1、24外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文AUDITORINDEPENDENCEAFOCUSONTHESECINDEPENDENCERULESABSTRACTAUDITORINDEPENDENCEISANIMPORTANTUNDERPINNINGOFTHEFEDERALSECURITIESLAWSTHESELAWSREQUIRETHATREGISTRANTSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSFILEDWITHTHESECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONSECBEAUDITEDBYINDEPENDENTPUBLICACCOUNTANTSTHEFOCUSONINDEPENDE
2、NCEFORPUBLICCOMPANYAUDITORSWASINCREASEDINLIGHTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHESARBANESOXLEYACTOF2002TOSTRENGTHENAUDITORINDEPENDENCETHESEINSTRUCTIONALRESOURCESPROVIDEBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONONTHECURRENTSECAUDITORINDEPENDENCERULESAFTERBECOMINGFAMILIARWITHTHESERULES,YOUWILLHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOCOMPLETESEVERALCASESCE
3、NARIOSTHATADDRESS1HYPOTHETICALSETTINGSTHATMAYREPRESENTVIOLATIONSOFTHESECINDEPENDENCERULES,2POSSIBLEACTIONSTHATANAUDITCOMMITTEEMIGHTTAKEWHENITDETERMINESTHATTHESECINDEPENDENCERULESMAYHAVEBEENVIOLATED,AND3POSSIBLEALTERNATIVESTOTHECURRENTSECINDEPENDENCERULESTHATCOULDACHIEVETHEDESIREDPUBLICPOLICYGOALSOFO
4、BJECTIVEAUDITSANDINVESTORCONFIDENCEAFRAMEWORKFORASSESSINGAUDITORINDEPENDENCEISSUESINDEPENDENCEISTHEFOUNDATIONOFTHEPUBLICACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONVARIOUSORGANIZATIONS,INCLUDINGTHEAMERICANINSTITUTEOFCERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTANTSAICPA,STATEBOARDSOFACCOUNTANCY,THEPUBLICCOMPANYACCOUNTINGOVERSIGHTBOARDPCAOB,ANDTH
5、ESECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONSEC,REQUIREAUDITORSTOBEINDEPENDENT,INBOTHFACTANDINAPPEARANCETHISSETOFINSTRUCTIONALMATERIALSFOCUSESONSECREQUIREMENTSFORAUDITORINDEPENDENCEWEFOCUSONTHESECSRULESBECAUSEOFTHEIRLONGSTANDINGIMPORTANCEANDTHEINCREASEDATTENTIONTOTHESERULESFOLLOWINGTHEPASSAGEOFTHEPUBLICACCOUNTI
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22、1RELATEDTOEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIPS,CONTINGENTFEES,ANDNONAUDITSERVICESDONOTALLOWFORANYSUCHRELATIONSHIPS,REGARDLESSOFTHEMATERIALITYOFTHERELATIONSHIPFOREXAMPLE,IFANAUDITFIRMWERETOPROVIDEAPROHIBITEDNONAUDITSERVICEEG,BOOKKEEPINGSERVICESTOANAUDITCLIENT,THENANINDEPENDENCEVIOLATIONWOULDOCCURWHETHERTHEAUDITFI
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39、Y,ROBERTKNECHELANDVIVIANLINNONAUDITSERVICESANDAUDITORINDEPENDENCENEWZEALANDEVIDENCEJJOURNALOFBUSINESSFINANCEACCOUNTING,2006,471573424二、翻译文章译文审计独立性基于美国证券交易委员会独立性准则的研究摘要审计独立是联邦证券的重要基础法律。这些法律规定提交给SEC并进行登记备案的财务报表必须经过独立会计师的审计。在2002年出台的关于加强注册会计师审计独立性的萨班斯法案的光环笼罩下,上市公司中注册会计师的独立性受到进一步的重视。下面的这些教学资源,为当前美国证券交易委
40、员会审计独立性准则提供了背景资料。在熟悉这些准则之后,你将有机会来完成一些案例,具体的解决方案是(1)假设一些违反SEC独立性准则的行为;(2)当人们侵犯了SEC独立性准则时审计委员会将采取何种行动;(3)现SEC独立性准则规定的可能性可以用来满足增强审计和公众投资者的政策目标信心的需要。用来评估审计独立性问题的框架独立性是会计专业的公共基础。各种组织,包括美国注册会计师协会、国家议会会计、上市公司会计监督委员会与美国证券及交易委员会,都要求审计人员必须保持实质上的独立和形式上的独立。这一套教材侧重于美国证券交易委员会对审计师独立性的要求。我们着眼于SEC的准则,是因为他们长期的重要地位以及对
41、这些会计准则改革和投资者保护法的持续重视态度,更好地为2002年6月30日颁布的萨班斯法案服务。萨班斯法案第二章审计独立性,通过讨论美国证券交易委员会对独立性的要求来表明萨班斯法案的总体预期目标是通过“依据证券法律来提高公司披露的准确性和可靠性以及与此相关的其他目的来恢复投资者的信心”。例如,萨班斯法案规定的审计人员必须定期轮换,并禁止审计事务所为其审计客户提供某些非审计服务。美国证券交易委员会为结合这些必须的改变修改了独立性准则。审计师的独立性,是美国联邦证券法的主要支柱之一,它规定必须经审计师审计的财务信息才可以向证券交易委员会提交。与独立性相关的要求有两个,但都不同于公共政策目标。第一个
42、目标是通过将影响审计师专业判断的外部因素降至最低来提高审计质量,第二个目标是提高投资者对被审计的上市公司财务报表24的信任程度。审计师不仅要保持实质上的独立同时也应避免出现这样的可能使得拥有充分审计证据的第三方怀疑其独立性、公正性和专业判断受到影响。尽管明白独立性很重要,但商业媒体和美国证券交易委员会提交的文件都提供了许多审计人员违反独立性规定的案例。保持审计师独立性的难度在于不但要确定何时发生的违规事件并评价其结果而且还要对违反行为做出相应的应对措施。在下面的部分我们描述了当前美国证券交易委员会的独立性准则框架,并提供三个相关议题的讨论(1)质量控制系统(2)物质考虑(3)在咨询中对审计委员
43、会角色问题的判断。然后,我们会假设出5个场景,让学生有机会从审计委员会成员的角度来判断独立性之间的关系。当前美国证券交易委员会的上市公司审计独立性准则2003年1月28日,针对萨班斯法案,美国证券交易委员会通过了修正案,用以加强对审计独立性方面的要求。目前美国证券交易委员会对独立性的要求(包括2003年修订),都是建立在条例萨班斯法案的201准则中,这些准则主要适用于上市公司的审计师和与其关系密切的家庭成员、上市公司审计公司及其关联实体,以及公开发行公司及其分支机构。准则201介绍了四条首要原则,用以规范审计师与审计客户之间不能存在的关系在会计与审计客户之间建立一种相直接或间接的经济利益关系;
44、将会计工作放置在审计他们自己的位置上;将会计师视为审计客户的管理者或是雇员;将会计师放置在一个拥护审计客户的位置上。201准则禁止财务、雇佣、经济等关系的存在,那么审计事务所又是靠什么来提供非审计服务以及收取团体费用的呢最后,201准则概括出了对合伙人以及审计委员会参与管理的具体要求。应用SEC独立性准则应注意的事项在理解和运用SEC独立性准则时,学生应考虑三个相关问题(1)质量控制系统(2)物质性(3)咨询中对审计委员会角色问题的判断。质量控制系统。201准则第四篇表明,如果某个人违反了准则,但该公司已符合某些条件,则该公司的独立性不会仅仅因为个人独立性的缺失而受到损害。所要求的条件之一是,
45、公司拥有一个有关独立性的质量控制体系。准则描述24了一个质量控制系统必须包括的最起码的功能,这些功能部件包括预防和检测元件(如事务所对审计师独立性的广泛培训计划),据此,公司能够通过质量控制系统独立检测到任何未检查出的违法行为(例如,检查和测试程序无法监测坚持独立性的要求)。上市公司会计监督委员会的中期质量控制标准表明,针对上市公司的审计师,会计师事务所需要有相关的政策和程序,为该公司所有人员的独立性提供合理的公司保证(考虑到规模和会计师事务所的执业性质)。这些系统延伸到员工和外部所涉及的相关实体具体包括在美国上市的公司以及国外在美国上市的公司。我们相信,无论对于审计客户还是审计师事务所,审计
46、师的独立性都是非常重要的。如果会计师事务所被发现针对某审计客户审计时审计是缺乏独立性的,那么该客户提交给SEC的财务报表也会被认为是不真实的。从客户的角度来看,审计委员会负有监督审计师保持独立性的责任。物质性。当判定是否损害独立性时,201准则对除了物质性之外的其他各种关系及要求都做了具体的规定。201准则规定不得存在雇佣关系、或有费用和非审计服务,但并未对物质关系进行规定。例如,如果审计事务所被禁止向客户提供非审计服务(例如,簿记服务),那么不管审计事务所是收取1000美元还是100美元都会影响其独立性。此外,直接的经济利益以及与审计客户的直接业务关系也会违反201准则,金额也是影响因素之一
47、。201准则并不意味着有关物质性的考虑一定受到束缚。具体来说,201(三)准则表明只要与审计客户存在间接经济利益或财务关系都会违反201准则。从而201(三)准则间接意味着非物质的间接经济利益关系和业务关系不会影响审计师的独立性。咨询中审计委员会所起的作用美国证券交易委员会办公室总会计师(亚奥理事会)鼓励登记,征询独立当注册人提供的具体事实和情况亚奥理事会的工作人员一个独立的问题,工作人员认为,这种信息和地址的问题与投资者的最佳利益审核委员会可能参与了这一进程。它的参与是基于第10A条(米)(2)1934年证券证券交易法,明确了审计委员会的工作是负责监督上市公司的审计师。从该准则的下列摘录强调
48、了审计委24员会的作用(WWWLAWUCEDU/CCL/34ACT/SEC10AHTML)每个在其作为董事局委员会成员身份的发行人,都应直接任命,负责赔偿,并监督注册会计师事务所从事以发行人(包括第受雇公司对管理层与审计师关于财务报告的分歧)为筹备或发布审计报告或相关工作的目的各种工作,并且每个注册会计师事务所应当直接向审计委员会报告工作。此外,美国证券交易委员会在2003修订版中也同样强调了审计委员会的作用(网址/WWWSECGOV/RULES/FINAL/338183HTM),其中指出我们所提出的准则,起着公认的关键作用,审计委员会可以发挥在财务报告过程或帮助会计师保持其独立性。一个有效的
49、审计委员会可提高会计师的独立性,除此之外,还从管理的角度为会计师交流讨论问题提供了一个讨论的平台。鉴于这些职责,如果审计委员会进行彻底审查,以及追踪独立性侵犯的起源,那这种规定也是合理的。基于这样的审查,并在具体的事实和环境下,我们认为由注册人的审计委员会来要求注册人采取行动(如管教雇员)是最合适不过的了。同样,审计公司也有权采取某些措施,例如立即停止任何被禁止的活动。注册人审计委员会以及审计公司可以采取的行动范围具体规定列示在图表1。具体案例本节中的五个具体案例允许学生运用美国证券交易委员会的独立性准则,来考虑各种可能影响独立性的因素。这些情景代表的关系,在201准则中用插图进行了反映。虽然包括本节在内的所有情景都是虚构的,但许多情况与现实中的十分相似,就如一些由注册会计师和审计委员会执行的行动已在现实中有了公布。对于这些情况,设计者不仅给出了各种类型的公司还提供了由注册人公开披露的各项摘要。图表1对违反了SEC准则的处理程序将情况传达给美国证券交易委员会;通过向美国证券交易委员会提交文件和其他方式,如通过注册人的网站或季度性报告来向市场披露影响独立性的事实或相关事项;禁止有关人士(例如,那些违反或误用准则的人)的持续任期情况;24强加给有关人士的处分;(例如纪律处分、在人