1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目CONSUMERRESPONSESTOUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGES外文出处ADVANCESINCONSUMERRESEARCH外文作者AMARSOMANCHEEMA原文CONSUMERRESPONSESTOUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGESAFFECTIVEREACTIONSANDMENTALACCOUNTINGEFFECTSRESEARCHINMARKETINGHASPROVIDEDSEVERALWAYSOFTHINKINGABOUTHOWCONSUMERSUSEPRICEINFORMATIONINMAKINGPURCHASEDE
2、CISIONSWEHAVECONSIDERABLEEVIDENCETOSUPPORTTHEFOLLOWINGIDEAS1CONSUMERSFORMCATEGORYSPECIFICBUDGETSTHATDICTATEHOWMUCHTHEYCANSPENDONANYPRODUCTCATEGORY,2THEIRPURCHASEDECISIONSAREDRIVENBYTHEAVAILABLEWELLDEFINEDBUDGETS,3CONSUMERSHAVEA“REFERENCEPRICE“EXPECTATIONFORMOSTPURCHASES,AND4PRICEDEVIATIONSINTHEFORMO
3、FDISCOUNTSORCOUPONSHAVEASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFCONSUMERDECISIONMAKINGTHESEFINDINGSSUGGESTAFAIRLYSTATIONARYSETOFPURCHASEANDCONSUMPTIONDECISIONSGIVENAPRICEEXPECTATIONANDASETOFBUDGETINGRULESTHEPAPERSINTHISSESSIONASKEDTHEQUESTIONWHATHAPPENSWHENTHECONSUMERGETSANUNEXPECTEDPRICEDISCOUNTINTHEFIRSTPRESENTATIONPL
4、EASANTSURPRISESCONSUMERRESPONSETOUNEXPECTEDSTORECOUPONS,HEILMAN,NAKAMOTOANDRAOLOOKEDATTHEAFFECTIVERESPONSEOF“SURPRISE“ONRECEIVINGANUNEXPECTEDINSTORECOUPONANDITSEFFECTSONTHESHOPPINGBASKETTHESE“SURPRISE“COUPONSMAYINCLUDEELECTRONICSHELFCOUPONSANDPEELOFFCOUPONSFOUNDONPRODUCTPACKAGING,TONAMEAFEWINCONTRAS
5、TTOTHEEXTANTLITERATURE,THEYEXAMINEDTHEIMPACTOFSURPRISECOUPONSNOTONBRANDCHOICE,BUTRATHERONTHETOTALBASKETOFPURCHASESMADEBYGROCERYSTORECUSTOMERSTHEYHYPOTHESIZEDTHATASURPRISECOUPONWILLINCREASETHENUMBEROFUNPLANNEDPURCHASESMADEONASHOPPINGTRIPANDTHEYPREDICTEDWHEREINTHEGROCERYSTORETHESEUNPLANNEDPURCHASESWOU
6、LDCOMEFROMTHERESULTSOFANINSTOREEXPERIMENT,ASURVEYSTUDYANDSECONDARYDATASUPPORTEDTHEIRHYPOTHESESTHEFINDINGTHATANUNEXPECTEDINSTORESAVINGWILLTRANSLATEINTOALARGERSHOPPINGBASKETISALSOAFEATUREINTHESECONDPRESENTATIONTHEMENTALACCOUNTINGOFPRICESHOCKSTHEEFFECTOFUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGESONCROSSCATEGORYPURCHASEPATT
7、ERNSBYJANAKIRAMAN,MEYERANDMORALESTHISPAPERFOCUSEDONTHEMENTALACCOUNTINGOFPRICESHOCKSINGENERALIEBOTHUNEXPECTEDPRICEINCREASESANDDECREASESTHEPRESENTATIONARGUEDTHATPRICESHOCKSMAYALTERTHEILLUSORYLIQUIDITYOFCONSUMERSUNANTICIPATEDPRICEINCREASESSUPPRESSCONSUMERSTENDENCIESTOPURCHASEDISCRETIONARYGOODS,WHILEUNA
8、NTICIPATEDPRICEDECREASESENHANCEITTHEPRESENTATIONFEATUREDDATAFROMACOMPUTERIZEDGROCERYSHOPPINGSIMULATIONTHATSUPPORTSTHESEHYPOTHESESINTHETHIRDPRESENTATIONPHANTOMGAINSANDLOSSESTHEEFFECTSOFPAPERINCOMECHANGESONSPENDINGANDCONSUMPTIONDECISIONS,CHEEMAANDSOMANPRESENTEDAMENTALACCOUNTINGFRAMEWORKTOUNDERSTANDTHE
9、EFFECTSOF“PHANTOM“CHANGESININCOMECHANGESINPURCHASINGABILITYTHATARISEASARESULTOFVARIOUSENVIRONMENTALFACTORSLIKEUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGESORCHANGESINTHEPAPERVALUEOFASSETSTHEYPRESENTEDTHERESULTSOFTWOSTUDIESSHOWINGHOWCONSUMPTIONANDSPENDINGDECISIONSAREAFFECTEDBYSUCHPHANTOMCHANGES,ANDTHATCONSUMERMOTIVATIONAND
10、THEPERMANENCEOFTHECHANGEMODERATESTHESEEFFECTSATTHECONCLUSIONOFTHETHREEPRESENTATIONS,STEVEHOCHPOINTEDOUTTHATSTUDIESSHOULDALSOLOOKATTHEBUDGETSOFSHOPPERSWHORECEIVETHESEUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGESALSO,WHATISITTHATINCREASESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFANINSTOREPROMOTIONISITTHEUNEXPECTEDNESS,ORSOMEOTHERFACTOR“PLEASANTSUR
11、PRISESCONSUMERRESPONSETOUNEXPECTEDINSTORECOUPONS“CARRIEHEILMAN,KENTNAKAMOTO,AMBARRAOTHEEFFECTOFCOUPONS,SUCHASFREESTANDINGINSERTSFSISANDTHOSEINNEWSPAPERSANDMAGAZINES,ONBRANDCHOICEHASBEENWELLDOCUMENTEDSEEBLATTBERGANDNESLIN1990FORASURVEYOFKEYSTUDIESTHISPAPERINVESTIGATESTHEIMPACTOFARELATIVELYNEWTYPEOFCO
12、UPON,THEINSTOREINSTANTCOUPONTHESE“SURPRISE“COUPONS,WHICHINCLUDEELECTRONICATSHELFCOUPONSANDPEELOFFCOUPONSFOUNDONPRODUCTPACKAGING,AREUNANTICIPATEDCOUPONSENCOUNTEREDBYACUSTOMERWHILEINTHEGROCERYSTORETHATAREINTENDEDFORUSEONTHATPARTICULARSHOPPINGTRIPINCONTRASTTOTHEEXTANTLITERATURE,WEEXAMINETHEIMPACTOFSURP
13、RISECOUPONSNOTONBRANDCHOICE,BUTRATHERONTHETOTALBASKETOFPURCHASESMADEBYGROCERYSTORECUSTOMERSWEHYPOTHESIZETHATTHEUSEOFANUNEXPECTED,INSTORECOUPONWILLINCREASETHESIZEOFACONSUMERSSHOPPINGBASKETBYINCREASINGTHENUMBEROFUNPLANNEDPURCHASESMADEONTHATSHOPPINGTRIPOURCONCEPTUALMODELDRAWSINSIGHTSFROMTHEBEHAVIORALLI
14、TERATUREANDSUGGESTSTHATWHENCONSUMERSUSEINSTOREINSTANTCOUPONS,THEYEXPERIENCE1APSYCHOLOGICALINCOMEEFFECTAND/OR2ANELEVATEDMOODSTATE,EITHEROFWHICHMAYCAUSEANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFUNPLANNEDPURCHASESWETHENMAKEPREDICTIONSASTOTHETYPEOFTHESEUNPLANNEDPURCHASESWEARGUETHATAPRIMINGAND/ORMEMORYEFFECTMAYMODERATETHEP
15、JSYCHOLOGICALINCOMEEFFECTAND/ORTHEMOODEFFECTDESCRIBEDABOVE,RESULTHIGINANINCREASEOFUNPLANNEDPURCHASESFROMANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGFOURCATEGORIES1ANOTHERPRODUCTPROMOTEDONPRICE,2ANIMPULSEOR“TREAT“ITEM,3APRODUCTTHATISCOGNITIVELYRELATEDTOTHATWHICHWASPROMOTED,OR4APRODUCTSHELVEDINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOTHATWHICHWASPROMOT
16、EDWEREPORTTHERESULTSANINSTOREEXPERIMENTTOTESTTHESEHYPOTHESESANDFINDTHATSURPRISECOUPONSDOINCREASECONSUMERSBASKETSIZEBYROUGHLY12,BOTHINTERMSOFITEMSPURCHASEDANDDOLLARSSPENTTHISHYPOTHESISISALSOSUPPORTEDUSINGTHESTANFORDMARKETBASKETDATASETOUREXPERIMENTALSOSHOWSTHATTHESEINCREMENTALPURCHASESARELIKELYTOBE“TR
17、EATS“,PRODUCTSTHATARECOGNITIVELYRELATEDTOTHATWHICHWASPROMOTED,ANDPRODUCTSSHELVEDINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOTHATWHICHWASPROMOTED“THEMENTALACCOUNTINGOFPRICESHOCKSTHEEFFECTOFUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGESONCROSSCATEGORYPURCHASEPATTERNS“NARAYANJANAKIRAMAN,ROBERTMEYER,ANDREAMORALESARARELYCHALLENGEDTENETOFECONOMICTHEORYIS
18、THATASLONGASCONSUMERSDONOTFACELIQUIDITYCONSTRAINTSGOODSSATISFYINGDIFFERENTFUNDAMENTALNEEDSNOTSHOULDEXHIBITSIGNIFICANTCROSSPRICEELASTICITIESMENTALACCOUNTING,HOWEVER,PROVIDESATHEORETICALMECHANISMBYWHICHTHISASSUMPTIONMAYBEVIOLATEDWHENTHEPOSTEDPRICESOFGOODSUNEXPECTEDLYDEPARTFROMHISTORICALOREXPECTEDLEVEL
19、SSPECIFICALLY,EXPECTEDPRICESHOCKSMAYALTERTHEILLUSORYLIQUIDITYOFCONSUMERS,SUCHTHATUNANTICIPATEDPRICEINCREASESSUPPRESSCONSUMERSTENDENCIESTOPURCHASEDISCJETIONARYGOODS,WHILEUNANTICIPATEDPRICEDECREASESENHANCEITTHISHYPOTHESISISTESTEDUSINGDATAFROMACOMPUTERIZEDGROCERYSHOPPINGSIMULATIONINWHICHSUBJECTSAREFACE
20、DWITHTHEPROBLEMOFMINIMIZINGTHECOSTOFKEEPINGAHOMESTOCKEDWITHTWELVEDIFFERENTGROCERYITEMSOVERAMULTIPERIODHORIZONAFTERANACCLIMATIONPERIODWHERESUBJECTSAREALLOWEDTODEVELOPEXPECTATIONSFORTHEUSUALPRICESOFTHESEGOODS,THEYAREEXPOSEDTOTWOEXTREMEPRICESHOCKEVENTSONEWHEREAREQUIREDITEMISPRICEDDRAMATICALLYABOVEITSRE
21、GULARRETAILPRICE,ANDANOTHERDRAMATICALLYBELOWTHEDATASUPPORTTHECORESPILLOVERHYPOTHESIS,WITHHIGHPRICESHOCKSSUPPRESSINGAVERAGEOUTOFCATEGORYBUYINGANDLOWPRICESHOCKSINFLATINGITTHEDATAALSOSHOW,HOWEVER,THATTHEMECHANISMTHATINDUCESTHESEEFFECTSDIFFERSBETWEENPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVESHOCKSTHEPRIMARYDRIVEROFTHESUPPRESS
22、IONOFAVERAGESALESGIVENUNEXPECTEDPRICEINCREASESISDRAMATICALLYINCREASEDSMALLDEALSENSITIVITYSUBJECTSARELOATHETOBUYGOODSSOLDATREGULARRETAILPRICES,BUTAREMOREAPTTOBUYGOODSOFFEREDFORSALEATSMALLDISCOUNTSONTHEOTHERHAND,UNEXPECTEDPRICEDECREASESAPPEARTOINDUCEASIMPLERILLUSORYWEALTHEFFECT,WITHBUYINGINCREASEDBUTW
23、ITHOUTANYCHANGEINSMALLDEALSENSITIVITYANADDITIONALSURPRISINGFINDINGISTHATTHESPILLOVEREFFECTPROVESROBUSTTOSEVERALVARIABLESTHATAREHYPOTHESIZEDTOLIMITITSBOUNDARIESSPECIFICALLY,THESTRENGTHOFTHESPILLOVEREFFECTWASNOTMODIFIEDBYVARIATIONINWHETHERORNOTCONSUMERSHADASTANDINGINVENTORYOFAGOODATHOMEASURROGATEFORWH
24、ETHERITSPURCHASEISMORELIKELYTOBESEENASDISCRETIONARY,THEBASEPRICETOWHICHTHEPRICESHOCKISAPPLIED,ANDPREVIOUSEXPOSURESTOPRICESHOCKS“PHANTOMGAINSANDLOSSESTHEEFFECTSOFPAPERINCOMECHANGESONSPENDINGANDCONSUMPTIONDECISIONS“AMARCHEEMA,DILIPSOMANTHEINCOMEEFFECTDOCUMENTEDINMICROECONOMICTHEORYDESCRIBESTHEEFFECTOF
25、CHANGESININCOMEONTHEMARGINALPROPENSITYTOCONSUMEMPCSPECIFICALLY,THEPREDICTIONISTHATASAGIVENCONSUMERSINCOMEINCREASESDECREASES,SHEWILLBEMORELESSLIKELYTOSPENDONNONDISCRETIONARYEXPENSESRECENTRESEARCHSHOWS,HOWEVER,THATMPCISSENSITIVENOTONLYTOTHEACTUALINCOMEBUTALSOTOTHELIQUIDITYSOULELESANDGROSS,QUARTERLYJOU
26、RNALOFECONOMICS,INPRESSFURTHER,THEPERCEPTIONOFLIQUIDITYRATHERTHANACTUALQUANTITYHASBEENSHOWNTOINFLUENCEMPCSOMAN,JOURNALOFCONSUMERRESEARCH,2001RESEARCHHASALSOSHOWNTHATCONSUMERSFORMCATEGORYSPECIFICBUDGETSTHATCONSTRAINSPENDINGANDCONSUMPTIONHEATHANDSOLL,JOURNALOFCONSUMERRESEARCH,1996INTHEPRESENTRESEARCH,
27、WELOOKATSITUATIONSINWHICHPHYSICALINCOMEANDBUDGETISHELDCONSTANT,BUTWHERETHE“REAL“OR“PAPER“VALUEOFTHEINCOMECHANGESONEEXAMPLEOFSUCHACHANGEISDUETOUNEXPECTEDPRICEINCREASESORDECREASESOFBUDGETEDITEMSANOTHEREXAMPLEOFAPAPERCHANGEISDUETOCHANGESINTHEACCOUNTEDVALUEOFANASSETEGDUETOANINCREASEORDECREASEONASTOCKPRI
28、CEORREALESTATEMARKETANDINTHECONTEXTOFMANAGERIALDECISIONMAKING,ATHIRDEXAMPLEISTHEVALUATIONOFEXISTINGINVENTORYBOUGHTATANOLDPRICEWEREFERTOTHESECHANGESAS“PHANTOM“GAINSORLOSSES,ANDSTUDYTHEIREFFECTONCONSUMPTIONANDSPENDINGDECISIONSWEARGUETHATCONSUMERSCANSTRATEGICALLYUSETHESEPHANTOMINCOMECHANGESTOJUSTIFYANY
29、PARTICULARCOURSEOFACTIONINASERIESOFTWOEXPERIMENTSUSINGHYPOTHETICALCHOICES,WEBUILDUPONMENTALACCOUNTINGTOSHOWTHATASIMILARTOTHEINCOMEEFFECT,APHANTOMINCOMEINCREASEDECREASERESULTSINANINCREASEDDECREASEDLIKELIHOODOFSPENDINGANDCONSUMING,BTHESTRENGTHOFTHEPHANTOMINCOMEEFFECTISMODERATEDBYCONSUMERMOTIVATIONANDT
30、HENEEDTOJUSTIFYTHEPURCHASEANDCTHEPHANTOMINCOMEEFFECTISSTRONGERWHERETHEPHANTOMCHANGEISNONREVERSIBLERECEIVINGANUNEXPECTEDDISCOUNTASCOMPAREDTOWHENITISREVERSIBLEIEACHANGEINSTOCKPRICEHOWEVER,EVENWHENTHEPHANTOMCHANGEISREVERSIBLE,CONSUMERSMAYSTRATEGICALLYUSEITTOJUSTIFYCONSUMPTIONOFTEMPTINGPRODUCTSTHEEXPERI
31、MENTSARECONDUCTEDINSEVERALDOMAINSINSTORESHOPPINGSITUATIONSORDECISIONSACROSSTHESEEXPERIMENTS,WEFINDEVIDENCEFORTHEFACTTHATPHANTOMGAINSORLOSSESDOHAVEANIMPACTONMPC,BUTTHATCONSUMERSCANSTRATEGICALLYREGULATETHEIRMENTALACCOUNTINGTOJUSTIFYTHEIRPREFERREDCOURSEOFACTIONTHEPRESENTRESEARCHJOINSTHERECENTBODYOFWORK
32、CFSOMANANDGOURVILLE,JMR2001SUGGESTINGTHATRATHERTHANBEINGARIGIDANDCATEGORICALPROCESS,MENTALACCOUNTINGMAYBEAPLIANT,MALLEABLEANDSELFSERVINGPROCESSWECONCLUDETHEPRESENTATIONWITHTHEORETICALIMPLICATIONSOFOURRESEARCHONTHENOTIONSOFMENTALACCOUNTSASSELFCONTROLDEVICESANDONTHECONCEPTOFTHE“CONCRETENESSPRINCIPLE“,
33、ANDALSODISCUSSPRACTICALIMPLICATIONSRESOURCECHEEMA,AMARANDSOMAN,DILIP2CONSUMERRESPONSESTOUNEXPECTEDPRICECHANGESAFFECTIVEREACTIONSANDMENTALACCOUNTINGEFFECTSJADVANCESINCONSUMERRESEARCH,2002译文消费者对于不可预期物价变动的反应情感的反应和心理会计的影响市场研究提出了一些消费者如何使用物价信息作出购买决定的途径。我们有大量的信息来支持以下的理念1)消费者会形成特定的预算来主宰他们在某些产品上花多少钱。2)他们的购买决
34、策被预算有用的东西驱使。3)消费者对大多数产品有一个预期的参考价格。4)折扣券或优惠券的价格偏差对于消费者的购买决定有重大影响。这些发现表明一个相对固定的购买和消费决策提供了一套价格预期规则。会议中的文件问了这样一个问题当消费者获得一些意想不到的价格折扣时会怎么样在最先开始的陈述中(令人愉快的惊喜消费者对于预期之外的优惠券的反应),HEILMAN,NAKAMOTO以及RAO主要关注了这个预期之外优惠券被接受的效应和它反应在购物篮的效果。这些令人惊喜的优惠券可以包括电子优惠券和产品包装内包含的优惠券。与现有的研究形成鲜明的对照,他们研究发现这些令人惊喜的优惠券的影响不是反应在品牌的选择上,而是反
35、应在杂货店消费者的购物篮里。他们假设令人惊喜的优惠券会使未经计划的消费增长,他们预测杂货店的哪些地方是增长的来源。店内进行的一项试验结果现实,调查研究和二手资料支持了他们的假设。一项发现,即店内意想不到的节约可以在一个更大的购物篮内得到反应,是JANAKIRAMAN,MEYER和MORALES第二次陈述的重点(心理会计的价格冲击意想不到的价格变化对多品种购买模式的影响)。此次陈述着重分析了一般价格冲击对心理会计的影响(包括意想不到的价格的上升和下降)。陈述认为价格冲击可以改变消费者对流动资产的幻觉意料之外价格的上升抑制了消费者任意地购买商品;而意料之外价格的下降增强了他们的购买欲望。这项陈述表
36、示来自电脑控制的杂货店消费模式的数据支持了这些假设。在第三次的陈述中(虚幻的增长和损失账上收入的变化对于消费决策的影响),CHEEMA和SOMAN提出了一个心理会计的框架,用来理解收入变化对购买力的影响,而这个收入的变化是一系列环境作用的结果,如意料之外的价格变化和账上资产价值的变化。他们陈述了两项研究的成果来展现虚幻变化是怎样影响消费的,而且消费者购买动机永久性受这些因素的影响。当三个结论结束时,STEVEHOCH指出研究也应该关注知道意料之外物价变动的购物者的预算。是什么提高了店内促销的效果只是出乎意料的,还是有另外的因素“令人愉快的惊喜消费者对于店内意料之外优惠券的反应”CARRIEHE
37、ILMAN,KENTNAKAMOTO,AMBARRAO优惠券的效果,如食品安全监督服务局(FSIS)和一些报纸和杂志所言,BLATTBERG和NESLIN1990主要的研究调查显示是来自对品牌的选择。本文调查了相对新型优惠券的影响,主要是店内短时间的优惠券。这些令人惊喜的优惠券,包括电子的和其他在产品包装内找到的优惠券,是顾客认为在店内遇到的意外惊喜,他们会倾向于使用该优惠券。我们假定提供意料之外的店内优惠券会使消费者倾向于使用它们,从而增加了产品的销量。我们的概念模型来自文字的表示,当消费者用这些优惠券时,他们经历了1)心理上的收入或者2)一种情绪的提高,这两点中的任意一点都会增加计划之外的
38、消费。我们可以对这些计划之外的消费作出预测。我们认为底线和记忆效应可能协调了精神收入效果或对情绪上面有所影响,意外大幅增加的消费主要来自以下四个方面1)另一种在价格上促销的产品,2)一种刺激消费品或款待条目,3)一种因为促销而被认知的产品,或者4)容易接近的促销产品架。我们报道店内试验的结果来验证这些假定,然后找出令人惊喜的优惠券怎样扩大顾客的消费量(粗略估计增加了12),都是按照消费物品的美元来计量的。斯坦福大学的研究数据也支持这个假定。我们的试验也证实了那些增加的消费量就像是“款待”,是一些促销的产品,或者是搁置的就要促销的产品。“物价变动的心理会计意料之外的物价变动对各种购买模式的影响”
39、NARAYANJANAKIRAMAN,ROBERTMEYER,ANDREAMORALES一个很少受到挑战的经济学原理是只要消费者不受到流动资产的约束,商品不需要展示重要的价格弹性就可以满足不同的基本需求。心理会计,无论如何,提供了理论机制,这种可能侵害商品价格的假设的公开竟然脱离历史或预期水平。特别是预期价格的变动会改变消费者对于流动性的幻觉,如此以致预期之外的价格上涨抑制了消费者购买商品的倾向,而预期之外价格的下降则增强了消费者的购买倾向。这个假设经受住了来自电脑对食品杂货仿真模拟的考验,这个仿真模拟面临着将家庭用物的消费减至最低的问题。经过一段适应期后,这些货物通常是在预期价格之内的,他们
40、有两个极端的价格变动事件被曝光一是所需要的物品价格大大高于常规的零售价格,另一个是大大低于零售价格。数据是支持主要的假设的,价格升高抑制了购买力,价格下降促进购买力。数据也展示了这些效应导致的机制正面和负面的冲击。主要的平均销售额的需求抑制了意料之外价格的上涨,却大大增加了小买卖的灵敏度。学科很反感用正常的零售价来做研究,更喜欢有小折扣的销售。另一方面,意外价格下降的出现好像引起了虚幻的财富效应,购买价增长了,但不改变小型交易的灵敏度。另一个令人惊奇的发现是溢出效应被证明对于那些变量是有效的,是假设限定了它的界限。特别是溢出效应的影响力没有因为消费者是否长期有存货而减弱(产品代理被视为是任意的
41、),以前曝光的物价变动实施都是有底价的。虚幻增长和损失消费决策中收入变化的影响AMARCHEEMA,DILIPSOMAN微观经济理论中收入效应描述了变化对边际消费倾向(MPC)的影响。特别是给定了收入增长(下降)的预报,她会更可能(不可能)花没有计划的钱。最近的研究表明,边际消费倾向不仅对实际是收入,也对流动资产的敏感性有影响(SOULELES和GROSS,季度经济)。更多的是,流动资产(而不纯粹是数量)的感知对边际消费倾向的影响更大(SOMAN,消费者研究,2001)。研究也表明了消费者对于不同种类的特定预算驱使了他们的消费(HEATH和SOLL,消费者研究,1996)。在当下的研究中,我们
42、经常关注的是物质收入和预算,但是真正的收入变化在哪里这种变化的其中一个例子是意料之外物价上升或下降的预算。另一个变化是资产价值的计量(例如股票价格的上升或下降或者房地产市场的变化)。在做行政决策的情况下,第三个例子是现时存货的价值(是用以前的价格购买的),我们是指虚幻增长和损失的变化,然后研究他们对消费的影响。我们认为消费者可以战略性地选择这些虚幻的收入变化来判断自己的行为。经过两次假定试验之后,我们依赖会计来反映A)与收入效应相似,虚幻收入增长(下降)导致了消费上升(下降)的可能,B)虚幻收入效应的力量没有因为消费者购买动机和对消费的判断而缓和,C)虚幻收入效应在不可逆转的虚幻收入中效果更强
43、。当可逆转的时候接受一个意料之外的折扣(例如股票价格的变化)的影响。无论如何,即使当虚幻变化是可逆转的,消费者也会战略性地用它来判断自己的消费行为。这个试验在一些领域的商店内实施。通过这些试验,我们找到了虚幻收入和损失对边际消费倾向有影响的证据,消费者可战略性地调节他们的心理会计来判断他们的行为偏好。当下的研究结合了人们近来的工作(CFSOMANANDGOURVILLE,JMR2001),这些工作认为,比起死板和绝对的过程,心理会计是温和,可塑,利己的。我们用我们学习的理论来总结这些陈述,是关于心理会计和自我约束的观念,以及“具体原则”的概念和实际含义的讨论。资料来源其玛,艾马尔,索曼消费者对于不可预期物价变动的反应情感的反应和心理会计的影响J消费者调查进展,2002