTWHENACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONSERVESDUALPURPOSESIE,VALUATIONANDSTEWARDSHIPPURPOSES,OURMODELSHOWSTHATTHECURRENTOWNEROFAFIRMHASANINCENTIVETOENGAGEINEARNINGSMANIPU
36、LATIONACTIVITIESINHOPEOFBOOSTINGTHEMARKETPRICEOFHISFIRMHOWEVER,POTENTIALINVESTORSRATIONALLYEXPECTANDPRICEPROTECTAGAINSTTHEEARNINGSMANIPULATIONLACKINGTHETOOLSFORCOMMITTINGNOTTOMANAGEEARNINGS,THECURRENTOWNERISTRAPPEDBYSUCHEXPECTATIONSANDTHEREFOREHASTOMANAGEEARNINGSINORDERTOFULFILLPOTENTIALINVESTORSRAT
37、IONALCONJECTUREASARESULT,INEFFICIENTEARNINGSMANIPULATIONEXISTS,ADDINGNOTJUSTBIASBUTALSONOISETOTHEPERFORMANCEMEASUREUSEDTOMOTIVATETHEFIRMSEMPLOYEESMORESIGNIFICANTLY,HOWEVER,OURANALYSISALSOSHOWSTHATEMPLOYINGCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCANACTUALLYREDUCETHEEQUILIBRIUMAMOUNTOFBOTHNOISEANDBIASANDTHUSHE
38、LPACHIEVEAMOREEFFICIENTEQUILIBRIUMOUTCOMETHISOCCURSDESPITETHEFACTTHATCONSERVATIVEACCOUNTINGITSELFINTRODUCESUNDESIRABLEBIASES/NOISESANDTHATTHECURRENTOWNERMAINTAINSALLMANIPULATIONOPTIONSASSHOWN,THEREASONITWORKSISTHATADDINGSOMEKNOWNSTOCHASTICCONSERVATIVEBIASREDUCESTHEIMPACTOFNEWSONSHAREPRICESANDCONSEQU
39、ENTLYREDUCESTHEBENEFITSOFEARNINGSMANAGEMENT,GIVENPOTENTIALINVESTORSBELIEFINADDITION,CONSERVATIVEBIASALSOINCREASESTHEMARGINALCOSTOFEARNINGSMANIPULATIONSURPRISINGLY,ADDINGONETYPEOFBIASCANREDUCETHEOTHERSOMUCHTHATTHETOTALEQUILIBRIUMAMOUNTOFNOISEINTHEACCOUNTINGSYSTEMISDIMINISHED译文论保守主义的会计准则和盈余管理激励机制的关系(外
40、文出处会计研究)在这篇论文中,我们研究特定标准的偏差,从而观察不可观测的会计偏差在缓和会计盈余操纵中的正常的理性的作用。具体地说,我们研究了两种可供选择的财务报告制度的相对表现一种是会计准则被设计为无偏见性,一种是会计准则被设计为引入一个保守倾向的财务报告。我们认定,在某种条件下会计准则的保守主义在减少盈余管理激励上是有效的。此外,我们证明,这样做能减少承包费用,从而提供对看似普遍流行的保守主义在财务会计标准源的见解。1当前在会计文学中存在着支持保守主义的各种需求的观点。美国瓦茨2003A提供了一个直观的解释为保守的会计,特别是从承包的角度看问题。他的主要论点是,保守主义限制投机行为和自我兴趣
41、的人士介绍偏移偏见。我们的论文有一点关系的,因为我们也着眼于缓解保守的会计报告由投机行为偏差引入财务报告的作用。然而,我们的主要的观点与他的差别极大。由于允许两种系统偏差和保守的会计与财务报告的内生需求分析模型的机会(自由)的报告,我们能够显示,保守主义不用通过施加明确的约束来抵消投机取巧的偏见和减少公司的内部的机会从而产生偏差。相反,保守主义可以有这种效果,就是仅仅通过打击企业内部的激励机制来管理盈利。我们的会计保守主义研究是基于一个特定的模式,即我们寻求整合的对标准的财务报告制度一般性意见的功能。首先,我们注意到财务报告是由共同面对审计的历史数据和预定义的具体的会计原则、程序及方法产生的。
42、在财务报表中的任何偏见一定会是特定会计原则、程序及方法偏差的最后结果。然而前者主要通过公开地选择具体会计准则,后者是选择公开其主观性质,也很难令人信服和承诺,更多的让外界事后难以识别。其次,尽管在某个意义上说一些偏见是确定的,最终报告总是高于或低于预算的真相,偏差往往只产生在预期中。这肯定是由某种会计方法和原则产生的偏见,因为这些在被接纳后还要一直被使用。因此,虽然直线贬值可能建立一个保守的偏见意图,在一个流动性的市场情况下,被用于资产折旧,已实现的偏见引入到会计收益可能最终会被宽松。同时虽然当谈到偏见估计时可能还会有更大程度的自由,这一事实一方面允许事先估计那看似有偏见的可能性,另一方面事后
43、实现偏见。第三,尽管由操作行为产生的偏见,比如偏见的估计的使用,通过从相反的方向利用有偏见的会计方法可能会准确抵消“平均”,偏差的两个不同来源不可能是完美的替代品。不同的表述就是,两个错误不可能形成一个正确的虽然由偏估计和有偏见的会计方法介绍了不同的偏差可能会抵消的方式来产生一个整体不偏不倚的报告,但是那份报告的信息内容不可能是相同的没有任何偏见。例如,“成本与市价孰低”很可能为坏账乐观的估计费用提供一个适当的偏差。然而,最后的报告,结合不同的抵消偏见实质上仍然由地方的所有资产被标记在一个不偏不倚的方式进入市场的报告。最后,我们注意到,在财务报表会计数字通常会扮演许多角色,从而不可避免地创造分
44、歧,试图激励赋予他们有一定偏差。例如,当从管理的角度来看,当前的股东可能会更偏爱谨慎的财务报告,从估值的角度来看,他们更关心的是如何避免低估他们的股份。我们的模型采用以下方式证明这些功能。首先,出于特殊性,我们集中于上述两个财务报告的主要用途的有关分歧“估价”,其中潜在的投资者使用会计信息评估一家公司的预期未来收益,并“管理职责”,其中会计信息是被当前的业主用来评估和奖励员工的。我们通过研究一种环境,让职业经理人与创新者/企业家合约,以协助管理的方式来增加企业的价值在出售之前(全部或部分)到第二代的股东公司,例如,通过首次公开募股(IPO)。2我们的分析需要会计数字的双重角色,取而代之,他把重
45、心集中在了3他们的成果。第二,考虑到了这一点偏差,介绍了事前,因而通常称为“在期望”,在我们的模型都是由随机改变的代表介绍了基本事实的偏见。具体地说,偏差降低了一个事项在财务报告中准确陈述的概率同时增加一个事项要么结束要么不依赖于特定的偏差的可能性。这个随机的代表也使得我们把握了这个属性,即两个错误不等于在特别简洁的方式下做出一个正确的决定。我们假设,一个自由的偏见,只能以行动,从零(减少从1)一个有利(不利)盈利的可能性增加的报告时,真正的收入,是不利的。一个保守的偏见,另一方面,只能以行动,从零(减少从1)一个不利(有利)盈利的可能性增加的报告时,真正的盈利是有利的基础。因此,一个开放的偏
46、见,可以使好的坏的结果出现在期望总是可以抵消了保守的偏见。偏移量是不是一个“一人”,尽管作为工程的工具可用不同的偏见,是不同的自己。除了获得这一概念,即偏见可能是通过不同的行动被抵消,我们还有其他的优势,在这里我们采用特定的陈述。其一,代表性的观点,从一个用户期待财务报表某个特定的偏见能够抵消掉那场心有余悸预期的偏见所公布的收入这个意义来说歪曲财务报表是有害的。与随机结构,用户可以只取出预期的偏见,但不能恢复丢失的报告,因为信息内容颇偏噪声介绍。另一个优点是我们的代表,即模型本身就是对财务报告中发现任何利益的保守主义偏见。这是一个真正的自由派偏见的存在,无论在这里一直以来推行保守主义降低了财务
47、报告信息的内容,从而使用处不大。我们的分析模型得出了若干见解。开始在那里设置一个基准的会计制度是公正,我们首先建立,当有关于公司的未来收益的不确定性,目前公司的拥有者有一个激励管理会计盈利上升预期从而给投资者对公司的前景拥有者更大的信心潜在的前景。因为我们考虑到一个事实,那就是相当数量的自由裁量权在估计准备财务报告的那一部分,包括激励引导、均衡、并引入一个自由的偏见的财务报表。然而我们确定的平衡意味着效率低下。而目前事实上拥有者不选择操纵盈利向上平衡,不利于他的原因有两个。首先,尽管潜在的投资者并不是直接观察到收入管理,但他们合理预期与价格保护相对。因此,他们正确地纳入财务报告中的估价时,该公
48、司预期偏差。其次,这种操作实际上减少了利益的拥有者的福利相对于这里无法实现没有此项操作的平衡。这是因为一个不确定的偏见的引入还减少了管理目的,知识性的会计数字,而这又导致目前由业主向经理提供的优惠安排的低效率。再次,严重的低效率的产生主要是因为在生产制作财务报告估算时需要我们的设置。因为这种估计是主观的、无法验证的,而且当前的拥有者也有可能无法观察且不处理偏见,其意图就是故意歪曲会计盈余。4正是在这样的背景下,我们研究的潜在后果是利用公开可观察预期的偏见的会计原则可能得出的。我们通过比较在两种不同会计机制下的效率损失(在我们的模型里被效率低的风险分担间的差异一个是公正政权,缺乏地方盈余管理、会
49、计盈余代表下面的真实输出无偏见,一个是保守的会计机制,又没有盈余管理、会计盈利可能比真正的潜在的输出要小得多。我们的分析表明,盈余操作程度在保守的制度之下比不带偏见的会计制度较低。根据保守主义体系,观察低的会计盈利数字并不意味着真正的经济收益低。这反过来又减少了收入操纵的利益,操作的原因是观察到的结果是使收入得出的数字更为有利的推论。此外,我们表明,保守主义增加当前的所有者的边际成本,激励了代理人,进一步打击他的激励管理动机。我们还明确了,保守的会计准则提高了对当前所有者承包的效率。这个结果起初有些违反直觉毕竟,保守主义在会计报告中引入了额外的噪声,这本身减少了会计数据管理价值,从而增加了激励经理的额外的成本。然而,我们表明在合理条件下,保守的标准,实际上降低了盈余管理以致介绍保守的标准多于盈余管理的减少。这一使整体净值下降均衡的噪音使得会计报告包含更多的信息管理行动。在本论文中,我们探讨保守的会计准则在打击不可观察的盈余管理的作用。当会计信息服务于双重目的也就是评估和管理用途,我们的模型表明,一个公司目前拥有者的激励,从事盈余操作活动拉动了市场价格。然而,潜在的投资者的合理预期,价格也合理防止利润操控。缺乏对盈余管理的措施手段,现在的拥有者受困于这种期望,因此必须进行盈余管理,以满足潜在投资者合理的推测。因此,操作效率低收益的存在,不仅增加偏见,而且噪音的性