1、12016高考英语语法必考点与常考点归纳一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 Hello, co
2、uld I speak to Mr. Smith?Sorry, wrong number. There isnt_ Mr. Smith here.A. 不填 B. a C. the D. oneThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）6 用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8 用于so(as, to
3、o, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)a success(具体化) 成功的人或事a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识II. 定冠词的用法1 表示某一类人或物In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation
4、.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 24 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“ 夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）Could you tell me the way
5、to _ Johnsons, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in Chin
6、a.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世 纪的某个年代in the 1990s(二十世 纪九十年代)11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder.III. 不用冠 词（又名零冠 词）的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one
7、. / Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词 前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent. A. the; the
8、B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.3二、 名词和主谓一致I. 名词的种类专有名词 普通名词可数名词 不可数名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词特别注意:名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例 句 意 义 名词性质花儿 个体名词She held some flowers in her hand.The trees are
9、now in flower 开花 抽象名词青春 抽象名词Youth is beautiful.He is a youth of twenty 年轻人 个体名词成功 抽象名词They have achieved remarkable success in their work.How about the Christmas evening party? I should say it was a success. 成功的事 个体名词物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例 句 意 义 名词性质铁 物质名词Iron is a kind of metal.Please lend me your iron. 熨
10、斗 个体名词玻璃 物质名词He broke a piece of glass.He broke a glass. 玻璃杯 个体名词小鸡 个体名词I bought a chicken this morningPlease help yourself to some chicken 鸡肉 物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have 等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作Id like_information about the management of your hotel,please.Well, you could have_word with the man
11、ager. He might be helpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,aThey sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）A.a B.an C./ D.theCould we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）A.a B.an C./ D.the类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a looktake a walk/a bath mak
12、e an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出 发)/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发 出痛苦的叫声 ) /give a try表示知识和时间的抽 Many people agree that_knowledge of English is a must 4象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分in_international trade today.A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, thea knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)giv
13、e a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) If there were no examination, we should have_at school.A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time is money.A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、
14、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰Oh, John. _you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseShe looked up when I shouted.A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had
15、some unpleasant surpriseIt is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusualII. 名词的数规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在 单数形式后面加 -s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表III. 主谓 一致规 则 例 词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese
16、, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population
17、, crew, team, public, enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队 ), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑 智力), greens(青菜), ruins( 废墟)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese7
18、表示“某国人”以-man 或-woman结尾的改为-men,- Englishmen, Frenchwomen5women将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches8 合成名词将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants规则情 况 举 例以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词 一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His f
19、ather is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语 是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for
20、 you.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词 。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作 单数看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every st
21、udent and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的 谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was
22、left. None of us has (have) been to America.在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数 应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.语法一致原则在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致It is I who am go
23、ing to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.6如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的 谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词 用复数形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on th
24、e third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其 谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50
25、percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但 the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应 与其后的主语一致There comes the bus. On the wall
26、 are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has been done. All is going well
27、. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单 数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词 要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every day.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用 单数形式。The United States is smaller
28、 than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其 谓语动词要用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.逻辑意义一致原则一些学科名词是以- The paper works was built in 7ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用 单数形式。1
29、990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。I dont think physics is easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一 类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken
30、good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主 语保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly rig
31、ht?there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主 语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.就近/远一致原则 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in
32、addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就 远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my te
33、achers knows anything about it.8三、代 词I. 代词可以分为以下八大类主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their1 人称代 词名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs2 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
34、 themselves3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some4 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever5 关系代词/连 接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little6 不定代词other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either7 相互代词
35、each other,one anotherII. 不定代词用法注意点类 别 区 别 例 句one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为onesWeve been looking at the houses but havent found _ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those one, some，any和itsome可用于疑问句中
36、，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等Your coffee smells great! Its from MexicoWould you like _?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle9some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any 表示任何一个I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? _way as you please.A.
37、Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同类中的一个， it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, Id rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;itD.it;itsome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the
38、corner store and get _. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,anyWe had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _.A.none B.either C.any D.eachHe doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk.A. any B. many C. some D. mucheach和everyeach强调 个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，
39、而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.none和nono等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以There is no water in the bott
40、le.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.other和 anotherother泛指 “另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every otherweek, someother reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the othersBoth sides have accused of breaking the contract.A. another B.
41、the other C. neither D. eachTwo students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.10another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so lets have _ one this month Athe other Bsome Canother DotherThe trousers are too long, please give me anoth
42、er pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.either和neither前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都Do you want tea or coffee? _, I really dont mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. allIt was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A. non
43、e B. neither C. both D. each四、形容词和副词I. 形容词1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结 尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置 the on
44、ly person awake4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with7 enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置_to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000)A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave
45、students C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年 龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜 色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose （目的）+ 名词。This _ girl is Lindas cousin. (05北京卷)A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty
