1、外文翻译原文DISCLOSUREONINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSASASUBSTITUTEOFALTERNATIVEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSACCORDINGTOCORPORATEGOVERNANCELITERATURE,THEMAININTERNALMONITORINGMECHANISMSARETHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,THEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHEFIRM,ANDTHEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMGILLAN,2006INPARTICULAR,ICSSPLAYACENTRALROLEINTHEPROTECTI
2、ONOFINVESTORSINTERESTSBOTHASSURINGTHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDPROMOTINGTHETIMELYIDENTIFICATION,ASSESSMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFRELEVANTRISKSTHATENCUMBERUPONTHEBUSINESSTHECENTRALITYOFICSINCORPORATEGOVERNANCEHASBEENWIDELYRECOGNIZEDBYTHEVASTMAJORITYOFCODESOFBESTPRACTICEINORDERTOEXPRESSTHEIRCONCERNSAN
3、DPRICETHEIRCLAIMS,INVESTORSNEEDTOGETINFORMATIONONTHEDESIGNANDFUNCTIONINGOFMONITORINGMECHANISMSINTHECASESOFMECHANISMSLIKETHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,INFORMATIONCONCERNINGSTRUCTUREANDCOMPOSITION,TYPEANDCOMPOSITIONOFCOMMITTEESINPLACE,NUMBEROFMEETINGSANDSOON,ISPUBLICLYAVAILABLEINSOMEOTHE
4、RCASES,THEENFORCEMENTOFREPORTINGONICSWEAKNESSESORMATERIALDEFICIENCIESLIKETHOSEREQUIREDBYTHESOXPROVIDEINVESTORSWITHRELEVANTINFORMATIONABOUTPOSSIBLEGAPSINTHEFUNCTIONINGOFTHEICSLEONE,2007NEVERTHELESS,SPECIFICINFORMATIONONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEICSISINDEEDMOREDIFFICULTANDEXPENSIVETOGATHERBECAUSEICSSAREC
5、OMPLEXSETSOFACTIVITIESANDPROCESSESCARRIEDOUTINTERNALLYTOTHEFIRMDEUMESANDKNECHEL,2008BRONSONETAL,2006INDEED,WHILECORPORATEGOVERNANCEBESTPRACTICESREQUIRETODISCLOSEINFORMATIONONTHEICS,THEYDONOTPROVIDEINSTRUCTIONONTHENARRATIVECONTENTSOFICSDISCLOSURETHEREFORE,INVESTORSAREUNLIKELYTOBEINFORMEDABOUTTHENATUR
6、E,EXTENT,PROCESSESANDQUALITYOFINTERNALCONTROLS,UNLESSDISCLOSUREONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEICSISPROVIDEDBYTHEMANAGEMENTTHECONTENTANDEXTENTOFSUCHDISCLOSUREWILLDEPENDONTHEEXISTINGMONITORINGPACKAGELEFTWICHETAL,1981WILLIAMSON,1983OFTHEFIRMATTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,DISCLOSUREONTHESPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSANDFUN
7、CTIONINGOFICSHASBEENDESERVEDPOORATTENTIONWHILETHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHESOXINTHEUSA,ANDTHERELATEDREQUIREMENTFORDISCLOSUREONICSDEFICIENCIESORMATERIALWEAKNESSESHASINCREASINGLYATTRACTEDACADEMICINTERESTINRECENTTIMESAMONGTHEOTHERSSEEASHBAUGHETAL,2007DOYLEETAL,2007LEONE,2007,ONLYFEWSTUDIESFOCUSEDONTHESPECIFICCH
8、ARACTERISTICSOFICSDISCLOSUREBRONSONETAL2006EXAMINEFIRMCHARACTERISTICSASSOCIATEDTODISCLOSUREONICSBEFOREITWASMADEMANDATORYBYSOXTHEYFINDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHELIKELIHOODOFISSUINGAMANAGEMENTREPORTONINTERNALCONTROLANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEVARIABLESLIKETHENUMBEROFAUDITCOMMITTEEMEETINGSANDTHEPERCENTAGE
9、OFINSTITUTIONALSHAREHOLDERSDEUMESANDKNECHEL2008IDENTIFYALISTOFSIXDISCLOSUREITEMSTHATCAPTURETHEICSINFORMATIONGENERALLYAVAILABLEINTHEANNUALREPORTSOFFIRMSANALYZEDTHEYFINDTHATTHEDISCLOSUREINDEXONICSISSIGNIFICANTLYASSOCIATEDTOVARIABLESTHATPROXYFORTHEAGENCYCOSTSOFEQUITYANDWITHVARIABLESTHATPROXYFORAGENCYCO
10、STSOFDEBTACCORDINGTOOURTHEORETICALFRAMEWORK,IFDISCLOSUREONICSACTSASANALTERNATIVEGOVERNANCEMECHANISM,WHENTHEPRICINGOFCLAIMSISHIGHJENSENANDMECKLING,1976DUETOTHEFACTTHATTHEOTHERVARIOUSMONITORINGDEVICESALREADYINPLACEARENOTEFFECTIVEENOUGHTOLIMITTHECOSTSOFTHEAGENCYRELATIONSHIPWEEXPECTTHATDISCLOSUREONICSAC
11、TSASSUBSTITUTEFOROTHERMONITORINGMECHANISMSINORDERTOREDUCETHEOVERALLINTENSITYOFAGENCYCONFLICTSWILLIAMSON,1983,FERNANDEZANDARRONDO,2005ACCORDINGTOAGENCYTHEORY,VARIOUSGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSREDUCETHEAGENCYPROBLEMBETWEENINVESTORSANDMANAGEMENTJENSENANDMECKLING,1976GILLAN,2006TRADITIONALLY,GOVERNANCEMECHANIS
12、MSHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDASINTERNALOREXTERNALINTERNALMECHANISMSINCLUDETHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,ITSROLE,STRUCTUREANDCOMPOSITIONFAMA,1980FAMAANDJENSEN,1983,MANAGERIALSHAREOWNERSHIPJENSENANDMECKLING,1976ANDINCENTIVES,THESUPERVISORYROLEPLAYEDBYLARGESHAREHOLDERSDEMSETZANDLEHN,1985,THEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMBUSHMANAN
13、DSMITH,2001,BYLAWANDCHARTERPROVISIONSANTITAKEOVERMEASURESANDTHEUSEOFDEBTFINANCINGJENSEN,1993EXTERNALCONTROLISEXERTEDBYTHEMARKETFORCORPORATECONTROLGROSSMANANDHART,1980,THEMANAGERIALLABORMARKETFAMA,1980ANDTHEPRODUCTMARKETHART,1983AFTERTHEVARIOUSFINANCIALSCANDALSTHATHAVESHAKENINVESTORSWORLDWIDE,CORPORA
14、TEGOVERNANCEBESTPRACTICESHAVESTRESSEDINPARTICULARTHEKEYROLEPLAYEDBYTHEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMICSINTHEGOVERNANCEOFTHEFIRMINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSCONTRIBUTETOTHEPROTECTIONOFINVESTORSINTERESTSBOTHBYPROMOTINGANDGIVINGASSURANCEONTHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTING,ANDBYADDRESSINGTHEBOARDSATTENTIONONTHETIMELYI
15、DENTIFICATION,EVALUATIONANDMANAGEMENTOFRISKSTHATMAYCOMPROMISETHEATTAINMENTOFCORPORATEGOALSTHESEFUNCTIONSHAVEBEENWIDELYRECOGNIZEDBYTHEMOSTDIFFUSEDFRAMEWORKSFORTHEDESIGNOFICSTHATHAVESTATEDTHECENTRALITYOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSINPROVIDINGREASONABLEASSURANCETOINVESTORSREGARDINGTHEACHIEVEMENTOFOBJECTIVESC
16、ONCERNINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYOFOPERATIONS,THERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDTHECOMPLIANCEWITHLAWSANDREGULATIONSCOSO,19922004NOTWITHSTANDINGTHEIRRELEVANCE,INVESTORSCANNOTDIRECTLYOBSERVEICSSANDTHEREFORECANNOTGETINFORMATIONONTHEIRDESIGNANDFUNCTIONINGBECAUSETHEYAREINTERNALMECHANISMS,ACTIVITI
17、ESANDPROCESSESPUTINPLACEWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONDEUMESANDKNECHEL,2008ASINVESTORSTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHECOSTSTHEYSUSTAINTOMONITORMANAGEMENTWHENPRICINGTHEIRCLAIMSJENSENANDMECKLING1976,MANAGEMENTHAVEINCENTIVESTOCOMMUNICATEINFORMATIONONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEICSINORDERTOINFORMINVESTORSONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFICSWHE
18、NOTHERMONITORINGMECHANISMSTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHEFIRMANDTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSAREWEAK,ANDTHEREBYPROVIDINGTHEMWITHTHECONVENIENTLEVELOFMONITORINGLEFTWICHETAL,1981THEPOSSIBLEEXISTENCEOFSUBSTITUTIONAMONGDIFFERENTMECHANISMSHASBEENDEBATEDINCORPORATEGOVERNANCELITERATUREREDIKERANDSETH,1995FERNANDEZANDARROND
19、O,2005BASEDONWILLIAMSONS1983SUBSTITUTEHYPOTHESIS,WHICHARGUESTHATTHEMARGINALROLEOFAPARTICULARCONTROLMECHANISMDEPENDSUPONITSRELATIVEIMPORTANCEINTHEGOVERNANCESYSTEMOFTHEFIRMINTHISPAPER,WECONTENDTHATDISCLOSUREONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFICSISARELEVANTALTERNATIVEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMINTHEMONITORINGPACKAGESELECTE
20、DBYTHEMANAGEMENTACCORDINGTOLEFTWICHETAL1981“MANAGERSSELECTAMONITORINGPACKAGE,ANDTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHECHOSENPACKAGEDEPENDSONTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFTHEVARIOUSMONITORINGDEVICES”P59INPARTICULAR,WEFOCUSPARTICULARONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENICSDISCLOSUREANDTWOOTHERMECHANISMSOFTHEMONITORINGPACKAGETHEOWNERSHIPSTRUC
21、TUREOFTHEFIRMANDTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSSSTHATACCORDINGTOLITERATUREJENSENANDMECKLING,1976FERNANDEZANDARRONDO,2005GILLAN,2006PLAYARELEVANTROLEINMONITORINGMANAGEMENTSBEHAVIORWEPOSITTHATINCENTIVESFORREPORTINGONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFICSDEPENDONTHESUPERVISORYROLEPLAYEDBYTHEFIRMSOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDBOARDOFDIREC
22、TORSWETHEREFOREEXAMINETHECONTENTSANDEXTENTOFICSDISCLOSUREOF160EUROPEANFIRMSLISTEDINFOURDIFFERENTSTOCKEXCHANGESLONDON,PARIS,FRANKFURTANDMILANONATHREEYEARPERIOD20032005BYUSINGTHISINTERNATIONALSAMPLE,WEAREABLETOTHEDEPICTSOMEFEATURESOFDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTSWEFINDEVIDENCETHATDISCLOSUREONICSIS
23、ASUBSTITUTEFORTHEMONITORINGROLEPLAYEDBYOTHERGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSASOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATION,INSTITUTIONALOWNERSHIP,THEPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSSITTINGONTHEBOARDANDTHEPROPORTIONOFACCOUNTINGEXPERTMEMBERSONTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEWEADDTOPREVIOUSLITERATUREONTHEGOVERNANCEROLEPLAYEDBYDISCLOSUREONICSBYADOPTIN
24、GACOMPLETEDISCLOSUREFRAMEWORKTHATALLOWSUSTOCONSIDERINDETAILTHECONTENTANDEXTENTOFINFORMATIONTHEMANAGEMENTDISCRETIONARILYCOMMUNICATESONTHEICSOFTHEFIRMWHILECORPORATEGOVERNANCEBESTPRACTICESASKFORTHEDISCLOSUREONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEICS,THEYDONOTPROVIDEINSTRUCTIONSONWHATMANAGEMENTSHOULDDISCLOSEANDONTHEE
25、XTENTOFSUCHDISCLOSURESUCHLACKOFINSTRUCTIONSLEAVESMANAGEMENTWITHADISCRETIONARYCHOICEONTHENARRATIVECONTENTOFICSDISCLOSURETHISPAPEROFFERSEMPIRICALSUPPORTFORWILLIAMSONS1983SUBSTITUTEHYPOTHESISAMONGDIFFERENTGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSANDITHASRELEVANTPOLICYIMPLICATIONSWHILEMOSTCORPORATEGOVERNANCESTUDIESCONSIDERD
26、ISCLOSUREASACOMPLEMENTARYMECHANISMMANAGEMENTADOPTSTOREINFORCETHEGOVERNANCESYSTEMOFTHEFIRMCHENANDJAGGI,2000ENGANDMAK,2003BARAKOETAL,2006ANDINDEEDPROVIDECONTRASTINGRESULTS,INTHISSTUDYWESHOWTHATDISCLOSUREONICSSUBSTITUTESFOROTHERGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSTHISMEANSTHATNOTNECESSARILYBETTERGOVERNANCEIMPLIESGREAT
27、ERTRANSPARENCYANDDISCLOSUREFIRMSADHERETOCORPORATEGOVERNANCEBESTPRACTICESBYDISCLOSINGINFORMATIONONTHEICSANDSUCHDISCLOSUREISMOREEXTENSIVEWHENINVESTORSNEEDMOREASSURANCEABOUTTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEIRINTERESTS,IEWHENOTHERGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSAREWEAKONTHEOTHERSIDE,WHENTHEGOVERNANCESYSTEMISSOUND,MANAGEMENTHAVELE
28、SSINCENTIVESTOEXTENSIVELYDISCLOSEINFORMATIONONTHEICS,ASTHISISACOSTLYACTIVITYANDITSBENEFITSAREOVERWHELMEDBYTHEOTHERGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSTHEEVIDENCEPROVIDEDBYTHEEMPIRICALRESEARCHHASIMPORTANTPOLICYIMPLICATIONS,BECAUSEITOFFERSINSIGHTSTOFIRMSANDPRACTITIONERSONTHERELEVANCEOFDISCLOSUREONINTERNALCONTROLSYSTE
29、MSASAMONITORINGMECHANISMFORINVESTORSINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSARECORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSETATPROTECTIONOFTHEATTAINMENTOFTHEFIRMSOBJECTIVESSINCETHEYAREPROCEDURESANDPROCESSESRUNINSIDETHEFIRM,THEYCANNOTBEOBSERVEDDIRECTLYBYINVESTORSTHATDEPENDONMANAGEMENTFORRECEIVINGINFORMATIONONTHESTRUCTUREANDFUNCTIONI
30、NGOFICSUSEFULINORDERTOMAKETHEIROWNJUDGMENTONTHEIREFFECTIVENESSRECENTDEVELOPMENTSINEUROPEANCODESOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDINEUREGULATIONREVEALTHEIMPORTANCEATTRIBUTEDTODISCLOSUREONICSASANELEMENTOFTHEGOVERNANCESYSTEMOFAFIRMOBSERVEDINTHISPERSPECTIVE,DISCLOSUREONICSACTSASAMONITORINGMECHANISMTHATREDUCESTHEA
31、GENCYPROBLEMBETWEENMANAGEMENTANDINVESTORSINTHISPAPER,WESTUDYTHEDISCLOSUREONINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSASASUBSTITUTEOFALTERNATIVEMONITORINGMECHANISMSINPARTICULAR,WEFOCUSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDISCLOSUREONICS,THEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHEFIRMANDSOMECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSCONTENDINGTHATDISCLOSURE
32、ONICSACTSASSUBSTITUTEFORTHEOTHERMONITORINGMECHANISMSINORDERTOREDUCETHEOVERALLINTENSITYOFAGENCYCONFLICTSBYANALYZINGTHEDISCLOSURESONICSBY160FIRMSLISTEDINFOUREUROPEANSTOCKMARKETSLONDON,PARIS,FRANKFURTANDMILANOVERATHREEYEARPERIOD20032005,WEFINDEMPIRICALSUPPORTTOHYPOTHESESWEFINDEVIDENCEOFTHEMONITORINGROL
33、EUSUALLYRECOGNIZEDTOINSTITUTIONALINVESTORS,WHOSEOWNERSHIPROLEISNEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDTODISCLOSUREONICSSIMILARLY,OURMODELSDEMONSTRATETHATWHENOWNERSHIPISHIGHLYCONCENTRATEDINTHEHANDSOFALARGESHAREHOLDER,ITSMONITORINGCAPABILITIESREDUCETHEINCENTIVESFORMANAGEMENTTOVOLUNTARILYDISCLOSEINFORMATIONONICSOURMODELS
34、ALSOSUPPORTTHEHYPOTHESISOFSUBSTITUTIONBETWEENTHEEXTENTOFICSDISCLOSUREANDTHEPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSONTHEBOARD,BUTTHEYALSOREVEALTHATSUCHRELATIONSHIPISINFLUENCEDBYTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHEFIRMWEFINDTHATWHENTHEOWNERSHIPISDIFFUSED,THEPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSISNEGATIVELYCORRELATEDTODISCL
35、OSUREONICSONTHEOTHERSIDE,WHENTHEOWNERSHIPISDOMINATEDBYALARGESHAREHOLDER,THEPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSISPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOICSDISCLOSURETHISEVIDENCEUTTERLYREINFORCETHERELEVANCEOFOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONASADRIVEROFDISCLOSUREONICSONONESIDEDATASEEMTOCONFIRMTHEEXISTENCEOFASUBSTITUTIONEFFECTBETWEENTHE
36、MONITORINGPOWEROFSHAREHOLDERSANDTHATOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSTHELIMITEDNUMBEROFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSSITTINGONABOARDDOMINATEDBYALARGESHAREHOLDER,REDUCESTHEIRMONITORINGPOWER,THUSINDUCINGINCENTIVESFORMANAGEMENTTOSTRENGTHENTHEROLEOFDISCLOSUREONICSINTHEMONITORINGPACKAGEONTHEOTHERSIDE,THEPRESENCEOFALARGESHAREH
37、OLDERMAYGENERATEAREQUESTFROMINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSFORAHIGHERDISCLOSUREONICSASANANSWERTOTHEREQUESTOFMINORITYSHAREHOLDERSTOGETINFORMATIONCONCERNINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEFIRMSICSWEALSOFOCUSONAUDITCOMMITTEEASTHEMAINRESPONSIBLEFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFANICSPLAYINGAKEYMONITORINGROLEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHAT
38、THEPROPORTIONOFACCOUNTINGEXPERTSISASUBSTITUTEFORICSDISCLOSURE,IEWHENACCOUNTINGEXPERTSAREDOMINANTINTHEAUDITCOMMITTEE,THECONTROLLINGANDMONITORINGEXPERTISEOFTHECOMMITTEEISGREATER,THEREBYREDUCINGMANAGEMENTSNEEDTODISCLOSUREONTHEICSINTHELIGHTOFTHESEEVIDENCES,THEINCREASINGATTENTIONDESERVEDBYPRACTICEANDREGU
39、LATIONSTOTHISISSUEMAKESITARELEVANTTOPICFORFUTURERESEARCHONCORPORATEGOVERNANCESOURCEGIOVANNAMICHELONHTTP/SSRNCOM/ABSTRACT1316323FEBRUARY2009译文用内部控制的披露作为一种代理机制根据公司治理的相关文献,主要的内部监督机制包括董事会、公司的所有权结构和内部控制系统(GILLAN,2006)。特别是,内部控制系统起到保护投资者利益的重要作用,既保证了财务报告的可靠性又促进及时识别、评估和管理相关的业务。内部控制系统作为核心在公司治理中已经得到广泛认同,成为绝大多数
40、行为的最佳实践。投资者需要获得有关信息和监测机制的运作方式来表达他们对此的关注和对价格的要求。在本案例机制中所有制的结构,董事会有关信息的结构和组成,地方委员会的组成,一些会议机制等都是公开的。在另一些情况下,内部控制系统报表的缺陷或资料的不足之处如萨班斯法案所要求的向投资者提供有关内部控制系统运作的信息可能存在一定的差距LEONE,2007。然而,了解内部控制系统特征的具体信息确实是更加困难而且需要更大的成本,因为内部控制系统是一项复杂的活动设置和企业内部流程(DEUMES和KNECHEL,2008BRONSON等人,2006)。事实上,虽然公司治理最佳方法要求披露内部控制系统的信息,但他们
41、无法提供内部控制系统披露的具体内容。因此,投资者不太可能了解其性质、范围、程序及内部控制的质量,除非内部控制系统特点披露不是由管理层提供的。这样的话,披露的内容和披露的程度将取决于现有的监测机构LEFTWICHETAL,1981WILLIAMSON,1983。据我们所知,具体的特征的披露和内部控制系统的运作已经引起了广泛的注意。美国萨班斯法案对内部控制系统披露的不足,近来日益受到学术界的关注(ASHBAUGH等人,2007DOYLE等人,2007LEONE,2007),只有少数研究者的焦点在于内部控制系统特点披露的特殊性,如BRONSON等(2006)。审查相关的披露内部控制系统特征是由美国萨
42、班斯法案强制执行的,他们发现签发一份关于内部控制管理报告的可能性与公司治理的一些变量,比如审计委员会会议的次数,股东的比例存在正相关的关系。DEUMES和KNECHEL(2008年)确定的六个披露项目清单在一般的公司年度报表中都对内部控制系统的信息进行了分析。根据我们的理论框架,如果内部控制系统的信息披露作为代理机制(JENSEN和MECKLING,1976)基于其他已经实行各种监测机制却不能有效的节约代理成本的事实我们期望用内部控制系统的披露替代其他监督机制以降低整体机构的冲突WILLIAMSON,1983,FERNANDEZ和ARRONDO,2005。根据代理理论,可以利用各种治理机制减少
43、投资者与管理的代理问题JENSEN和MECKLING,1976;GILLAN,2006)。一般而言,治理机制可分为内部机制和外部机制。内部机制包括董事会的作用、结构及组成(FAMA,1980;FAMA和JENSEN,1983),股权的管理(JENSEN和MECKLING,1976),发挥大股东的激励、监督作用(DEMSETZ和LEHN,1985),内部控制系统(BUSHMAN和SMITH,2001),公司规章制度及章程(反收购措施)和债务融资的方式(JENSEN,1993)。外部控制是对企业施加控制(GROSSMAN和HART,1980),劳动力市场(FAMA,1980)和产品市场(HART,
44、1983)的管理。各种财务丑闻已经动摇了全球的投资者,公司治理的最佳做法是强调内部控制系统在公司治理中发挥关键作用。内部控制系统通过促进、提供有关财务报告的可靠性和及时识别、评估可能损害企业目标实现的风险管理来保障投资者的利益。这些功能被运用在内部控制系统框架里并已被认可,从而表明,内部控制系统的核心为投资者在经营的高效性目标,财务报表的可靠性目标以及遵守法律法规方面提供合理保障(COSO的,1992,2004)。尽管有其相关性,但因为是内部机制和程序,投资者不能直接观察内部控制系统,因此不能得到相关的信息和运作(DEUMES和KNECHEL,2008年)。作为投资者考虑他们所承受的成本定价时
45、必须维持管理层的监管(JENSEN和MECKLING,1976),管理层通过内部控制系统的特点来告知投资者内部控制系统的成效,当其他监督机制(该公司的股权结构和董事会)相对薄弱时就可以提供方便的监管(LEFTWICH等,1981)。基于WILLIAMSON的假设,在公司治理中可能存在不同的替代机制,该假设认为,一个特定的控制机制的边际作用取决于其在公司治理中的相对重要性REDIKERANDSETH,1995FERNANDEZANDARRONDO,2005。在本论文中,我们认为,对内部控制系统特点的披露是公司管理层的一项与监测公司治理机制相关的选择。LEFTWICH等(1981)说“管理层选择一
46、个监督机构以及所选的操作方案取决于其成本和各种有利的监督机制”(第59页)。特别是我们关注的内部控制系统的信息披露和两个监测机构(该公司的股权结构和董事会)之间的关系,根据相关文献的记载,其发挥了监督和管理相关的作用。(JENSEN和MECKLING,1976FERNANDEZ和ARRONDO,2005;GILLAN,2006)我们假设认为报表的内部控制系统特征取决于企业股权结构的激励机制和董事会发挥的监督作用。就此,我们研究3年期间,在四个不同的证券交易所(伦敦,巴黎,法兰克福和米兰)上市的的160个欧洲公司内部控制系统的披露程度(20032005)。通过分析这一国际案例,我们可以描绘出不同
47、体制环境的某些功能。我们发现的证据表明,内部控制系统披露程度是作为股权集中,董事会独立董事的比例以及会计审计委员会的专家成员的比例和其他治理机制发挥监督作用的替代品。利用以往文献的完整披露架构,使我们能够详细考虑内容和信息的管理上该公司的内部控制系统披露的程度。而根据公司治理最佳做法要求对内部控制系统特点披露的,不应该提供管理要求和对公开披露程度等的指示。这种指令会导致内部控制系统的信息披露上缺乏内容的选择权。本文提供了不同的治理机制来证实WILLIAMSON的替代假说(1983)以及对相关政策的影响。大多数的公司治理研究认为采用互补的管理机制,以加强公司的治理制度(CHEN和JAGGI,20
48、00;ENG和MARK,2003BARAKO等人,2006),事实上从研究的对比结果中我们发现内部控制系统的信息披露可以替代其他治理机制。这意味着更好的治理不一定需要更大的透明度和信息披露。坚持公司治理的最佳做法是当其他治理机制薄弱,投资者更关注他们所要保护的利益时,要求内部控制系统的信息披露更广泛。另一方面,当治理制度健全,鼓励管理层少披露内部控制系统信息,因为这是一个成本大的活动,但它的好处是可以抑制其他治理机制。由实证研究提供的证据受到重要的政策影响,因为它提供的意见是以公司和从业人员的角度披露相关的内部控制制度对投资者的监管机制的。内部控制系统是公司治理在实现该公司目标的保护设置。由于
49、他们是公司内部程序和运行过程,不能被投资者直接观测到,只能根据管理层发布的关于内部控制系统的结构有用的信息对它们的效果作出自己的判断。在欧洲甚至是欧盟内部控制的重要性,归因于它是作为一个公司的治理体系。从这个角度观察,用内部控制系统披露代替其他监管机制减少了管理层和投资者之间的代理问题。在本文中,我们研究用内部控制的信息披露作为一种代理机制。特别是,我们把注意力集中在内部控制系统的披露和企业所有权结构时,公司董事会披露的内部控制系统代替其他监督机制减少了代理冲突的整体强度。通过分析在三年期间(20032005)160家在四大欧洲股市(伦敦,巴黎,法兰克福和米兰)的上市公司的信息披露,我们的假说得到了实证支持。我们发现,通常认可的机构投资者其所有权的作用是对内部控制系统负相关披露的监管。同样,我们的模型显示,当所有权在大股东手中高度集中时,其监测能力就减少了内部控制系统自愿披露的信息。我们的模型也支持内部控制系统的披露程度和独立董事在董事会的比例之间的关系,但他们也发现,这种关系是由企业所有权结构所影响的。我们发现,当所有权分散时,内部控制系统披露与独立董事比例呈负相关。相反,当所有权是由大股东为主,内部控制系统的披露与独立董事比例呈正相关。一方面,数据似乎证实股东之间的监督权力对董事会一个替代效应的存在。独立董事的数目在由一个大股东主导的董事会会议上,他