1、1本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文出处SPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG,2008,173182外文作者CENGIZKAHRAMAN,TUFANDEMIREL,ANDNIHANDEMIREL原文EFFECTSOFINFLATIONUNDERFUZZINESSANDSOMEAPPLICATIONSABSTRACTTHISCHAPTERPRESENTSTHEWAYSOFINCORPORATINGTHEPARAMETERFUZZYINFLATIONTOTHEENGINEERINGECONOMYANALYSESINFLATIONISAFINANCIALPARAMETERDIF
2、FICULTTOESTIMATETHEFUZZYSETTHEORYGIVESUSTHEPOSSIBILITYOFCONVERTINGLINGUISTICEXPRESSIONSABOUTINFLATIONESTIMATESTONUMERICALVALUESINTHECHAPTER,DISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWTECHNIQUESINCLUDINGTHESEFUZZYEXPRESSIONSANDSOMENUMERICALEXAMPLESAREGIVENTHEOBTAINEDRESULTSSHOWTHEINTERVALOFTHEWORSTANDTHEBESTPOSSIBLEOUTCOMESW
3、HENFUZZYINFLATIONRATESARETAKENINTOACCOUNT1INTRODUCTIONINFLATIONISANINCREASEINTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYNECESSARYTOOBTAINTHESAMEAMOUNTOFPRODUCTORSERVICEBEFORETHEINFLATEDPRICEWASPRESENTWITHTHEINFLATIONINANYTIMEPRICESRISEANDTHEPURCHASINGPOWERDECREASES,ITTAKESMOREDOLLARSFORTHESAMEAMOUNTOFGOODSORSERVICESDEFLATIONI
4、STHEOPPOSITEOFINFLATIONITHASTHEOPPOSITEEFFECTS,WITHDEFLATIONPRICESDECREASEANDTHEPURCHASINGPOWERINCREASESWITHTHEDEFLATION,ITTAKESFEWERDOLLARSINTHEFUTURETOBUYTHESAMEAMOUNTOFGOODSORSERVICESASITDOESTODAYTHEGOVERNMENTSCANBEFACETOFACEWITHTHEINFLATIONMUCHMORECOMMONLYTHANDEFLATIONATNATIONALECONOMYBLANKANDTA
5、RQUIN2002,SHARPBETTEANDPARK1990,DEGARMOETAL1990,GNEN1990,YOUNG1993MOSTPEOPLEAREUNDOUBTEDLYAWARETHATINFLATIONHASTODOWITHPRICEINCREASESWHATISPERHAPSLESSWELLKNOWNISTHATTHEMEANINGOFTHEWORDINFLATIONHAS2CHANGEDSOMEWHATOVERTIMEORIGINALLYTHEWORDINFLATIONWASUSEDTODESCRIBEACHARACTERISTICOFMONEYTHATITSVALUEWAS
6、ERODEDTHISHAPPENSWHENALLPRICESINANECONOMYRISEATTHESAMERATEOVERTIMEWHENALLPRICESRISEATTHESAMERATE,HOUSEHOLDSINCOMESFOREXAMPLEWAGESINCREASEASMUCHASTHEIREXPENSESTHISMEANSTHATHOUSEHOLDSHAVETOPAYMOREFORTHESAMEQUANTITYOFGOODSHOWEVER,NEITHERHOUSEHOLDCONSUMPTIONNORITSACTUALVALUEUTILITYISAFFECTEDWHENALLPRICE
7、SRISEATTHESAMERATEOVERTIME,HOWEVER,THEMEANINGOFTHEWORDINFLATIONHASCHANGEDSOMEWHATTODAYITISOFTENUSEDSYNONYMOUSLYWITHTHEWORDSPRICEINCREASEANDCANTHEREBYDESCRIBEANYKINDOFPRICERISES,NOTJUSTINCREASESINALLPRICESFOREXAMPLE,ONEOFTENHEARSOFWAGEINFLATION,DOMESTICINFLATIONORIMPORTEDINFLATIONNONEOFTHESETERMSMEAN
8、ANINCREASEINALLPRICESRATHER,THEYREFERTORISESINTHEPRICESOFCERTAINSPECIFICGOODSORSERVICESTHEMOSTCOMMONANDMOSTWELLKNOWNMEASUREOFINFLATIONISTHECHANGEINTHECONSUMERPRICEINDEXTHECPITHECPIISASOCALLEDCOSTOFLIVINGINDEXORCOMPENSATIONINDEXTHISMEANSTHATTHECPIMEASURESHOWCONSUMERSCOSTOFLIVINGCHANGESOVERTIMEIFCONSU
9、MERSINCOMESINCREASEATTHESAMERATEASTHEIRCOSTOFLIVING,THEIRUTILITYWILLBEUNCHANGEDOVERTIMETHECPIISOFTENUSEDFOREXACTLYTHISPURPOSEASABASISFORADJUSTINGPENSIONSORDETERMININGHOWCOMPENSATIONCLAUSESINDIFFERENTAGREEMENTSSHOULDBEINTERPRETEDTOADJUSTFORTHEEFFECTSOFINFLATIONINPROJECTEVALUATION,MOSTAUTHORSPREFERTOU
10、SEAGENERALINDEX,SUCHASTHECONSUMERSPRICEINDEXTHEREASONISASFOLLOWSSINCEITISTHEINVESTORSREALINCOMEORPURCHASINGPOWERTHATWESEEKTOENHANCE,THEREISASLIGHTADVANTAGEINCHOOSINGANINDEXOFCONSUMERGOODSPRICESSUCHASTHECPITHECHANGEABLEVALUEOFCURRENCYISTHEREASONOFINFLATIONWITHTHEINFLATIONTHECURRENCYVALUEGOESDOWNTHEIN
11、FLATIONANDDEFLATIONCANBEOCCURREDASHIGHERPRICESFORFOOD,CARS,ANDOTHERPURCHASEDCOMMODITIESANDSERVICESFORTHEPEOPLEONTHEOTHERHANDFORTHEBUSINESSANDGOVERNMENT,INFLATIONHASERODEDTHEPURCHASINGPOWEROFSAVINGSANDEARNINGS,IFINTERESTRATESANDSALARYRAISESHAVENOT3KEPTPACEWITHGENERALPRICETRENDSINFLATIONTYPESARESHOWNB
12、ELOWCOSTPUSHINFLATIONINCREASESINPRODUCERSCOSTSTHATAREPASSEDALONGTOCUSTOMERS,SOMETIMESWITHDISPROPORTIONATEESCALATIONSTHATPUSHPRICESUPDEMANDPULLINFLATIONEXCESSIVESPENDINGPOWEROFCONSUMERS,SOMETIMESOBTAINEDATTHEEXPENSEOFSAVINGSTHATPULLSPRICESUPWHENTHELITERATUREISSEARCHED,WECANSEETHATTHEREAREFEWWORKSONFU
13、ZZYINFLATIONKAHRAMANANDTOLGA1995EXAMINETHEEFFECTSOFFUZZYINFLATIONRATEONAFTERTAXRATECALCULATIONSDEANDGOSWAMI2006PRESENTANEOQMODELWITHFUZZYINFLATIONRATEANDFUZZYDETERIORATIONRATEWHENADELAYINPAYMENTISPERMISSIBLE2RELATIONBETWEENINFLATIONANDINTERESTINFLATIONAFFECTSEVERYONEWITHSOMEDEGREETHEDEGREEOFINFLATIO
14、NAFFECTSTHECONSEQUENCESWHENINFLATIONISMILD,THEECONOMYPROSPERSWHENINFLATIONISMODERATE,INCREASEDDEMANDPULLSPRICESSTILLHIGHERWHENINFLATIONISSEVERE,PRICESRISEMUCHFASTERTHANWAGESDOWHENINFLATIONISHYPERINFLATIONTHISISTHEMOSTDANGEROUSLEVELOFINFLATION,THISUNCONTROLLEDINFLATIONDESTROYSANATIONSECONOMYPARK2006H
15、YPERINFLATIONISAPROBLEMINCOUNTRIESWHEREPOLITICALINSTABILITY,OVERSPENDINGBYTHEGOVERNMENT,WEAKINTERNATIONALTRADEBALANCES,ETC,ISPRESENTSHARPBETTEANDPARK1990WHENTHEGOVERNMENTHASINFLATIONINITSECONOMY,FIRSTOFALLITPAYSATTENTIONTOCREDITRESTRICTIONS,WAGECONTROLS,CONTRACTIONOFTHEMONEYSUPPLY,REDUCTIONINDEMANDB
16、YRAISINGTAXES,INCREASEDDEMANDBYREDUCINGTAXES,ENLARGEDSUPPLYOFGOODSTHROUGHGREATERPRODUCTIVITYSTIMULATEDBYINVESTMENTINCENTIVESANDWAGEPRICEGUIDELINESBACKEDBYPOLITICALPERSUASIONTOMANAGEINFLATIONANDITSEFFECTSONTHEECONOMYPARK2006ONTHEOTHERHANDTHEGOVERNMENTCANREDEFINETHECURRENCYINTERMSOFTHECURRENCYOFANOTHE
17、RCOUNTRY,CONTROLBANKSANDCORPORATIONS,ANDCONTROLOFTHEFLOWOFCAPITALINTOANDOUTOFTHECOUNTRYINORDERTODECREASEINFLATIONSHARPBETTEANDPARK1990MOSTOFTHEENGINEERINGECONOMISTSAREMOREINTERESTEDINTHEEFFECTSOFINFLATIONTHANITSCAUSESANDCORRECTIONSDUETOINFLATION,ADOLLARASSUMESDIFFERENTVALUESAT4DIFFERENTTIMESTHEDOLLA
18、RSDONOTHAVETHESAMEVALUEFORYESTERDAY,TODAYANDTOMORROWTHEENGINEERINGECONOMISTSHAVETOPREDICTTHEDOLLARSVALUESANDORGANIZETHEIRWORKSBYCONCERNINGWITHINFLATIONANDALSOTHEYHAVETORESEARCHWHATWOULDHAPPENIFINFLATIONBECAMEHIGHLEVELSUCHASMODERATEORSEVERE21INFLATIONMEASUREMENTTHEMEASUREMENTOFINFLATIONISDIFFICULTBEC
19、AUSETHEPRICESOFDIFFERENTGOODSANDSERVICESDONOTINCREASEORDECREASEBYTHESAMEAMOUNT,THEYCHANGEATDIFFERENTTIMESBYTHEDIFFERENTAMOUNTSTHECALCULATIONOFAGENERALINFLATIONRATECANBECHANGEDBYGEOGRAPHICALDIFFERENCESINPRICESANDDIFFERENTBUYINGHABITSOFCONSUMERSTHEWHOLESALEPRICEINDEX,PRODUCERPRICEINDEX,ANDCONSUMERPRIC
20、EINDEXAREUSEDFORTHEMEASUREMENTOFINFLATIONRATESTHECONSUMERPRICEINDEXISTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDTECHNIQUEFORTHEINFLATIONRATEMEASUREMENTTHEWHOLESALEPRICEINDEXWPITHISINDEXMEASURESINFLATIONATTHEWHOLESALELEVELFORBOTHCONSUMERANDINDUSTRIALGOODSPRODUCERPRICEINDEXPPITHISINDEXMEASURESAVERAGECHANGESINPRICESRECEIVEDBY
21、PRODUCERSOFALLCOMMODITIESONTHEOTHERHANDPPIISACOMPOSITETHATMEASURESCHANGESINPRICESPAIDFORSELECTEDGOODSANDSERVICESUSEDBYPRODUCERSBLANKANDTARQUIN2002CONSUMERPRICEINDEXCPIFORCALCULATIONOFCPI,PRICESFORGOODSAREOBTAINEDMONTHLYANDAREAVERAGEDACCORDINGTODEMOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTIONSTHENTHEPRICESAREWEIGHTEDACCORDIN
22、GTOTHEEXPENDITUREPROPORTIONSOFTHETYPICALFAMILYPARK2006CPIISACOMPOSITETHATMEASURESCHANGESINPRICESPAIDFORSELECTEDGOODSANDSERVICESUSEDBYULTIMATECONSUMERSBLANKANDTARQUIN2002INCPISEVENDIFFERENTTHINGSAREMEASUREDASFIXEDMARKETBASKETOFGOODS,FOODSANDBEVERAGES,HOUSING,APPARELANDUPKEEP,TRANSPORTATION,MEDICALCAR
23、E,ENTERTAINMENT,ANDOTHEREDUCATION,PERSONALCARE,ETCTHISINDEXSHOWSTHEEFFECTOFRETAILPRICECHANGESONASELECTEDSTANDARDOFLIVING22IMPACTOFINFLATIONTHEANALYSTSHAVETOBEINTERESTEDINTHEIMPACTOFINFLATIONONECONOMIC5EVALUATIONSTHEREARETWOBASICMETHODSFORRESEARCHERSINTHELITERATUREFORCONSIDERATIONOFINFLATIONINTHEIRCA
24、LCULATIONSCONSTANTREALDOLLARSALLCASHFLOWSARECONVERTEDTOMONEYUNITSTHATHAVECONSTANTPURCHASINGPOWERFORELIMINATINGINFLATIONEFFECTSITISGENERALLYEASIERTOESTIMATEFUTURECOSTSINCONSTANTDOLLARSBECAUSETHEESTIMATORISFAMILIARWITHTODAYSVALUESONTHEOTHERHANDTHEREARETWOWEAKNESSESLIMITINGTHEUSEFULNESSOFTHECONSTANTDOL
25、LARTAXEFFECTSAREIGNOREDANDNOPROVISIONISMADEFORDIFFERENCESINESCALATIONRATESAMONGPRICEANDCOSTCOMPONENTSBIERMANNANDSMIDT1990ITISDENOTED“R”FUTUREDOLLARSINTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYUNITSTHATARECALLEDFUTUREDOLLARSACTUALLYEXCHANGEDATTHETIMEOFEACHTRANSACTIONFORESTIMATINGCASHFLOWSFUTUREDOLLARSARESOMETIMESCALLEDTHENCUR
26、RENTDOLLARS,NOMINALDOLLARS,ORACTUALDOLLARSITISDENOTEDAS“A”ITISASIMPLEMATTERTOCONVERTESTIMATESINREALDOLLARFLOWTOACTUALDOLLARFLOWWHENINFLATIONISASSUMEDTOBEACONSTANTRATETOMAKECOMPARISONSBETWEENMONETARYAMOUNTSWHICHOCCURINDIFFERENTTIMEPERIODS,THEDIFFERENTVALUEDDOLLARSMUSTFIRSTBECONVERTEDTOCONSTANTVALUEDO
27、LLARSINORDERTOREPRESENTTHESAMEPURCHASINGPOWEROVERTIMESHARPBETTEANDPARK1990ASANECONOMICEVALUATION,WHENTHERATEOFINFLATIONINCREASES,THEREISACORRESPONDINGINCREASEINTHEMARKETINTERESTRATEINFLATIONISDIFFERENTIALRATHERTHANUNIFORMGOODSANDSERVICESPRICESDONOTALWAYSCHANGEPROPORTIONATELYINCLUDINGTHEEFFECTOFINFLA
28、TIONISASECONDORDERREFINEMENTFORECONOMICEVALUATIONSTHEFIRSTORDERREFINEMENTWASTHEINCLUSIONOFTHEEFFECTOFTAXESONBASICCASHFLOWFORELIMINATINGWEAKNESSESOFTHECONSTANTDOLLARAPPROACH,THEANALYSTSCANUSEAFTERTAXACTUALCASHFLOWCOMPARISONSINTHELITERATURE,THEREARETHREEDIFFERENTCOMPARISONSFORACTUALCASHFLOWSNORESPONSI
29、VECHARGESINAFTERTAXANALYSISMULTIPLEINFLATIONRATESINANAFTERTAXANALYSISAFTERTAXMODIFIEDCASHFLOWCOMPARISON6译文隐蔽性通货膨胀的影响及其应用摘要这个章节主要包扩隐蔽性通货膨胀分析方法。通货膨胀是一个难以估计的财政参数。隐蔽性通货膨胀理论告诉我们如何表达通货膨胀以及如何用数值表达隐蔽性通货膨胀。在本章节中,忽略了现金流量的影响,表述了隐蔽性的概念以及列举一些数据。结果显示在考虑了隐蔽性通货膨胀后的最坏可能结果和最好可能结果结果的差距。一、简介通货膨胀概念指的是货币的增长没有与之对应的相同数量的产品
30、或者服务,在通货膨胀下物价是当前物价。在通货膨胀时期,随着物价上升货币购买力会减少,将来将花费更多的美元才得到和今天相同数量的产品或服务。通货紧缩是通货膨胀的对立面起到相反的效果,当通货紧缩时期,物价下降和货币购买力增加,将来将花费更少的美元得到和今天相同的数量产品或服务。通常情况下,政府面对通货膨胀情况多于通货紧缩的情况(BLANKANDTARQUIN2002,SHARPBETTEANDPARK1990,DEGARMOETAL1990,GNEN1990,YOUNG1993)。毫无疑问,多数人认为通货膨胀必伴随物价增加。但很少有人知道通货膨胀一词的意思已随着时间的流逝发生改变了。最初通货膨胀一
31、词用来描述价值被贬值的货币的特征。这发生在经济和物价同比增长的时候。所有物价以相同的比率上升时,家庭的收入(例如工资)增长和家庭支出相同。这表示家庭必须为相同的数量的商品支付更多的货币。然而,在物价上升相同比率时,家庭支出和实际的价值(效用)均不受其影响随着经济的发展,通货膨胀一词的意思有所改变。现在通货膨胀经常被定义为当物价不同增长时可以描述多种物价上涨,不只在所有物价相同比率增长的情况。例如,我们经常听说工资通货膨胀,国内通货膨胀或进口通货膨胀。这些并不意味着所有商品的价格都上涨。更确切地说,他们指的是某些特定产品或服务物价的上涨。计量通货膨胀的最多最常用的方法是消费者物价指数CPI。CP
32、I是所谓的生活成本指数或补偿指数。CPI是用来测量消费者生活成本随着时间的变化而变化。如果消费者的收入和生活成本增长相通,他们的效用随着时间的流逝将是7不变的。CPI经常被用来确定这样的目标即用于调整养老金或确定协议的补偿条款应该怎样的得到的补偿数。为调整项目评估中通货膨胀的效果,多数作者喜欢使用一个常规的指数,例如消费者物价指数。理由如下它是投资者的实际收入或我们试图提高的购买力,这是使用CPI的一个好处。货币的可变价值是通货膨胀的原因。当通货膨胀时,货币价值下降。通货膨胀和通货紧缩更容易发生在如食物,汽车,等商品和服务物价上升时时候。在另一方面对商业和政府而言,如果利率和工资薪酬的增加没有
33、跟上一般物价的增长,那么通货膨胀就会削弱了储蓄和收入购买力。通货膨胀的类型如下成本推动通货膨胀生产者的成本增加转嫁给消费者,从而成本增长不成比例的拉动物价增长需求拉动通货膨胀过度的消费能力限制了储蓄增长,从而带动了物价的增长。收索相关文献,我们发现隐藏的通货膨胀导致失业。KAHRAMAN和TOLGA(1995年)计算了隐蔽通货膨胀的税后影响。DE和GOSWAMI(2006年)发表了一个关于测量隐蔽性通货膨胀率和延期付款后隐蔽程度的EOQ模型。二通胀和利率之间的关系通货膨胀在一定程度上影响每个人。通货膨胀程度决定了通货膨胀的影响程度。在温和通货膨胀下,经济缓慢增长,日益增加的需求拉动物价。在恶性
34、通货膨胀下,物价上涨高于工资上涨。当处在恶性通货膨胀时(恶性通货膨胀是通货膨胀之中危险水平最高的),不受控制的通货膨胀摧毁一个国家的经济水平PARK2006。当一个国家政治不稳定、政府过度支出、国际贸易失衡,等等(夏普BETTEAND公园1990年)将出现恶性通货膨胀的问题。当一国政府经济上出现通货膨胀时,首先该国信用贷款水平受到限制,其次工资水平受到限制,货币供给量减少,税收增加需求减少或税收减少需求增加,说服管理当局增加投资或提高工资水平来刺激生产力从而带动商品供给,在另一方面,为了减少通货膨胀,国家也可以通过控制银行和公司来控制现金的流入量和流出量比起通货膨胀的原因和改进方法,大部分经济
35、学家对通货膨胀的影响更感兴8趣。由于通货膨胀,一美元呈现不同的价值在不同的时期一美元的价值在昨天,今天和明天各不相同。经济学家必须预测美元的价值,开展工作关心通货膨胀,而且他们必须研究如果通货膨胀程度上升到更高水平比如恶性通货膨胀时,将会发生什么。21通货膨胀计量通货膨胀的计量是困难的,那是因为不同商品和服务的价格增加或减少的幅度不同,它们在不同时期发生不同的改变。在计算一般通货膨胀率时,会受到不同区域的物价水平和不同区域的消费习惯的影响。批发物价指数WPI这个指数以生成的所有商品和消费来计算通货膨胀。生产者物价指数PPI这个指数从所有商品的生产者角度的计算物价的平均变化。另一方面,生产者物价
36、指数(PPI)也是用来计算用于生产产品和提供劳务所支付的价格变动的一个综合指标BLANKANDTARQUIN2002)。消费者物价指数CPI每月会根据人口分布水平情况计算物价的平均数。然后以这个物价平均数为基础根据家庭情况和家庭支出比例计算CPI的数值PARK2006。CPI是测量在为被最后的消费者使用的指定的产品和服务被支付的物价方面的变化的一种合成物(BLANKANDTARQUIN2002)。在CPI计算时,将从七个不同方面计算固定市场下的物价水平,食物和饮料,住房,衣服和保养,运输,医疗,娱乐,其他(教育,个人卫生,等等)。CPI也体现了既定生活标准下的零售价格的变动影响22通货膨胀的影
37、响分析员关心评估通货膨胀对经济的影响。有二种基本模式被用来计算通货膨胀的影响。不变币值模式通过将所有的现金流量以固定的物价水平和固定的购买力转换为货币来消除通货膨胀的影响。通常情况下,更容易以不变的货币水平来预计未来的成本,因为这种预计建立在当前的价值水平上。另一方面使用不变币值也存在两个弱点忽略了税收影响和没有提供物价和成本构成BIERMANN和SMIDT1990。这种模式表示为“R”。未来币值模式在称为实际上为了估计现金流量在每笔交易时被兑换的将来价值金额的单位。被表示如“A”9这是一件简单事情在通货膨胀呈现一个固定比率时,将在实际流通中的货币转换为实际货币。为了比较不同时期的货币水平,不同的货币价值首先必须转换为随着时间的流逝但购买力不变的固定币值(SHARPBETTEANDPARK1990)。作为一个经济预测值,当通货膨胀率上升时,市场利率方面也相应增长。通货膨胀存在差别并非一致。商品的价格变动和服务的价格变动总是不成比例。通货膨胀影响是对于经济估计的再次改进;首次经济估计改进在与税收的基础现金流量。为了改进不变币值的缺点,分析师可以比较税后的实际现金流量,因此有三种不同方法计算实际现金流量不考虑相应费用的税后分析复合通货膨胀率的税后分析。税后现金流量比较。外文出处施普林格出版社柏林海德堡,2008,173182