1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目HUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTING外文出处INTERNATIONALADVANCESINECONOMICRESEARCH外文作者CARMEBARCONSVILARDELL,SOLEDADMOYAGUTIERREZ,ANTONIOSOMOZALOPEZ,JOSEPVALLVERDUCALAFELL,CARLOSGRIFULMIQUELA原文HUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGHUMANRESOURCESISANOLDFIELDOFRESEARCHINECONOMICS,ASREFLECTEDBYACCOUNTINGTREATMENTSTH
2、ISPAPERREVIEWSTHISCONTRIBUTIONFROMACCOUNTINGLITERATUREANDTHEEUROPEANLEGALFRAMEWORKDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALATTITUDESTOWARDTHISTOPICWERECOLLECTEDFROMSUCHORGANIZATIONSASTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARD1984,1993ANDTHEAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATION1970AFTERTHAT,ADETAILEDREVISIONISMADEOFTHEMAINCOSTSRELAT
3、EDTOHUMANRESOURCESTRAININGANDSELECTIONCOSTSANDEXITCOSTSTHISANALYSISISMADEFROMTHEPOINTSOFVIEWOFEXTERNALANDINTERNALORMANAGERIALACCOUNTINGANDFROMHISTORICALCOSTSANDOPPORTUNITYCOSTSFINALLY,NOUNIQUESOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEMISGIVEN,BUTALLPOSSIBLEALTERNATIVESAREEVALUATEDANDOPENFORDISCUSSIONJELJ401INTRODUCTIONHU
4、MANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGISNOTANEWISSUEINECONOMICSECONOMISTSCONSIDERHUMANCAPITALASAPRODUCTIONFACTOR,ANDTHEYEXPLOREDIFFERENTWAYSOFMEASURINGITSINVESTMENTINEDUCATION,HEALTH,ANDOTHERAREASACCOUNTANTSHAVERECOGNIZEDTHEVALUEOFHUMANASSETSFORATLEAST70YEARSRESEARCHINTOTRUEHUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGBEGANINTHE1960SBYRE
5、NSISLIKERTBOWERS,1973LIKERTDEFENDSLONGTERMPLANNINGBYSTRONGPRESSUREONHUMANRESOURCESQUALITATIVEVARIABLES,RESULTINGINGREATERBENEFITSINTHELONGRUNTHEAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATION1970DEFINESHUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGAS“THEHUMANRESOURCESIDENTIFICATIONANDMEASURINGPROCESSANDALSOITSCOMMUNICATIONTOTHEINTERESTEDPA
6、RTIES“THEREARETWOREASONSFORINCLUDINGHUMANRESOURCESINACCOUNTINGRIPOLLANDLABATUT,1994FIRST,PEOPLEAREAVALUABLERESOURCETOAFIRMSOLONGASTHEYPERFORMSERVICESTHATCANBEQUANTIFIEDTHEFIRMNEEDNOTOWNAPERSONFORHIMTOBECONSIDEREDARESOURCESECOND,THEVALUEOFAPERSONASARESOURCEDEPENDSONHOWHEISEMPLOYEDSOMANAGEMENTSTYLEWIL
7、LALSOINFLUENCETHEHUMANRESOURCEVALUE2BARCONSVILAELLETALHUMANRESOURCEACCOUNTINGCONCEPTUALFRAMEHUMANRESOURCES,LIKEANYOTHERASSET,BRINGWITHTHEMSEVERALCOSTSTABLE1USINGCRITERIATODETERMINEELEMENTSTHATCANBERECORDEDFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARD,1984,1993INTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCOMMITTEE,1989,1994,
8、TABLE2SHOWSTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFCONSIDERINGHUMANRESOURCESASANASSETFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARD,1984,1993ANDASACURRENTEXPENSETABLE1THECOSTSOFHUMANRESOURCESCOSTSDEFINITIONSORIGINALFINANCIALFLOWSORIGINATINGWHENHIRINGANDTRAININGBECOMESNECESSARYSUBSTITUTIONINCURREDTODAYTOSUBSTITUTERESOURCESUSEDINADETER
9、MINEDACTIVITYOPPOURTUNITYTHEVALUEOFHUMANRESOURCESINITSMOSTFAVORABLE,ALTERNATIVEUSESOURCEFLAMHOLTZ,1976TABLE2ASSETSANDEXPENSEOFHUMANRESOURCESASSETSEXPENSE1INTHEFUTURE,THEENTERPRISEWILL1REASONSFORCONSIDERINGHUMANPROBABLYOBTAINPROFITSZUBIARRERESOURCESASANASSETCOMEFROM1995STATESTHATPROFITGENERATIONAVOID
10、INGTHEPROBLEMSWHENISASUBJECTIVEITEMCONSIDERINGTHEMASANASSET2ASSETCOSTSMUSTBEMEASUREDEASILYTHISISDETERMINEDTHROUGHASIMPLEEXTERNAL,NOTANINTERNAL,OPERATION3THISISGOODFORHUMANRESOURCECONTROLTHEFIRMDOESNOTOWNHUMANRESOURCESLIKEITOWNSOTHERASSETSLEGALFRAMEFOLLOWINGTHEFOURTHDIRECTIVEOFCOMMUNITYECONOMICALEURO
11、PEAN1978,NOPARTYTHATISREFERREDTOHUMANRESOURCESISCONSIDEREDINTHEDIFFERENTBALANCESHEETMODELS,ANDONLYINTHEPROFITANDLOSSACCOUNTARETHECOSTSMOSTDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEM,SUCHASSALARIESANDSTAFFWELFAREEXPENSESINCLUDINGPENSIONSTHENUMBEROFEMPLOYEESCLASSIFIEDINCATEGORIESISMENTIONEDONLYINTHEEXPLANATORYREPORT,HESAME
12、ASTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSPAYMENTINSPAIN,THETREATMENTFOLLOWEDBYTHEPLANGENERALDECONTABILIDADMINISTERIODEECONOMYHACIENDA,1990ISMOREORLESSWHATHASJUSTBEENSHOWN,WHICHIMPLIESACONTINUATIONOFTHEPLANGENERALDECONTABILIDADMINISTERIODEECONOMYHACIENDA,19733TRAININGANDSELECTIONCOSTANALYSISCONCEPTNODOUBT,WHENAFIRMINVES
13、TSINHUMANRESOURCESBYACQUISITIONANDTRAINING,ITANTICIPATESAFUTUREGENERATIONOFPROFITSANDSERVICESTHATWILLBEPRODUCEDBYTHESEASSETSREFERRINGTOTRAINING,THEASOCIACTIONESPAFIOLADECONTABILIDADYADMINISTRACTIONAECA1994STATESTHATONEOFTHETECHNIQUESSHOWINGAGREATERCAPACITYTOSTIMULATEEFFICIENCYISBASEDONTHEIDEATHATANE
14、MPLOYEEWHOISINDUCEDTOGETTOKNOWHISJOBBETTERISMOREPRODUCTIVEANDQUICKERONTHEJOBTRAININGINFIRMSISANACTIVITYTHATDEVELOPSTHEWORKERSCAPACITYTOIMPROVEEFFICIENCYANDJOBQUALITY,THEREFORE,THEENTERPRISEINCREASESITSPROFITABILITYTHETRAININGCONCEPTISGENERALLYUSEDTODEFINETHREEDIFFERENTISSUESWHICH,INPRACTICE,AREDIFFI
15、CULTTODISTINGUISHCAPACITATION,TRAINING,ANDDEVELOPMENTGUZMINETAL,1996CAPACITATIONISTHEWORKERSACQUISITIONOFKNOWLEDGEANDSKILLSNECESSARYFORHISJOBTRAININGBETTERADAPTSTHEWORKERTOTHEJOB,ANDDEVELOPMENTFOCUSESONPROMOTIONTOHIGHERJOBLEVELSEVENTHOUGHTHEREAREDIFFERENTTRAININGCLASSIFICATIONS,THEONEPROPOSEDBYMARQU
16、6S1974REPORTSSEVERALCRITERIA1WHENDOESTRAININGTAKEPLACEITCANBEATTHECONTRACTINGMOMENTORANYMOMENTDURINGEMPLOYMENT2HOWLONGISTHETRAININGPERIODITCANTAKEFROMONEORTWODAYSTOONEORTWOWEEKSINSOMECASES,ITCANTAKESIXMONTHS,ONEYEAR,ORMORE3DOESTHISTRAININGRELATETOTHENATUREOFTHEJOBBYUPDATINGANEMPLOYEESKNOWLEDGEANDTEA
17、CHINGNEWTECHNIQUESORDOESITOPENDOORSTONEWSKILLSNOTRELATEDTOTHEWORKERSPROFESSIONALACTIVITY4ISTHEREINTERNALOREXTERNALTRAININGTAKINGPLACETHECRITERIABASEDONTHEJOBSNATUREISALSOPROPOSEDBYAECA1994INITSMANAGERIALACCOUNTINGDOCUMENTNUMBER6WHEREITDISTINGUISHESBETWEENCREATIVETRAININGANDCOMPETITIVESTRATEGYTRAININ
18、GTHEREFORE,CREATIVETRAININGCOMESFROMTHEFIRMSPLANNINGPROCESSANDMAKESPERSONNELCAPABLEOFDOINGTHEIRJOBONTHECONTRARY,COMPETITIVESTRATEGICTRAININGMAINTAINSTHEFIRMSCOMPETITIVELEVELINSIDECREATIVETRAINING,THREEDIFFERENTACTIONSCANBEDISTINGUISHEDTHATWILLINCURSOMEEXPENSESROBLEDA,1994THOSETRAININGEXPENSESARERELA
19、TEDTOJOBSANDPROFESSIONEVOLUTION,IMPROVEMENTSINGLOBALSERVICES,ANDINNOVATIONORCHANGEINPROJECTSINANYCASE,EXPENSESDERIVEDFROMCREATIVETRAININGARECONSIDEREDLONGTERMBECAUSETHEYINCREASETHEFIRMSADDEDVALUEINOTHERWORDS,WITHCREATIVETRAINING,THEFIRMBECOMESMORECOMPETITIVEANDINCREASESITSINCOMEEXPENSESDERIVEDFROMCO
20、MPETITIVESTRATEGICTRAININGWILLBECONSIDEREDASCURRENTEXPENSESSINCETHEYAPPEARASACONSEQUENCEOFSHORTTERMACTIONSTHATMAINTAINTHEFIRMSCOMPETITIVELEVEL,EVENTHOUGHITSABSENCEMAYLEADTOADECREASEINTHEEMPLOYEESQUALIFICATIONSTREATMENTFROMAFINANCIALACCOUNTINGPERSPECTIVEFOLLOWINGTHEDEFINITIONSALREADYEXPLAINED,ASLONGA
21、SFUTUREBENEFITSAREEXPECTEDTOCOMEFROMTHESETRAININGCOSTS,THEYCANBETREATEDASASSETSHOWEVER,THISDOESNOTHOLDTRUEINREALITYASCEAGARCIA1990STATES“THEREISACLEARABSENCEOFCORRESPONDENCEBETWEENTHEREALASSETSINTHEPRESENTFIRMSANDTHOSERECOGNISEDINTHEBALANCESHEETINFACT,ASSETSARETOORELATEDTOITSJURIDICALCONCEPTIONTHATI
22、S,OWNEDBYTHEFIRM,INFRONTOFAPUREECONOMICAPPROACHWHEREASSETISEVERYINSTRUMENTORWAYTHATCANBEUSEDINTHEPRODUCTIONDISTRIBUTIONFIRMSPROCESSOR,INGENERAL,EVERYCATEGORYOFECONOMICVALUEWHICHCANBETRANSFORMEDINTOGOODSORSERVICEORANYINSTRUMENTATTHESERVICEOFTHEFIRMORTHATTHEFIRMUSES,REGARDLESSOFITSJURIDICALSTATEANDALS
23、OALLTHOSEGOODSANDRIGHTSTHATTHEFIRMDOESNOTOWNNOWBUTUSEDTOOWNORWILLOWNLATERON,BYVIRTUEOFCOLLATERALCONTRACTSORAGREEMENTSWHICHMAYINDUCEIT“SO,ADIAGNOSISISREACHEDABOUTTHEPREDOMINANTASSETCONCEPTTHISSITUATIONCANBEEXPLAINEDBYTWOIMPORTANTPROBLEMSTHATAREMETWHENREFERRINGTOINTANGIBLESIDENTIFYTHEASSETSCOSTANDESTI
24、MATETHEPERIODINWHICHTHEASSETSHOULDBEAMORTIZEDININTERNATIONALACCOUNTING,BESIDESCLEARLYRECOGNIZINGSOMEITEMSASASSETSCASH,STOCK,MACHINERY,ANDSOONTHEREISGREATDEBATEWHETHERCERTAINOTHERITEMSARECONSIDEREDCAPITALIZATIONTHESEAREKNOWNASDEFERREDCHARGESINENGLISHACCOUNTINGLITERATUREHENDRIKSEN,1992ITCANBESAIDTHENT
25、HATNOTONLYARETHELIMITSUNCLEARBETWEENINTANGIBLE,FIXEDASSETSANDDEFERREDCHARGES,BUTALSOWHICHELEMENTSARECONSIDEREDASSETSANDWHICHELEMENTSARECONSIDEREDEXPENSESTREATMENTFROMAMANAGERIALACCOUNTINGPERSPECTIVEPERSONNELWORKINGFORADETERMINEDENTERPRISEISACTUALLYPARTICIPATINGINAVALUECREATIONPROCESSTHATIS,ANYECONOM
26、ICACTIVITYMAKESTHEFIRMINCURCOSTSONETRADITIONALCLASSIFICATIONTAKESINTOACCOUNTTHECOSTCATEGORIESOFRAWMATERIALS,INDUSTRIALPLANTS,ANDPERSONNELWHENADDINGINCOMEFLOWTOANORGANIZATIONSMARKETGOODSANDSERVICES,IFITISSUPERIORTOTHECOSTFLOW,ITBECOMESADDEDVALUETHISVALUEISACONSEQUENCEOFTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENMATERIALAN
27、DHUMANRESOURCESINPRODUCTIONBECAUSEITISDIFFICULTTOKNOWANDMEASUREVALUE,ACCOUNTINGHASUSEDSUBSTITUTEDMEASURESSUCHASACQUISITIONCOST,SUBSTITUTIONCOST,ANDEVENOPPORTUNITYCOSTMARQTIES,1974HISTORICALCOSTSWHENREFERRINGTOTRAININGCOSTS,HISTORICALCOSTSMEANSTHESACRIFICENECESSARYTOHIREANDTRAINPEOPLEDETERMININGTRAIN
28、INGCOSTSISDIFFICULTWHENTRAININGTAKESPLACEINHOUSE,CONSIDERINGTEACHERSANDORGANIZERSDEDICATION,OCCUPIEDROOMS,SALARIESANDSTAFFWELFAREEXPENSESWITHNOREMUNERATION,GENERALEXPENSES,ANDSOONITISMUCHEASIERTOHAVEEXTERNALTRAININGORTIGUEIRABOUZADA1977DIVIDESALLTHESECOSTSINTOTHEGROUPSOFACQUISITIONCOSTSANDLEARNINGCO
29、STSTABLE3FURTHERDIVIDESACQUISITIONCOSTS,ANDTABLE4FURTHERDIVIDESLEARNINGCOSTSTABLE3ACQUISITIONCOSTSCOSTSDEFINITIONSRECRUITINGORIGINATESWITHTHESEARCHFORHUMANRESOURCESINCLUDEDINTHISISPUBLICITY,MAILING,ANDSOONCOSTSCORRESPONDINGTOREJECTEDAPPLICANTSAREAPPLIEDTOTHECONTRACTEDAPPLICANTSSELECTIONCORRESPONDSTO
30、THESELECTEDPERSONNELITSMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSAREDERIVEDFROMTHECANDIDATESINTERVIEWTRAVELING,HOTELS,ANDSOON,ELABORATIONANDORGANIZATIONOFEXAMS,ANDOTHERSELECTIVETESTSASWITHRECRUITINGCOSTS,TOTALSELECTIONCOSTSAREAPPLIEDTOTHOSECONTRACTEDAPPLICANTSCONTRACTINGBEGINSONCEPERSONNELISELECTEDTHISREFERSTOFORMULAT
31、INGTHECONTRACT,TRAVELEXPENSES,ANDSIMILARCONCEPTSPLACINGINCLUDESAVARIETYOFADMINISTRATIVECOSTS,PRODUCEDBYTHENECESSITYOFSITUATINGTHENEWEMPLOYEEINHISJOBTABLE4CONTCOSTSDEFINITIONSORIENTATIONTHISISHARDLYESTIMABLEANDREFERSTOFAMILIARIZINGTHENEWEMPLOYEEWITHTHEPERSONNELPOLICY,PRODUCTSANDSERVICESOFTHEENTERPRIS
32、E,ANDTHEORGANIZATIONINGENERALTHISCOSTGENERALLYINCLUDESADAPTINGTHEPERSONTOTHEORGANIZATIONASAWHOLEANDNOTTOAPARTICULARJOBPROMOTIONORIGINATESEVERYTIMEANEMPLOYEECHANGESHISJOBWHETHERINTHESAMECATEGORYORANOTHERTHISNORMALLYISARELEVANTPARTOFTHETOTALCOSTIMPROVEMENTMAINTAINSANDIMPROVESTHEREALPOTENTIALCAPACITYOF
33、EVERYEMPLOYEETHISCOSTCONSTITUTEANIMPORTANTITEMINHISTORICALCOSTSFROMTHEMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGPOINTOFVIEW,ANACCURATEESTIMATIONOFTHELEARNINGFACTORISESSENTIALTOOBTAINAGOODPREDICTIONOFTHEPRODUCTCOSTANDISALSOIMPORTANTINTHELABORFORCEONTHEOTHERHAND,THEENTERPRISECANMAKEDECISIONSABOUTITSHUMANRESOURCEINVESTMENTS
34、IFITKNOWSWHICHBENEFITSWILLBEREPORTEDINTHISSENSE,THELEARNINGFACTOROREXPERIENCECURVEPROVIDESINFORMATIONFORDECISIONMAKINGANDRESOLUTIONOFPROBLEMSREGARDINGTHERISINGCOSTSOFTHELABORFORCEWHERENEWFABRICATIONPROCESSESORSPECIALIZEDJOBSAREIMPORTANTINBOTHCASES,THECOSTWILLDECREASEASLONGASEMPLOYEESGETTOKNOWTHEIRJO
35、BSBETTERSUBSTITUTIONCOSTSLIKERTBOWERS,1973IMAGINESANEXTREMESITUATIONFORTHEFIRMSMANAGEMENT“SUPPOSETHATTOMORROWALLTHEJOBSAREEMPTY,BUTYOUSTILLHAVEAVAILABLEALLTHERESTOFTHERESOURCESBUILDINGS,FACTORIES,INDUSTRIALPLANTS,PATENTS,STOCKS,MONEY,ANDSOONEXCEPT,OFCOURSE,FORTHEPERSONNELHOWMUCHTIMEWOULDITTAKEYOUTOR
36、ECRUITTHENECESSARYPERSONNEL,TRAINITUNTILTHEYAREABLETOASSUMEALLTHEEXISTINGFUNCTIONSATTHEPRESENTCOMPETITIVELEVELANDINTEGRATEITINTHEORGANISATIONINTHESAMEWAYTHEYNOWARE“THEMENTALEXERCISENECESSARYTOREBUILDANORGANIZATIONISANEXCELLENTWAYTOATTRACTATTENTIONTOHUMANRESOURCES,WHICHISNOWSEENINANEWLIGHTCERTAINLY,P
37、ROFESSORLIKERTSFICTIONINCLUDESTHEIMPLICITPOSINGOFHUMANRESOURCEVALUATIONUNDERSUBSTITUTIONORREPLACEMENTCOSTCRITERIAEVENTHOUGHLIKERTSPROPOSALISVERYUNLIKELY,ITENABLESCALCULATINGTHECOSTOFTOTALLYSUBSTITUTINGORREPLACINGHUMANRESOURCESTOCALCULATESUBSTITUTIONCOST,FIGUREINTHECOSTOFSACRIFICETOREPLACEAHUMANRESOU
38、RCETHATISALREADYEMPLOYEDTHISCOSTINCLUDESEXITCOSTSOFTHELEAVINGEMPLOYEEANDRECRUITINGANDTRAININGOFTHEREPLACEMENTOPPORTUNITYCOSTSSOMEAUTHORSCONSIDERTHATOPPORTUNITYCOSTSARENOTTHEALTERNATIVETOHISTORICALCOSTSNORSUBSTITUTIONCOSTS,BUTESTIMATESTHESECOSTSWITHOUTMISTAKEOPPORTUNITYCOSTSARECONSIDEREDAS“ANASSETVAL
39、UEWHENTHEYARETHETARGETOFANALTERNATIVEUSE“HEKIMIANANDJONES,1967COSTVALUATIONISBASEDUPONTHECONFLICTOFINTERESTTHATCANTAKEPLACEINAFIRMSINTERNAL,FICTITIOUSMARKETWHERESEVERALORGANIZATIONALUNITSDIVISIONSPARTICIPATETHESEUNITSMUSTBEPROFITCENTERS,THATIS,THEIROBJECTIVESMUSTBEEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFPROFITABILITY4EXI
40、TCOSTANALYSISCONCEPTEXITCOSTSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTHETHREECATEGORIESRIPOLIANDLABATUT,1994OFLOSTEFFICIENCYPRIORTOSEPARATION,JOBVACANCYCOSTDURINGTHENEWSEARCH,ANDTERMINATIONPAYTREATMENTITISDIFFICULTTOPUTAVALUEONLOSTEFFICIENCYPRIORTOSEPARATIONPRODUCTIVITYPEREMPLOYEESEEMSTOBETHEMOSTADEQUATEMEASUREHOWEVER,T
41、HISMEASUREGENERALLYCALCULATEDBYMEANSOFARATIOISNOTPROBLEMFREEFOREXAMPLE,CONSIDERADMINISTRATIVEORMANAGEMENTJOBSWHEREPRODUCTIVITYISSOHARDIFNOTIMPOSSIBLETOIDENTIFYTHEVACANCYCOSTPREVENTSTAKINGINTOACCOUNTHOWMUCHTHEFIRMCEASESTOGAINBECAUSETHEEMPLOYEEISNOTWORKINGTHEREANYMOREIFTHISLOSSISEXPRESSEDACCORDINGTOTH
42、EPRODUCTIVITYRATIO,THESAMEPROBLEMSARISETHATWEREDISCUSSEDINPREVIOUSPOINTSEXCEPTFORTHEESTIMATEDWASTEDRETURNPERCENTAGETHAT,INTHISCASE,BECOMESUNNECESSARYREGARDINGTERMINATIONPAY,ACCOUNTINGNORMALLYREFERSTOTHISASINDEMNITIESREFERRINGTOTHEINDEMNITYACCOUNTINGTREATMENT,ISITNECESSARYTORECORDAPROVISIONFORTHETOTA
43、LPOSSIBLEINDEMNITIESOFTHESTAFFTHATIS,DOESANEXPENSEORLOSSEXIST,WHETHERPOTENTIALORREAL,ANDISTHEPROVISIONNECESSARYUSETHEEXAMPLEOFANEMPLOYEEWHOSPENDSHISENTIREPROFESSIONALLIFEINAFIRMFROMTHEBEGINNINGTHROUGHRETIREMENTITISOBVIOUSTHATTHEPROVISIONISNOTNECESSARYTHEPROVISIONHASBEENRECORDEDTOTHEDEBITOFEXPENSES,T
44、HEREFORE,ITREMAINSTHATTHEPREVIOUSENTRYCANNOTPOSSIBLYBERECORDEDBECAUSEFUTUREEVENTSINTHISPARTICULARISSUEAREUNKNOWNTHEPROVISIONENTRYMUSTNOTBERECORDEDFORTHEENTIRESTAFFBECAUSETHISWOULDBEACTINGAGAINSTTHEACCRUAL,REGISTER,ANDPRUDENTACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESWHENISTHEBESTMOMENTFORRECORDINGASTAFFINDEMNITYPROVISIONA
45、NINDEMNITYPROVISIONMUSTBERECORDEDONLYWHENTHEENTERPRISEHASDECIDEDTOPUTANENDTOTHEEXISTINGCONTRACTSANDHASALREADYESTIMATEDBASEDUPONTHEPREVAILINGLAWTHEQUANTITYACCRUEDRECORDINGTHEPROVISIONBEFOREHANDWOULDNOTBECORRECTBECAUSETHEFIRMSDECISIONISSTILLNEEDED,NOTJUSTPERSONALOPINIONSDOANYRESTRICTIVEFACTORSEXISTFOR
46、RECORDINGITNOTONLYISTHISNOTTRIVIAL,BUTITPOSESANIMPORTANTPROBLEMITISOBVIOUSTHATIFAFIRMCANNOTFINANCIALLYAFFORDTHEINDEMNITIESBECAUSEITDOESNOTHAVEENOUGHCASH,THENTHEPROVISIONMUSTNOTBERECORDEDSINCETHEFIRMISNOTABLETOPAYIT,THELIABILITYDOESNOTEXISTREFERRINGTOTHEINDEMNITIESACCRUEDORPAIDTOTHESTAFFWHENFINISHING
47、THEIRCONTRACTS,TWOQUESTIONSARISETHATAREHEAVILYDISCUSSEDINACCOUNTINGLITERATUREMUSTTHEINDEMNITIESBECLASSIFIEDINTHEPROFITANDLOSSACCOUNTASOPERATINGOREXTRAORDINARYEXPENSESCANINDEMNITIESBECONSIDEREDANASSETATTHISPOINT,TWODIFFERENTSITUATIONSCANBEDISTINGUISHEDTHEREARETHOSEFIRMSTHATBECAUSEOFTHEIRSIZE,ACTIVITY
48、,OROTHERFACTORS,HAVEAHIGHPERSONNELTURNOVER,THEREFORE,INDEMNITIESAREAREQUENTISSUEINTHISCASE,ITSEEMSREASONABLETHATITSACCOUNTINGTREATMENTMUSTBEINSIDEOPERATINGEXPENSESBECAUSE,HERE,INDEMNITIESBECOMESOMETHINGQUITEUSUALHOWEVER,THEREARETHOSEFIRMSTHATNEEDTOCANCELCONTRACTSFORTHEFINNTOSURVIVEINTHISCASE,INDEMNI
49、TIESMUSTBECLASSIFIEDASEXTRAORDINARYEXPENSESBECAUSETHEYCOMPLYWITHCERTAINCONDITIONSTHEYDONOTFORMPARTOFTHETYPICALANDORDINARYACTIVITIESOFTHEFIRMANDTHEYARENOTSUPPOSEDTOHAPPENFREQUENTLYIFTHEEXTRAORDINARYEXPENSEDEFINITIONHOLDSTRUE,THEN,NODOUBT,INDEMNITYEXPENSESCANBECONSIDEREDEXTRAORDINARYITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATPERSONNELINDEMNITIESAREANECESSARYEXPENSEFORTHEFIRM,SOTHEYSHOULDNEVERBECONSIDEREDANASSETTHEREASONISOBVIOUSASAGENERALRULE,ANASSETISAGOODORARIGHTTHATTHEFIRMOWNSINADETERMINEDMOMENTOTHERELEMENTSAREALSOCONSIDEREDASSETSSUCHASPREPAYMENTADJUSTMENTSORCAPITALIZEDEXPENSES,WHICHARENEITHER
