1、2015 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)
2、_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has_(2)_. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were use
3、d in both_(5)_. While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.” The study_(9)_found that the genes for sm
4、ell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in cho
5、osing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social en
6、vironment being a major_(17)_factor. The findings do not simply explain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were
7、taken from the same population. 1. A when B why C how D what 【答案】D what 【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导从句;再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容(what)，不是指研究的时间(when)， 原因 (why)和方式(how)，因此，该题的答案为 what。 2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 【答案】B concluded 【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_ 中的
8、that 是指第一句话的内容(朋友与我们基因上的相关性) ，很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为 concluded。 3. A for B with C on D by 【答案】C on 【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容(研究对 1932 分独特的受试者进行分析 )判断出进行分析的对象是 1932 unique subjects。conduct analysis on是固定表达。 4. A compared B sought C separated D connected 【答案】A compared 【解析】该空格所在的句子是 which 引导的定语从句修饰 study,意思是：对几对基因不
9、相关的朋友和陌生人进行_。因为“研究” 的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，所以完整的意思应该是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。所以最佳答案为 compared。 5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples 【答案】C samples 【解析】根据空格的前后内容判断，到第五个空为止，文章都在讲实验过程，和实验对象，第五个空格所在句子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类_。所以根据上下文语境和内容，应该选与实验对象相对应的 samples(样例).因此，答案是 samples。 6. A insignificant B unexpected
10、Cunbelievable D incredible 【答案】A insignificant 【解析】空的语境为：尽管这 1%看起来似乎_，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。空前后形成对比转折的逻辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家 James Fowler 对这 1%基因的态度是肯定的，故答案为 A。 7. A visit B miss C seek D know 【答案】D know 【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不_他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些_我们亲戚的人作为朋友。填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折逻辑关系，四个选项带入，只有 D 选项符合上下文语义。 8. A resemble B
11、 influence C favor D surpass 【答案】A resemble 【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些_我们亲戚的人作为朋友。根据全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本题选择 A。 9. A again B also C instead D thus 【答案】B also 【解析】空所在的句子开头用“The study”,显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述，前文指出研究发现朋友与我们有 1%的基因关系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之
12、间是顺接关系，故答案为 B。 10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 【答案】D Perhaps 【解析】从选项和文字中句子结构可以判断，空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关系的副词，空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论，很明显是矛盾的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为 D。 11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike 【答案】B to 【解析】该题为介词选择题。后半句出现比较级，可见是和前文形成比较关系，因此和上半句介词保持一致，用介词 to。
13、该句翻译：它(这种相似性)吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。因此答案为 to。 12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 【答案】A drive 【解析】该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而_我们选择基因相似的朋友，_和_交朋友的“功能关系 ”。根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构_sb. in doing sth，B 选项observe(观察，遵守 )和 C 选项 confuse(困惑)均无此用法。符合该结构只有 A 选项 drive(驱使) 和 D 选项 limit(限制 )。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。
14、如果选限制则为反向干扰。因此答案为 drive。 13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with 【答案】B rather than 【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择基因相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友，可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章主题，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可锁定 B 选项 rather than。 A 选项 according to(根据)没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除;C 选项 regardless of(不管)表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除;D 选项 along
15、 with(伴随) 表顺接，故排除。故答案为 rather than。 14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 【答案】D benefits 【解析】根据前文 functional kinship(实用关系)可得出 D 选项 benefits(利益)，前后形成呼应。A选项 chances(机会)、B 选项 responses(反应) 、C 选项 missions(使命)均不符合题意。故答案为benefits。 15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier 【答案】C faster 【解析】该句为：evolving
16、 _ than other genes(比其他基因进化得_). 根据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years(人类进化在过去30000 年间提速 )。C 选项 faster 与下文 picked pace(加速) 形成呼应，故答案为 faster。 16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 【答案】C understand 【解析】此题考查动词。根据语意。空格后面是一个 why 引导的宾语从句，意为“人类进化在过去三万年间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研
17、究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有 C 选项 understand。A 选项 forecast“预测”与“过去三万年 ”相矛盾，B 选项 remember“记住”和 D 选项“express”均不符合文意。 17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 【答案】B contributory 【解析】此空需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。help ，pick pace 这两个词表达的都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感情色彩的词， 因此排除 A 选项“不可预测的 ”和 D
18、选项“破坏性的”; B 而 C 选项“ 可控的”,与语意无关;因此正确答案为 B 选项contributory“促进的” 。 18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 【答案】D tendency 【解析】此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。A 选项 endeavor“努力”，B 选项“决定”，C 选项“安排”，D 选项“倾向” 。本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友的不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋友。因此正确答案为 D。 19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic 【答案】C
19、 ethnic 【解析】结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C 选项 ethnic 意为“种族的，民族的” ，是对上文中多次重复出现的 genes,以及下文的 the same population 的同义复现。因此正确答案为 C。 A 选项 political“政治的”， B 选项“宗教的”，D 选项 “经济的”均不符合原文文意。 20. A see B show C prove D tell 【答案】A see 【解析】此处考察动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。see that 构成固定词组，意为“务必使”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受访者都拥有欧洲血统，(研究者们)仍然悉心确保所有的受访
20、者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一群种。选项 B“展示”,选项 C“证明 ”，选项 D“辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “k
21、ings dont abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on
22、 the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “
23、embody” a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike
24、their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, th
25、eir very historyand sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families s
26、hould still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the internation
27、al 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the mon
28、archys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service as n
29、on-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies. 21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public support B was unpopular among
30、European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 【答案】D ended his reign in embarrassment 【解析】事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words
31、and stand down.”(在最近的欧洲选举中，令人尴尬的丑闻和受欢迎的共和党，均迫使 Carlos 收回前言并退位) 。D 选项中，“stand down”是“end reign”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致 Carlos 卸任的原因“embarrassing scandals”是相呼应的。故 D 是正确答案。A、 B、 C 均属于无中生有。 22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to
32、achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to look up to Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment 【答案】A owing to their undoubted and respectable status 【解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“.most royal families have survived because
33、they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.”(大多数的王室幸存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难)其中“non-controversial but respected public figure”正是 A 选项中“undoubted and respectable status”的同义置换。故 A 是正确答案。 23. Which of the following is shown to be odd,
34、 according to Paragraph 4? A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth B The role of the nobility in modern democracies C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families DThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges 【答案】B The role of the nobility in modern democracies 【解析】事实细节题。定位在第四段的最后一句
35、话“.it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”(离奇的是，富有的贵族竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心)其中， the symbolic heart of modern democratic states 是题干 the role of the nobility in modern democracies 的同义置换。 24. The British royals “have most to fear” becau
36、se Charles A takes a rough line on political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role 【答案】D fails to adapt himself to his future role 【解析】事实细节题。该题考查：英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯。根据题干专有名词 Charles 可定位到文章第七段 “the dang
37、er will come with Charles.worst enemies”。本段指出“危险源自于查尔斯，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著;并且他没有意识到君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供了公共服务，同时，查尔斯并不知道，国王才是君主制度最大的敌人，而非共和党人。”选项 A 意为：对待政治问题态度强硬，文章并无提及;选项 B 意为，对待建议的生活方式改变失败，文章中提到生活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式;选项 C 意为：视共和党人为潜在盟友，文章中提到，共和党人并非最大的敌人，并未指明把共和党人视为盟友，属于偷换概念，选项 D 意为：适应未来身份失败，文章指出查尔斯的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王
38、制度的错误理解均为身份特殊的他的不正确言行，与选项 D 表述吻合，故为正确答案。 25. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined B Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs DCharles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats 【答案】C Carlos, a Lesson for A
39、ll European Monarchs 【解析】主旨大意题。该题考察四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。文章从西班牙国王 Carlos退位事件切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论查尔斯的事件，即可排除选项B“查尔斯继位焦虑”和 D“查尔斯 应对威胁缓慢 ”，而选项 A“卡洛斯荣辱并存” 和 C“卡洛斯欧洲君王们的前车之鉴” 中，选项 A 属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项 C 可概括，故为正确答案。另外，文章主题词 Monarch 只有在选项 C 中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。 Text 2 Just how much does the Constitution prote
40、ct your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assump
41、tion that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implic
42、ations are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say,
43、rifling through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading h
44、istory, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devic
45、es is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases
46、, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while
47、a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Ori
48、n Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents. B search for suspects mobile p
