1、1本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文出处UNIVERSITYROBERTSCHUMAN,STRASBOURGIIIINSTITUTDETUDESPOLITIQUES外文作者BRIGITTEGODBILLON原文CREDITRISKMANAGEMENTINBANKSHARDINFORMATION,SOFTINFORMATIONANDMANIPULATIONINTRODUCTIONINFORMATIONREMAINSACRUCIALINPUTFORTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYBANKSARECONFRONTEDTOINFORMATIONSASYMMETRYPROBLEMSBECAUSEOFB
2、ORROWERSINFORMATIONALOPACITYTHISOPACITYVARIESBORROWERSTYPE,SMESBEINGCONSIDEREDASTHEMOSTOPAQUEBECAUSEOFLACKOFPUBLICINFORMATIONINORDERTORESOLVETHISINFORMATIONALASYMMETRY,THEBANKCANACQUIRETWOTYPESOFINFORMATIONHARDINFORMATION,WHICHISEXTERNAL,VIAPUBLICINFORMATIONBALANCESHEETDATA,RATING,SCORING,ANDSOFTINF
3、ORMATION,WHICHISINTERNAL,VIABANKBORROWERRELATIONSHIPJUDGEMENT,OPINIONS,NOTES,REPORTSTHISALSOIMPLIESTWOLENDINGTECHNOLOGIESTRANSACTIONLENDINGVERSUSRELATIONSHIPBANKINGARECENTSTREAMOFLITERATUREPUTSFORWARDDISTINCTIONSTOBEMADEBETWEENHARDANDSOFTINFORMATIONPETERSEN,20041TAKINGINTOACCOUNTSOFTINFORMATIONINRIS
4、KANALYSISCANINCREASEESTIMATIONSPRECISIONOFBORROWERSQUALITYLEHMANN,2003GRUNERTETAL,2005,BUTHASTHEDISADVANTAGEOFBEINGNONVERIFIABLEANDTHEREFOREMANIPULABLETHISTYPEOFINFORMATIONCANINFLUENCECREDITRISKMANAGEMENTINBANKS,BUTMAYALSOHAVEANIMPACTONBANKSORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE,WHICHSHOULDBEADAPTEDTOSOFTINFORMATI
5、ONINORDERTOAVOIDTHECONSEQUENCESANDCOSTSOFITSMANIPULATION2RECENTRESEARCHONRISKSMANAGEMENTINBANKSPUTSFORWARDTHEIMPORTANCEOFINFORMATIONSTREATMENTHAKENES2004CONSIDERSTHEBANKERASA“SPECIALIST”OFINFORMATIONSTREATMENTANDRISKSMONITORINGDANIELSSONETAL2002ANALYZEBANKSCHOICEOFRISKSMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,INVESTIGATING
6、DIFFERENTLEVELSOFPOWERDELEGATIONIMPLYINGMOREORLESSTRANSMISSIONOFINFORMATIONHOWEVER,THISSTREAMOFRESEARCHDOESNTDISTINGUISHHARDANDSOFTINFORMATIONTHEREFORE,THISARTICLEINVESTIGATESTHEIMPACTOFINFORMATIONSTYPEONTHEBALANCESHEETSTRUCTUREANDORGANIZATIONINTERMSOFCREDITRISKMANAGEMENTOFTHEBANKWEPROPOSEATHEORETIC
7、ALMODELOFTHECREDITDECISIONWITHINAPRINCIPALAGENTFRAMEWORKWITHABANKDIRECTORORADIRECTOROFTHECREDITRISKDEPARTMENTANDACREDITOFFICERORABANKSAGENCYCLERKTHEDIRECTORALLOCATESEQUITYFORVALUEATRISKCOVERAGEHEALSODECIDESONTHEOFFICERSBUDGET,ASWELLASHERWAGE,WHICHAREBOTHAFUNCTIONOFASIGNAL,BASEDONHARDINFORMATIONONLYO
8、RACOMBINATIONOFHARDANDSOFTINFORMATIONTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETWOTYPESOFSIGNALLIESINTHEIRNATURE,MOREPRECISELYTHEIRVERIFIABILITYANDMANIPULABILITY,ASWELLASTHEIRLEVELOFPRECISIONACOMBINATIONOFHARDANDSOFTINFORMATIONISMOREPRECISETHANHARDINFORMATIONONLY,BUTISNOTVERIFIABLEBYTHEDIRECTOR,ASTHESOFTCOMPONENTISMAN
9、IPULABLESOFTINFORMATIONISTHEREFOREASOURCEOFMORALHAZARDWITHHIDDENINFORMATIONITISAPOTENTIALDRIVEROFORGANIZATIONALMODIFICATIONSINTHEBANKINORDERTOLIMITTEMORALHAZARDPROBLEMWEFINDSEVERALINTERESTINGRESULTSWESHOWTHATTAKINGINTOACCOUNTSOFTINFORMATIONINRISKMANAGEMENTCANALLOWTOECONOMIZEEQUITYFORVARCOVERAGE,UNDE
10、RCERTAINCONDITIONSHOWEVER,WEALSOVERIFYTHEEXISTENCEOFTHESOFTINFORMATIONSMANIPULATIONINCENTIVEBYTHEOFFICERWETHENPROPOSEAWAGESCHEMETOIMPEACHTHISMANIPULATIONTHEINFLUENCEOFSOFTINFORMATIONONBANKSORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREISMODELLEDTHROUGHASPECIFICSALARYPACKAGETHECOMPARISONOFSOLUTIONSFROMTHETWOFRAMEWORKSONEWI
11、THHARDINFORMATIONONLYVERSUSACOMBINATIONOFHARDANDSOFTINFORMATION,REALIZEDWITHNUMERICALSIMULATIONS,CONFIRMSTHATTHESOFTINFORMATIONSCOMPONENTCANPROVIDEANADVANTAGE,ASITEFFECTIVELYALLOWSTOREDUCEEQUITYFORVARCOVERAGE3THERESTOFTHISARTICLEISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSINSECTION2,WEPRESENTELEMENTSALLOWINGTODISTINGUISHBE
12、TWEENHARDANDSOFTINFORMATION,ASWELLASRECENTTHEORETICALRESEARCHINVESTIGATINGINFORMATIONSTYPEINFLUENCEONBANKSORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURETHECREDITRISKDECISIONMODELISPRESENTEDINSECTION3SECTIONS4AND5PROVIDESRESULTSINTHEHARDINFORMATIONSCASE,ANDDEDUCEPROSANDCONSOFSOFTINFORMATION,INPARTICULARTHEEXISTENCEOFAMANIP
13、ULATIONINCENTIVEINPRESENCEOFASOFTINFORMATIONBASEDSIGNALANINCENTIVEWAGESCHEMEFORTHEOFFICERISTHENPROPOSEDTORESOLVETHEMANIPULATIONPROBLEMINSECTION6FINALLY,THERESULTSFROMTHEHARDANDACOMBINATIONOFHARDANDSOFTINFORMATIONCASESARECOMPARED,USINGNUMERICALSOLUTIONS,ANDPRESENTEDINSECTION7SECTION8CONCLUDESTHEARTIC
14、LEREGARDINGSOFTINFORMATION,ITSMOSTPARTICULARCHARACTERISTICISTOBETIGHTLYLINKEDTOTHEENVIRONMENTANDCONTEXTWHEREITWASPRODUCEDINTHEBANKINGFRAMEWORK,THISENVIRONMENTISTHEBANKBORROWERRELATIONSHIP,WHICH,THROUGHMULTIPLEINTERACTIONSINTIME,GIVESACCESSTOPRIVATEANDCONFIDENTIALINFORMATION,SUPERIORTOPUBLICLYAVAILAB
15、LEINFORMATIONBERGER,1999BOOT,2000BERGERANDUDELL,2002ELSAS,2005THUS,SOFTINFORMATIONHASTHEADVANTAGETOINCREASETHEPREDICTIVECAPACITYOFHARDINFORMATION,BUTREMAINSNONVERIFIABLETHELATTERMAKESTHISTYPEOFINFORMATIONEASILYMANIPULABLEBYTHEAGENTRESPONSIBLEOFITSPRODUCTIONANDTREATMENT,ANDTHEREFOREIMPOSESAPARTICULAR
16、ORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURESOFTINFORMATIONSCAPABILITYTOINCREASEHARDINFORMATIONSPREDICTIVEPOWERISDOCUMENTEDBYEMPIRICALRESEARCHWHICHAIMSATINVESTIGATINGQUALITATIVEFACTORSIMPACTONDEFAULTRISKPREDICTIONTHESESTUDIESUSEINPARTICULARBANKSINTERNALRATINGSWHICHAREINTEGRATEDINTODEFAULTRISKPREDICTIONMODELS,ALONGWITHHA
17、RDBALANCESHEETANDFINANCIALFACTORSASTRONGPARTOFTHESEINTERNALRATINGAREBASEDONQUALITATIVEFACTORS,ANDTHEREFORESOFTINFORMATION,ASMANAGEMENTQUALITYORBUSINESSPERSPECTIVESOFTHEBORROWER4THEINTEGRATIONOFQUALITATIVEFACTORSINTODEFAULTRISKPREDICTIONMODELSINCREASETHEIRDISCRIMINATIONANDRECLASSIFICATIONPERFORMANCE,
18、ANDTHEREFOREDEFAULTPREDICTIONACCURACYLEHMANN,2003GRUNERTETAL,2005ALSO,QUALITATIVEFACTORSAPPEARTOBELESSDISPERSEDANDMORESTABLETHEADAPTATIONOFTHEORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURETOTHETYPEOFINFORMATIONUSEDIN4BANKINGHASALSORECEIVEDTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALEVIDENCESTEIN2002INVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFBANKSORGANIZATIONA
19、LSTRUCTUREONTHEIROPTIMALFUNDSALLOCATIONSDECISIONINALARGEBANK,PROCESSESOFCOLLECTINGANDTREATINGINFORMATION,NEEDEDFORCREDITDECISION,ARESEPARATEDTHUS,THEINFORMATIONMUSTBEEASILYTRANSMISSIBLETOSUPERIORHIERARCHICALLEVELSALSO,ITSHOULDALSOBEEASILYINTERPRETABLEINANUNIFORMMANNERANDINDEPENDENTOFTHEPRODUCTIONSCO
20、NTEXTANDTHEAGENTSINCHARGEOFITSTREATMENTTHESEARETHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFHARDINFORMATIONINANWORLDOFINCOMPLETECONTRACTS,AGENTSINCENTIVESDEPENDONTHEIRCONTROLONALLOCATEDASSETSHARTANDMOORE,1990HART,1995HARRISANDRAVIV,1996,1998INHISMODEL,STEIN2002CONFRONTSTWOTYPESOFINFORMATIONHARDVERSUSSOFT,ANDTWOTYPESOFOR
21、GANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREHIERARCHICALANDCENTRALIZEDVERSUSNONHIERARCHICALANDDECENTRALIZEDHETHENSHOWSTHEEXISTENCEOFANADEQUACYBETWEENORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREANDINFORMATIONTYPE,ALLOWINGOPTIMALFUNDSALLOCATION,THROUGHBETTERINCENTIVESSOFTINFORMATIONISASSOCIATEDWITHDECENTRALIZEDORGANIZATIONS,BECAUSETHEYPROVIDETH
22、EAGENTMOREPOWERANDAUTHORITYINSUCHAFRAMEWORK,SHEHASBETTERINCENTIVESTOMAKEEFFICIENTUSEOFHERINFORMATIONINTHEFUNDSALLOCATIONPROCESSHARDINFORMATIONISASSOCIATEDWITHCENTRALIZEDORGANIZATIONS,BECAUSEITFACILITATESITSTRANSMISSIONTOSUPERIORHIERARCHICALLEVELSWHEREFUNDSALLOCATIONDECISIONISMADEINSUMMARY,THETYPEOFI
23、NFORMATIONIMPLIESAMOREORLESSIMPORTANTLEVELOFAUTHORITYANDPOWERDELEGATIONTOWARDTHEAGENTINCHARGEOFINFORMATIONSTREATMENTSEVERALEMPIRICALSTUDIESCONFIRMTHISTHEORETICALEVIDENCEBERGERANDUDELL,2002BERGERETAL,2001BERGERETAL,2002ABERGERETAL,2005INABANKBORROWERRELATIONSHIPFRAMEWORK,INFORMATIONSPRODUCTIONANDTREA
24、TMENTISDELEGATEDTOACREDITOFFICER,WHOTHEREFORERECEIVESSTRONGAUTHORITYANDPOWER,BECAUSEOFPOSSIBLESOFTINFORMATIONSMANIPULATIONINTHISCONTEXT,THEOFFICERHASACRUCIALPOSITIONWITHINTHEBANKSMALL,LESSHIERARCHICALANDDECENTRALIZEDORGANIZATIONSAREMORESUITABLEFORRELATIONSHIPBANKINGSMALLBANKSARECONSIDEREDTOHAVEASUPE
25、RIORCAPACITYINPROCESSINGSOFTINFORMATIONINTHEFRAMEWORKOFBANKBORROWERLONGTERMRELATIONSHIPSBERGER,2004DEYOUNGETAL,2004SCOTT,52004WHENSMESFACEEXTERNALFINANCECHOICE,THEYUSUALLYPREFERSMALLBANKS,INORDERTOREDUCECREDITRATIONINGANOTHERSTRANDOFLITERATUREINVESTIGATESWAGESSTRUCTUREANDBUDGETSALLOCATIONROLEINDRIVI
26、NGPROPERINCENTIVESOFCREDITOFFICERSINCHARGEOFINFORMATIONSTREATMENTBERNARDOETAL2001CONSIDERARISKNEUTRALFIRMWITHANINVESTMENTPROJECTFORWHICHOPTIMALFUNDALLOCATIONDEPENDSONUNCERTAINPROJECTSQUALITYAMANAGERCANBEHIREDINORDERTOPRODUCEINFORMATIONABOUTTHISQUALITYSHEENJOYSPRIVATEBENEFITSFROMCONTROLLINGTHEALLOCAT
27、EDBUDGETANDREPORTSPROJECTSNONVERIFIABLEQUALITYTOTHEFIRMSDIRECTORTHELATTERALLOCATESFUNDSDEPENDINGONREPORTEDPROJECTTHEMANAGERMAYTHENEXERGUECOSTLYANDNONVERIFIABLEEFFORTALLOWINGTOINCREASEPROJECTSRETURNMANAGERSUTILITYISAFFECTEDBOTHBYALLOCATEDBUDGETANDWAGESSCHEMEPROPOSEDBYTHEDIRECTOR,COMPOSEDOFAFIXEDANDAV
28、ARIABLETERMBERNARDOETAL2001SHOWTHEEXISTENCEOFTHREECASESOFWAGEANDBUDGETSOPTIMALCOMBINATIONSALOWREPORTEDPROJECTSQUALITYIMPLIESNOBUDGET,ANAVERAGEQUALITYIMPLIESABUDGETBUTNOVARIABLETERMINTHEWAGESCHEMEANDAHIGHQUALITYIMPLIESABUDGETANDAVARIABLETERMINTHEWAGESCHEMEANOTHERMODELCONSIDERSSEVERALAGENTSWITHINTHESA
29、MEFIRMOZBAS,2005THISAUTHORSTUDIESINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESPROBLEMSINAMODELOFINTERNALCOMPETITIONFORRESOURCESBETWEENMANAGERSINAFIRMTHESEMANAGERSHAVEACCESSTOINFORMATIONQUALIFIEDASSPECIFICKNOWLEDGETHEMODELFOCUSONTHECONCEPTOFSTRATEGICCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENAPRINCIPALFIRMSDIRECTORANDTHEAGENTSFIRMSMANAGERSTHESEH
30、AVEAUTILITYDEFINEONBUDGET,THUSINCITINGTHEMTOEXACERBATERETURNSPREDICTIONSINORDERTOINCREASETHEPROBABILITYTOOBTAINMOREFUNDSHOWEVER,NONREALIZATIONOFTHEIRPREDICTIONSREDUCEMANAGERSREPUTATIONSTRATEGICCOMMUNICATIONSQUALITYBETWEENTHEPRINCIPALANDTHEAGENTSDETERIORATESWITHORGANIZATIONALINTEGRATIONTWOTYPESOFAGEN
31、TSGOODANDBADANDTWOTYPESOFPROJECTSHIGHANDLOWRETURNEXISTBADMANAGERSPROJECTSHAVELOWRETURNWITHCERTAINTY,ASGOODMANAGERSSPROJECTSCANHAVELOWORHIGHRETURN,WITHPROBABILITYPAND1PRESPECTIVELYOZBAS2005INVESTIGATESSEVERALTYPESOFORGANIZATIONWITHDIFFERENTDEGREESOFINTEGRATIONANDFINDSTHATRIGIDRULESINBUDGETALLOCATIONC
32、AN6INCREASECOMMUNICATIONSQUALITYANDEFFICIENCY,ANDREDUCEMANAGERSINTERNALCOMPETITIONCENTRALIZATIONCANINCREASEWORKGROUP,BUTONLYIFCOMMUNICATIONISEFFICIENTAHIGHERLEVELOFINTEGRATIONIMPLIESCOMMUNICATIONSDETERIORATION,WHICHREMAINSACRUCIALELEMENTFOREFFICIENTFUNDSALLOCATIONASTUDYOFINFORMATIONSROLEINFINANCIALM
33、ARKETSISPROVIDEDBYOZERTURK2004THISAUTHORINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFWAGESCHEMEONFUNDSMANAGERINCENTIVESTOACQUIREPRECISEINFORMATIONTHEWAGESCHEMEINCLUDESFEESANDISALSOINDEXEDONMANAGEDFUNDSRETURNSTHEFUNDMANAGERTHEAGENTEXERGUESCOSTLYEFFORTINORDERTOOBSERVEASSETSRETURNFORTHEBENEFITOFAINVESTORTHEPRINCIPALHEREF
34、FORTINFLUENCEINFORMATIONSPRECISION,WHICHISMODELLEDTHROUGHASIGNALPRECISIONANDEFFORTARENOTOBSERVABLEBYTHEPRINCIPAL,ASWELLASTHESIGNALSREALIZATIONALINEARWAGECONTRACTINTHEPORTFOLIORETURNINCITESTHEAGENTTOACQUIREMOREINFORMATIONWHENMARKETSPARTICIPANTSHAVERATIONALANTICIPATIONSASASSETSPRICESDEPENDONDEMAND,THE
35、YINFLUENCEMANAGERSINCENTIVESTOACQUIREMOREPRECISEINFORMATIONINWHATFOLLOWS,WEAIMATLINKINGTHESETWOSEPARATESTRANDSOFLITERATURE,ONEDEALINGWITHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETYPEOFINFORMATIONANDORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE,ANDTHEOTHERDEALINGWITHOPTIMALWAGEINAPRINCIPALAGENTFRAMEWORKWITHHIDDENINFORMATION,FOCUSINGONTHE
36、PROCESSOFBANKRISKMANAGEMENTORGANIZATIONINFORMATIONSQUALITY,PRODUCEDBYTHEBANK,DETERMINESITSRISKTAKINGCHARACTERISTICSEXISTINGLITERATURETREATSTHISPROBLEMWITHADISTINCTIONOFHARDANDSOFTINFORMATIONPETERSEN,2004ACQUIRINGTHISINFORMATIONCANBEDONETHROUGHTWOMETHODSTRANSACTIONLENDINGORRELATIONSHIPLENDINGTHEFORME
37、RCANUSESTATISTICALMETHODSOFHARDINFORMATIONSTREATMENTTHISTYPEOFINFORMATIONPRESENTSSEVERALADVANTAGES,ASLOWCOST,ECONOMIESOFSCALEANDTHEPOSSIBILITYTOMEASUREVALUEATRISKWITHINCREDITRISKMODELSONTHEOPPOSITE,RELATIONSHIPLENDINGGIVESALSOACCESSTOSOFTINFORMATION,WHICHINCREASESHEPRECISIONOFBORROWERSQUALITYPREDICT
38、IONESTIMATION,BUTIMPLIESMANIPULATIONSPROBLEM,ASTHISTYPEOFINFORMATIONISNOTVERIFIABLEINTHISARTICLE,WEHAVEFOCUSEDONINFORMATIONSTYPEROLEINCREDITRISK7MANAGEMENTINBANKSINAPRINCIPALAGENTMODELWITHMORALHAZARDWITHHIDDENINFORMATIONWHEREABANKERREQUIRESINFORMATIONONASSETSRETURNINORDERTOMANAGECREDITRISKTHROUGHEQU
39、ITYALLOCATIONFORVARCOVERAGE,WESHOWTHATUSINGADDITIONALSOFTINFORMATIONALLOWSTOECONOMIZEEQUITY,THANKSTOSOFTINFORMATIONSHIGHERPRECISIONHOWEVER,THISTYPEOFINFORMATIONBEINGNOTVERIFIABLE,ITREQUIRESTOIMPLEMENTAPARTICULARWAGESCHEMEINORDERTOAVOIDMANIPULATIONBYTHECREDITOFFICERTHESERESULTSPROVIDETHEORETICALEVIDE
40、NCEONSOFTINFORMATIONSADVANTAGEINCREDITRISKMANAGEMENT,ASWESHOWTHATVARCANBEREDUCED,WHICHALLOWSTOECONOMIZEEQUITY,EVENIFTHEBANKMUSTIMPLEMENTASPECIFICORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREANDANADEQUATEWAGESCHEMESOURCEUNIVERSITYROBERTSCHUMAN,STRASBOURGIIIINSTITUTDETUDESPOLITIQUES8译文银行信用风险管理硬信息,软信息与控制介绍信息仍然是银行业的关键投入点。面对银
41、行,仍然存在借款人的信息不透明与信息的不对称问题。这种不透明在不同借款人的类型,中小企业被认为是最不透明的(由于缺乏公共信息)。为了解决这种信息不对称,银行可以掌握两种类型的信息1硬件的信息,通过公共信息(资产负债表数据,评级,得分等);2软信息,这些信息通过银行内部借款关系(判断,意见,票据,报表等)。这也意味着两个贷款方面交易贷款与银行的关系。一些专家最近提出要将硬软信息进行区分(彼得森,2004年)。1考虑到以风险分析软件的信息可以提高预估的借款人的品质(莱曼,2003古方等人,2005年),具有可查性,但也有非可操纵的劣势。这种类型的信息可影响银行的信贷风险管理,但也可能使银行的组织结
42、构,适应软信息,以避免处理成本造成的后果和影响。在银行的风险管理的最新研究提出了信息处理的重要性。哈格森(2004)认为是专家对信息的处理和风险的监测的分析家对分析银行的风险管理制度的选择,调查不同层次的权力下放意味着多少的信息传输。但是,这种研究流派不区分硬信息和软信息。因此,本文探讨了信息的资产负债表结构和组织形态的银行信贷风险管理方面的影响。我们建议与银行的董事(或信贷风险部主任)和信贷人员(或银行的代理员)委托代理框架的信贷决策理论模型,主导在风险保障分配公平方面的价值。他还决定对有关人员的预算,包括工资,这都是一个信号函数的唯一方面或硬信息和软信息相结合的基础。信号之间差异的两种类型
43、的本质在于,更准确的核查其可操作性,以及它们的精确度。一个软硬结合的信息更精确,比硬信息更利于参考,但无法证实作为软构件是否可操纵。因此,一个软信息与隐藏的信息道德风险源是一个组织的修改关键,该银行的潜在驱动以限制道德风险问题。我们发现一些有趣的结果。在考虑到风险管理软信息的情况下可以允许在某些条件下节约风险保险的权益。然而,我们也验证了软信息的人员操纵激励的存在,因此我们提出了一个工资计划来弹劾这种操纵。关于银行的组织结构是通过一个具体的薪酬待遇来仿照软信息的影响。从两个框架的解决方案比较(硬信息9与硬软信息的组合),与数值模拟的实现,证实了软信息的组件可以提供一个优势。本文的其余部分组织如
44、下在第二节,我们对现在银行的组织结构元素允许区分软,硬信息,以及最近的理论研究,及调查资料类型的影响。在第三节提出信贷风险决策模型。第4和第5节规定,从硬信息案件的结果,推导出一个基于软信息的信号存在的优点和缺点,特别是软信息操纵激励的存在。第六节为有关人员奖励工资计划操作并提出解决问题。最后,从硬盘结果和软硬结合的信息情况下进行比较,用数值解答,并在第7节提出,在第8节结束这篇文章。关于软信息,其最特别的一点是紧密地联系在一起的环境和背景。在银行的框架下,这个环境是银行借款人的关系通过长时间的相互作用,使之进入私人和机密的信息,公开资料的优越性(伯杰,1999年布特,2000年;伯杰和德尔,
45、2002年;阿尔萨斯,2005年)。因此,软信息的优点是能增加硬信息的预测能力,但仍然不对此进行核查。软信息的能力,增加硬信息的预测能力的实证研究,是在调查定性预测因素对违约风险的影响。这些研究表明,尤其是银行的违约风险是预测模型集成内部评级随着硬资产负债表上升的经济因素。对这些内部评级强有力的作用是基于定性因素,因此软信息作为借款人或企业的质量管理有四个观点。对进入违约风险因素纳入预测模型的定性来增加它们重新分类的性能,由此来预测违约的准确性(莱曼,2003古方等,2005。)。此外,定性因素似乎并不那么分散,显得更稳定。该组织结构适应了在银行使用的信息类型,也得到理论和经验。斯坦因(200
46、2)考察了银行的组织结构对优化资金配置的决策影响。在大型银行,流程信息的收集和处理为信贷决策需要是分开的。因此,信息必须容易传播到高级的层次水平。此外,还应该更容易解释以统一的方式生产的环境和代理人在其处理费上的独立。这些都是硬信息的主要特征。在世界上的不完全契约中,代理商的积极性取决于他们对分配资产(哈特和摩尔,1990年哈特,1995哈里斯和拉维夫,19961998)的控制。在他的模型中,斯坦因(2002)面临两种类型的信息(硬信息与软信息),和两种类型的组织结构(层次集中与非分层和分散)。然后,他显示了一个组织结构和信息之间的类型充足的存在,允许通过更好的激励机制优化资金分配。软信息是与
47、分散的组织一起,因为它们提供了更多的权力和权威代理。在这样一个框架中更好地鼓励它,使它的信息有效利用10资金优化配置的过程。硬信息是与集中的组织一起,因为这有利于它的传输并符合以优越的地方基金的分配作出决定的层次水平。总之,信息的类型意味着对在信息的处理下权威和权力下放或多或少的重要层面。几个实证研究用证据证实了这一理论(伯杰和德尔,2002伯杰,2001)。在银行借款关系的框架下,信息的生产和处理委托给信贷人员,因此谁获得强大的权力和力量,就有可能对软信息进行操纵。在这种情况下,有关人员需要在银行内部有一个关键的位置。小型,低层次和更分散的组织关系更合适银行。小银行被认为具有银行借款人长期合
48、作关系的软信息处理中框架的优越能力(伯杰,2004;德扬等人,2004;斯科特,2004)。当中小企业面临外部资金的选择时,他们通常喜欢选择小银行来减少信贷配给。调查的另一派别认为该利用工资结构和预算对信贷人员适当奖励,这起到对信息的处理费进行分配的作用。贝尔纳等(2001)认为投资项目的不确定性与优化资金配置上项目的质量取决于一个风险性中等的公司。一个管理人员能产生这个质量的信息。她所分配的预算控制和报告项目的质量核查并非该公司的董事的私人利益。后者取决于资金分配报告中的项目。经理可就这点作为非允许核查中努力提高项目水平的回报。经理的效用是既影响了预算和工资分配的计划,并由处长提出一个固定的
49、组成和可变任期。贝尔纳等(2001年)表明三种工资和预算的优化组合情况下存在低报项目的质量意味着没有预算中,平均质量意味着预算中,但没有在工资制度变量和高品质组别中意味着预算和工资计划中的一个变量项目。另一种模式认为在同一公司(欧巴斯,2005年)有几家代理人,具有在内部管理人员之间的竞争资源与在企业模型笔者研究的信息不对称的问题。这些管理人员获取信息的具体知识是合格的。公司的董事代理公司经理对概念之间的主要沟通模式是战略重点。这些具有实用定义的预算,加剧煽动他们对返回成本的预测,以增加获得更多的资金的几率。然而,他们的预言实现并非减少经理人的声誉,战略沟通之间的委托人和代理人的质量恶化与组织的整合以及两种类型的代理人(好的和坏的)和两个项目(高回报和低回报)类型的存在。不良代理人低回报项目的项目经理具有良好的确定性,可以有高或低回报的概率为P和1P的分别。欧巴斯(2005)研究多种类型的组织(有不同程度的整合)11并认为在预算分配硬性规定下可以提高通信的质量和效率,减少管理人员的内部竞争。集权可以提高工作效率,但只有当沟通是有效的时候。一个更高水平的集权意味着沟通的恶化,这仍然是有效分配资金的关键因素。一个信息在金融市场的研究中