1、A Theoretical Discussion about Typological Distance in Language Contact and Language Qualitative Change Exemplified Using a Number Extraordinary Chinese Languages语言接触的类型差距及语言质变现象的理论探讨 以中国境内几种特殊语言为例Xiaoyu ZENG曾晓渝1 Introduction 引言 In China there are a number of extraordinary languages, such as Dao, Ei
2、, Mak and Hui Hui, which independently exist as mother tongues and are passed on through the generations. They are considered extraordinary because they are not the result of the differentiation of one parent language， but in fact the result of close contact between two or more different languages b
3、ringing about language qualitative change. Consequently, it is difficult to determine their exact position on a typological tree of languages. 在中国境内存在着一些特殊的语言，比如倒话、诶话、莫语、回辉话等。这些语言是作为母语传承的独立语言，之所以特殊，是因为它们不是由某个祖语继承或分化来的，而是两种（或多种）不同语言深刻接触所导致的语言质变结果，因此难以在语言谱系树中确定它们的地位。 Language qualitative change is dif
4、ferent from language decay， it is a form of language transformation. Language qualitative change is a long process. The question is; can the typological differences between two or more closely contacting languages affect the variation that results from contact-induced change? Or, as the typological
5、distance between languages is not uniform, can the size of typological distance between two intensely contact languages be reflected through the results of language qualitative change induced variation in fields such as the phonology, grammar and lexicon? 语言质变是语言转换的表现形式之一。 在语言质变过程中，相互接触的两种（或多种）语言的类型
6、差距是否对接触变异的结果发生作用？或者说，语言类型差距的大小不同，是否会使深度语言接触所发生的语言质变现象在语音、词汇、语法诸方面的结构变异存在指向差别？本文拟通过几种发生质变的特殊语言现象探讨这些问题。2 The basic characteristics and formative mechanisms of a few extraordinary Chinese languages中国境内几种特殊语言的基本特征及其形成机制2.1 The Dao language 倒话The Dao language is an extraordinary language of the Garze Ti
7、beten region of Sichuan. Dao has some fascinating yet contradictory characteristics; On one hand most of the lexicon comes from Mandarin Chinese, On the other hand, on a grammatical and structural level through its SOV order ， it possesses a highly intimate compositional relationship with Tibetan（ A
8、cuo 2004） .倒话是四川甘孜藏区的一种特殊语言。两百多年前一批汉族清兵被派驻当地，逐渐与当地人联姻繁衍成为如今使用倒话的居民。倒话最显著的特点在于：词汇主要来自汉语，语法主要来自藏语（ SOV语序）（阿错 2004）。 How was the Dao language formed? One school of thought is that the extreme pressure for communication between the two groups led to the formation of Dao as an intermediate language for H
9、an-Tibetan households and after two or three generations it ultimately became fixed (Acuo 2004). One problem with this hypothesis is the pidgin language created by an increased pressure for communication embodies the mutual simplification of both partys mother tongues. The grammar of the Dao languag
10、e has not lost its Tibetan characteristics, in fact it has added Mandarin Chinese quantity and passive sentence formation structures, seemingly becoming even more complicated. 倒话是怎样形成的呢？ 一种设想是：在汉、藏家庭里高度交际压力下形成的藏汉中介语的石化结果（阿错 2004）。但这一设想的问题是，交际压力下形成的皮钦语或克里奥尔语是简化，而倒话保留了藏语语法，还增加了汉语被动句式等，更加复杂了。 Another s
11、chool of thought is that Tibetan women who had entered the base by marriage gradually became bilingual. However, their incomplete study resulted in a lexicon of Mandarin Chinese but with the complicated grammatical features being imported from Tibetan. Also, in order to distinguish their language fr
12、om that of the surrounding Tibetan region and exhibit their position of financial and political superiority, the status-conscious Tibetan women within the base, spoke a unique language which was neither Tibetan nor Mandarin Chinese. This became a mother tongue and was passed through the generations.
13、 另一种设想是：当初嫁入汉族军营的藏族妇女逐渐成为 藏汉双语者 ，她们对汉语的 “不完全学习 ”形成 “倒话 ”，这种显示特殊群体身份的独特语言在特殊环境中作为母语传承下来。2.2 The Ei Language 诶话 The Ei Language (also known as wu se hua) is an extraordinary language of the Rongshui County of Guangxi. In Summary, on every structural level of the Ei language, Chinese and Tai Kadai comp
14、onents are intertwined and fused together to form a harmonious mixture, which is different from both Tai kadai languages and Mandarin (Zeng 、 Gao 2010） . 诶话（五色话），是广西融水的一种特殊语言。诶话的结构与要素各层面里，汉语、侗台语言的成分是交错融合浑然一体的，它既不是侗台语言，也不是汉语（曾晓渝、高欢 2010）。 In Guangxi， despite the considerable influence of the prolonge
15、d linguistic dominance of both Mandarin Chinese and the Zhuang language on the languages of the ethnic minorities, due to their continued possession of independence, their languages remain essentially unchanged。 However, the Ei language is an exception. According to local legend, throughout history
16、the Rongshui region has been of military importance and the ancestry of the Ei people probably originates from the joint establishment of a garrison by groups of Tai-Kadai people and Han Chinese. 在广西，尽管长期以来汉语和壮语影响很大，但各个少数民族语言依然具有独立性，并未发生本质变化。可是，诶话却是一个例外。传说诶话族群的先民是来自壮侗民族与汉人共同组建的当地驻军，因为历史上融水县地处军事要塞之地。
17、 Considering the structural formation of the Ei language, the school of thought is that people from families created by the soldiers (being mostly of Zhuang ethnicity) were basically bilingual in both Mandarin and their ethnic dialects. Living in a army camp that was controlled by Han Chinese office
18、rs caused them to use Mandarin Chinese more in their everyday lives, and naturally they would import elements of it into their own languages, and vice-versa. One noteworthy fact is that these soldiers and their familys special status determined that their language should be able to distinguish them
19、from the neighbouring proletariat and their dissimilar mindsets. This attitude contributed to the structural formation of the Ei language and led to it becoming a native language which was passed through the generations. 对于诶话的形成机制，我们设想，当初以壮族为主的士兵及家属基本上都是汉语和本族语的双语者，由于生活在以汉族军官为权威的军营中，他们更多地使用汉语，他们的汉语中自
20、然带有母语成分，反之亦然。值得强调的是，这群军人及家属的特殊身份，使他们有在语言上区别于周边老百姓的 “别同 ”心态，而这种语言态度决定了诶话的形成，并作为母语传承下来。2.3 The Mak language 莫语 The Mak language is a language spoken by all of the Mak and Ai-Cham people of Libo County, Guizhou. In the core lexicon of the language， words that have a related to those of the Sui language
21、 account for 90% ， With respect to grammar， the three different languages are extremely similar; there are only few areas of subtle dissimilarity between the Mak language and the Sui and Buyei languages（ Wang 2005 ） . 莫语是贵州荔波布依族苗族自治县莫家、锦家人所讲的一种特殊语言，属于侗水语支。核心词方面，莫语 -水语关系词在 90以上，语法方面，莫、水、布依基本一致，但极细微处布依语和水语略有差别时，莫语往往和布依语一致（王宇枫 2005）。
