1、中国社会保障制度的多重分割及对人口流动的影响 上海社会科学院上海社会科学院 左学金左学金 2006年年 12月月 16日日厦门大学 12006年 12月 16日Increased Labor Mobility During the Reform1n In the planning period prior to late 1970s, labor mobility was generally prohibited.n The scale and the impact of labor mobility have increased since the reform, esp. the mid-
2、1980s.n The major component of the flow is the peasant workers from the middle and western province of China.厦门大学 22006年 12月 16日n Labor mobility from the low-productivity sectors to the high ones is the most importance source of Chinas fast growth in the past two decades. 厦门大学 32006年 12月 16日Increase
3、d Labor Mobility During the Reform 2n In 2005, the total volume of “floating population” amounted to 147.35 million, of which, 477.9 million were inter-provincial. The total number accounted for more than 10% of the total population. n However, this is the total stock. The incremental of the floatin
4、g population in the past 8 years was 865.1 million, accounting for less than one percent of the countrys 1.3 billion population. 厦门大学 42006年 12月 16日Increased Labor Mobility During the Reform 3n The major destinations of the mobility are the large and mid-sized cities in the Eastern provinces, while
5、the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region being the most important concentration of the in-migration. n By province, Sichuan, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei are the most important sending provinces, and Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Beijing, F
6、ujian are the most important receiving provinces. 厦门大学 52006年 12月 16日Institutional barriers to mobility remain in place 1n There remains a hierarchy of Chinas population/labor by their place of household registration. n The top of the hierarchy is the provincial level cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Sha
7、nghai and Chongqing, while the bottom is the townships/villages, with the various size of cities/towns in the middle. n In general, it is easy to move downward along the hierarchy, but difficult to move upward. 厦门大学 62006年 12月 16日Institutional barriers to mobility remain in place 2n According to the
8、ir position in this hierrarchy, people are entitled to different social services, social security programs, education and employment opportunities.n Social services：n Opportunity, costs and quality of compulsory education (of their children)n Opportunities to go to college（ different admission lines
9、）n Access to public health services and primary health care.厦门大学 72006年 12月 16日Institutional barriers to mobility remain in place 3n Social Security：n Social pension programsn Social health insurance programsn Entitlement to unemployment benefitn Entitlement to welfare programsn Political representa
10、tion厦门大学 82006年 12月 16日Institutional barriers to mobility remain in place 4n To certain extent, the institutional barriers to mobility has changed from the “migration policies” to “migrant policies”n Rural in-migrants in cities can not get household registration in cities, being excluded from social
11、 services and social security programs available to local urban residents厦门大学 92006年 12月 16日Institutional barriers to mobility: evidence 1n One evidence of such institutional barriers is the abnormally high urban-rural and cross-regional income disparitiesn In perspective of economics, too high urban income relative to rural income implies a too small urban labor force, or in other words, an indication of institutional barriers to rural-urban mobility. 厦门大学 102006年 12月 16日
