用增值税代替工资税或企业所得税的影响【外文翻译】.doc

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1、1本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文出处TAXPOLICYCENTER外文作者ERICTODER,JOSEPHROSENBERG原文EFFECTSOFIMPOSINGAVALUEADDEDTAXTOREPLACEPAYROLLTAXESORCORPORATETAXESECONOMICEFFECTSANDBEHAVIORALRESPONSESTHESEREVENUEESTIMATESASSUMEDNOBEHAVIORALRESPONSESWEHAVEESTIMATEDTHEEFFECTSOFBEHAVIORALRESPONSESONRECEIPTSORTHEEFFECTSOFTHEVARIOUSP

2、OLICYOPTIONSONECONOMICEFFICIENCYANDOUTPUT,BUTPROVIDEBELOWSOMEQUALITATIVEDISCUSSIONBENEFITSOFAVATRELATIVETOAPAYROLLTAXAVALUEADDEDTAXISNEUTRALBETWEENPRESENTANDFUTURECONSUMPTION,SOITDOESNOTADVERSELYAFFECTTHEINCENTIVETOSAVEITDOES,HOWEVER,REDUCETHERETURNFROMWORKINGINTHESAMEMANNERASANINDIVIDUALINCOMETAXOR

3、PAYROLLTAX,ALTHOUGHTHEMECHANISMFORREMITTINGTHEVATISVERYDIFFERENTTHANTHECOLLECTIONMECHANISMFORDIRECTTAXESTHERESULTISTHATTHENETEFFECTOFSUBSTITUTINGAVATFORPAYROLLTAXONTHEINCENTIVETOWORKISNOTLARGETHESUBSTITUTIONOFABROADBASEDVATFORAPORTIONOFTHEEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXTHATWESIMULATEWOULDRAISETHEAFTERTAXWAGELOWE

4、RTHETOTALTAXRATEONTHEEMPLOYEESWORKPRODUCTFORWORKERSINTHE15AND25PERCENTBRACKETS,BUTLOWERTHEAFTERTAXWAGEINCREASETHETOTALTAXRATEONWORKFORHIGHWAGEEMPLOYEESWHOEARNMORETHANTHEMAXIMUMWAGESUBJECTTOOASDITAXTABLE8INTHEEXAMPLESSHOWN,ALLWORKERSCONTRIBUTEANADDITIONAL10765TOTHEVALUEOFANEMPLOYERSSALESTHEWORKERSMAR

5、GINALPRODUCTISASSUMEDTOBEINVARIANTUNDERDIFFERENTTAXREGIMESUNDERCURRENTLAW,THEREISNOVAT,BUTEMPLOYERS2WITHHOLDFROMWAGES765INEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXES,LEAVING100OFTAXABLEMONEYWAGESTHEYALSOWITHHOLDTHEEMPLOYEES765PAYROLLTAXCONTRIBUTIONANDTHEEMPLOYEEINTHE1525PERCENTBRACKETPAYSANADDITIONAL1525OFINCOMETAXESTHEEM

6、PLOYEEINTHE35PERCENTBRACKETISASSUMEDTOHAVEEARNINGSABOVETHESOCIALSECURITYWAGETHRESHOLD,SOSHEANDHEREMPLOYERBOTHPAYONLYTHE145PERCENT154MEDICAREPAYROLLTAXONAMONEYWAGETHATISNOW10611FOREVERY10765OFWORKERPRODUCTTHE35PERCENTINCOMETAXRATERAISES3714ONTHEHIGHERMONEYWAGEBASETHETOTALTAXRATEASASHAREOFMARGINALPROD

7、UCTPAIDBYTHEWORKERSINTHE35PERCENTBRACKETISABOUTTHESAMEASTHETAXRATEINTHE25PERCENTBRACKET,ASTHEREDUCEDMARGINALPAYROLLTAXRATEFROMCROSSINGTHEOASDITHRESHOLDALMOSTEXACTLYOFFSETSTHEHIGHERMARGINALINCOMETAXRATEINTRODUCINGA5PERCENTVATONABASETHATINCLUDESJUST786PERCENTOFCONSUMPTIONSEEAPPENDIXISEQUIVALENTINTERMS

8、OFITSEFFECTONAFTERTAXINCOMETOINTRODUCINGAVATOF393PERCENTONALLCONSUMPTIONBECAUSEVATISEXPRESSEDINTAXEXCLUSIVETERMSONSALESEXCLUDINGTHETAX,THETAXONRATEONSALESINCLUDINGTHETAXISSOMEWHATLOWER378PERCENTTHEVATREDUCESTHEGROSSCOMPENSATIONTHATCANBEPAIDTOEMPLOYEES,THEREFORE,BY378PERCENTOFTHEWORKERSCONTRIBUTIONTO

9、SALESINCLUDINGTAXINTHEEXAMPLE,THISCOMESOUTTOAVATOF407THEVATREVENUESAREUSEDTOREDUCETHEEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXRATEBY59PERCENTAGEPOINTSTO175PERCENTFORWORKERSINTHE15AND25PERCENTMARGINALINCOMETAXBRACKET,THEEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXCOLLECTEDEQUALS181ONTHE10358OFGROSSCOMPENSATIONNETOFVATTHEREMAINING10177OFMONEYWAGESIS

10、THENSUBJECTTOEMPLOYEEPAYROLLTAXON779765PERCENTANDINCOMETAXOF1527INTHE15PERCENTBRACKETAND2544INTHE25PERCENTBRACKETNOTETHATTHENETINCREASEINMONEYWAGESFROMSUBSTITUTINGAVATFOREMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXCONTRIBUTIONSRAISESINCOMETAXREVENUESSLIGHTLYTHEBOTTOMLINES,COMBININGALLTHETAXES,AREFAIRLYMODESTDECLINESINTHETOTA

11、LMARGINALTAXRATESONTHEWORKERSPRODUCTFORTHEWORKERINTHE15PERCENTINCOMERATEBRACKET,SUBSTITUTINGVATFORPAYROLLTAXESREDUCESTHETOTALMARGINALTAXRATEFROM281PERCENTTO268PERCENTFORTHEWORKERINTHE25PERCENTINCOMETAX3BRACKET,THETOTALMARGINALRATEFALLSFROM374PERCENTTO363PERCENTTHUS,FORTHEWORKERSINLOWERMARGINALTAXBRA

12、CKETS,SUBSTITUTINGAVATFORTHEEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXSLIGHTLYINCREASESTHEAFTERTAXRETURNFROMWORKINGMOREBOTHTHEVATANDPAYROLLTAXADVERSELYAFFECTWORKEFFORT,BUTBECAUSEPARTOFTHEVATALSOFALLSONCONSUMPTIONFROMOLDWEALTH,THENETRETURNTOWORKFROMTHEPAYROLLTAXSUBSTITUTIONISSLIGHTLYHIGHERTABLE8EXAMPLETAXATIONOFSAMPLEEMPLOY

13、EES,PARTIALSUBSTITUTIONOFAVATFORAPAYROLLTAX15BRACKET25BRACKET35BRACKETCURRENTLAWWITHVATCURRENTLAWWITHVATCURRENTLAWWITHVATMARGINALPRODUCT107651076510765107651076510765VAT000407000407000407GROSSCOMPENSATION107651035810765103581076510358EMPLOYERPAYROLLTAX765181765181154150CASHWAGE1000010177100001017710

14、61110208EMPLOYEEPAYROLLTAX765779765779154150INCOMETAX150015272500254437143573NETWAGE773578716735685467436485TOTALTAXRATE281269374363374398NOTESVATISTHE5PERCENTBROADBASEDVATITINCLUDES77PERCENTOFCONSUMPTION,SOTHEVATRATEONALLSALESIS393THISISATAXEXCLUSIVERATETHETAXINCLUSIVERATEEQUALS393/10393378THEPAYRO

15、LLTAXRATESUNDERCURRENTLAWARE765FORBOTHTHEEMPLOYERANDEMPLOYEETHEVATREVENUESAREUSEDTOREDUCETHEEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXRATEBY59PERCENTAGEPOINTSTO175FORTAXPAYERSINTHE35PERCENTINCOMETAXRATEBRACKET,ITISASSUMEDTHATTHEIRWAGESAREABOVETHESOCIALSECURITYTHRESHOLDS,SOONLYTHEMEDICARETAX145PERCENTOFTHEMONEYWAGEFORBOTHTH

16、EEMPLOYERANDEMPLOYEEAPPLIESATTHEMARGININTHEVAT4SIMULATIONSWEPERFORM,ONLYTHEOASDITAXISREDUCEDTHESECALCULATIONSASSUMETHEWORKERSVIEWSTHEPAYROLLTAXASA“TAX,“ANDDONOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTANYINCREASEINFUTURESOCIALSECURITYBENEFITSFROMHIGHERPAYROLLTAXCONTRIBUTIONSTHESTORYISDIFFERENTFORTHEWORKERINTHE35PERCENTBRACKE

17、T,HOWEVERSHEGETSNOINCENTIVETOWORKMOREFROMTHEREDUCTIONINTHEOASDIPAYROLLTAXRATEBECAUSESHEISALREADYOVERTHEWAGETHRESHOLDFOROASDITAXESTHEEMPLOYERPAYROLLTAXCOLLECTEDFROMHERDECLINESSLIGHTLYONLYBECAUSETHEVATREDUCESHERGROSSCOMPENSATIONTHERESULTINGDECLINEINHERMONEYWAGESALSOLOWERSHERINCOMETAXPAYMENTBUT,AFTERTH

18、ESEOFFSETS,THEVATRAISESTHETOTALMARGINALTAXRATESHEFACESONANADDITIONALDOLLAROFEARNINGSFROM374PERCENTTO398PERCENTBENEFITSANDCOSTSOFCORPORATERATEREDUCTIONSTHEEFFECTSOFSUBSTITUTINGAVATFORPARTOFTHECORPORATEINCOMETAXAREVERYDIFFERENTTHANTHEEFFECTSOFSUBSTITUTINGITFORPARTOFTHEPAYROLLTAXTHECORPORATEINCOMETAXDO

19、ESNOTDISTORTTHECHOICEBETWEENWORKINGFORCURRENTCONSUMPTIONANDLEISURE,BUTITDOESEITHERREDUCETHEAFTERTAXRETURNONCAPITALORINCREASETHERETURNINVESTORSMUSTRECEIVEFROMACORPORATEINVESTMENTTHUS,SUBSTITUTINGVATFORAPORTIONOFTHECORPORATEINCOMETAXSHOULDINCREASEINCENTIVESTOSAVEANDINVESTINANOPENECONOMYWITHINTERNATION

20、ALCAPITALFLOWS,DIFFERENTWAYSOFTAXINGCAPITALINCOMEMAYAFFECTINCENTIVESTOSAVEANDINVESTDIFFERENTLYMOSTCORPORATEINCOMETAXISPAIDBYLARGEMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSFORTHOSECOMPANIES,THETAXISLARGELYASOURCEBASEDTAXONTHEIRPROFITSFROMINVESTMENTSINTHEUNITEDSTATESBOTHUSANDFOREIGNOWNEDMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSARETAX

21、ABLEONTHEIRUSSOURCEINCOME,BUTUSMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSPAYLITTLEADDITIONALTAXONPROFITSFROMOVERSEASINVESTMENTSBECAUSEOFPROVISIONSSUCHASDEFERRALANDFOREIGNTAXCREDITSGRUBERTANDALTSHULER,2006THISMEANSTHATTHECORPORATELEVELTAXMAYRAISETHECOSTOFCORPORATECAPITALINTHEUNITEDSTATESBYRAISINGREQUIREDPRETAXRETURNS

22、ONINVESTMENTSINTHEUNITEDSTATESBYINTERNATIONALLYMOBILEINVESTORS,BYMUCHMORETHANITLOWERSAFTERTAXRETURNSTOUSSAVERS,WHOCANESCAPETHEUSCORPORATETAXBYINVESTINGINFOREIGNASSETSBEYONDTHIS,EVENIFTHEAFTERTAXRETURNTOUSSAVERS5FALLS,SOMERESEARCHSHOWSTHISMAYNOTREDUCETHEIRSAVINGMUCHBECAUSESAVERSRESPONDLITTLETOCHANGES

23、INAFTERTAXRETURNSBERNHEIM,2002THISANALYSISSUGGESTSTHATTHEMAINBENEFITOFLOWERINGTHECORPORATEINCOMETAXWOULDBETOATTRACTMOREINVESTMENTTOTHEUNITEDSTATESINADDITION,BECAUSECORPORATIONSCANUSETRANSFERPRICINGANDOTHERTECHNIQUESTOSHIFTTHESOURCEOFREPORTEDINCOMEAMONGCOUNTRIES,ALOWERCORPORATETAXRATECOULDLEADTOMORER

24、EPORTEDPROFITSINTHEUNITEDSTATESASHIFTOFREPORTEDCORPORATEPROFITSTOTHEUNITEDSTATESWOULDRAISEREVENUECOLLECTEDFROMUSCORPORATIONS,PARTIALLYORFULLYOFFSETTINGTHEDIRECTLOSSINREVENUEFROMALOWERCORPORATERATE,EVENIFDOMESTICINVESTMENTDOESNOTINCREASEINCREASEDDOMESTICINVESTMENTMANYSTUDIESFINDTHATTHELOCATIONOFINVES

25、TMENTOFMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSISSENSITIVETOTHELOCALEFFECTIVETAXRATEONCORPORATEINCOMEDEMOOIJANDEDERVEEN,2003THISMEANSTHATREDUCINGTHEUSCORPORATEINCOMETAXWOULDENCOURAGEUSCOMPANIESTOSUBSTITUTEDOMESTICFORFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDFOREIGNOWNEDCOMPANIESTOINVESTMOREINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEINCREASEDINVESTMENTWOULDAL

26、SORAISETHECORPORATEINCOMETAXBASE,THEREFOREOFFSETTINGSOMEOFTHEREVENUELOSSFROMTHELOWERCORPORATETAXRATEMOREINVESTMENTWOULDRAISEREALWAGESINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDLOWERPRETAXRETURNSTOCAPITAL,SHIFTINGSOMEOFTHEBENEFITSOFTHETAXREDUCTIONFROMCAPITALOWNERSTOWORKERSREDUCTIONINTAXMOTIVATEDINCOMESHIFTINGALOWERUSCORPOR

27、ATETAXRATEWOULDALSOREDUCEINCOMESHIFTINGWITHINMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSFROMUSTOFOREIGNAFFILIATESCLAUSING,2007WITHAHIGHERCORPORATERATEINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHANINOTHERCOUNTRIES,COMPANIESHAVEANINCENTIVETOMANIPULATETRANSFERPRICESBETWEENTHEIRAFFILIATES,OVERSTATINGTHEVALUEOFGOODSANDSERVICESPURCHASEDFROMFOREIGN

28、AFFILIATESANDUNDERSTATINGTHEVALUEOFGOODSANDSERVICESSOLDORLICENSEDTOTHEMESPECIALLYUNIQUEINTANGIBLES,FORWHICHITISDIFFICULTTOESTABLISHACOMPARABLE“ARMSLENGTH”PRICECOMPANIESMAYALSOENGAGEINOTHERTRANSACTIONS,SUCHASDEBTEQUITYSWAPS,THATSHIFTREPORTEDINCOMEAMONGTHEIRAFFILIATESRESPONSESOFOTHERADVANCEDCOUNTRIESS

29、INCEENACTMENTOFTHE1986TAXREFORM6ACT,THEUSFEDERALSTATUTORYCORPORATERATEHASREMAINEDVIRTUALLYUNCHANGED,RISINGFROM34TO35PERCENTIN1993THEDEDUCTIONFORDOMESTICPRODUCTIONACTIVITIESENACTEDIN2004REDUCEDTHETAXRATETO3185PERCENTFORCERTAINDOMESTICINVESTMENTSMOSTOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHEOECDREDUCEDTHEIRCORPORATETAXRATES

30、SUBSTANTIALLYOVERTHESAMEPERIODCURRENTLYTHEUSFEDERALSTATEAVERAGETOPCORPORATERATEOF393PERCENTEXCLUDINGTHEDOMESTICPRODUCTIONDEDUCTIONISSUBSTANTIALLYABOVETHEAVERAGESTATUTORYRATESFORTHERESTOFTHEG7322PERCENTANDTHERESTOFTHEOECD262PERCENTALTSHULER,HARRIS,ANDTODER,2009REDUCINGTHEUSCORPORATETAXRATEWOULDHELPCO

31、RRECTTHISIMBALANCEBUTIFOTHERCOUNTRIESREACTTOALOWERUSCORPORATETAXRATEBYREDUCINGTHEIRTAXRATESFURTHER,THEBENEFITTOTHEUNITEDSTATESOFLOWERRATESWOULDBESUBSTANTIALLYREDUCEDINSTEADOFALOWERRATESHIFTINGINVESTMENTTOTHEUNITEDSTATES,ITSNETEFFECTCOULDINSTEADBEALOSSINREVENUETOALLOECDTREASURIESPOTENTIALEROSIONOFIND

32、IVIDUALINCOMETAXBASEINANINCOMETAXSYSTEM,ACORPORATEINCOMETAXISNECESSARYTOPREVENTINDIVIDUALSFROMACCRUINGTAXFREEPROFITSWITHINCORPORATIONSANEUTRALRULEFORTAXINGINVESTMENTINCOMEUNDERANINCOMETAXWOULDTAXCORPORATIONSTHESAMEWAYSASPARTNERSHIPSTHEREWOULDBENOSEPARATECORPORATEINCOMETAX,BUTCORPORATEPROFITSWOULDBEA

33、LLOCATEDTOSHAREHOLDERSINPROPORTIONTOSHAREOWNERSHIPANDTAXEDASACCRUEDUNDERTHEINDIVIDUALINCOMETAXTHEPARTNERSHIPMETHODOFTAXINGCORPORATEINCOME,HOWEVER,ISADMINISTRATIVELYIMPRACTICALFORLARGECORPORATIONSWITHMANYSHAREHOLDERSANDFREQUENTCHANGESOFSHAREOWNERSHIPLOWERINGTHECORPORATERATEBELOWTHETOPINDIVIDUALINCOME

34、TAXRATEWOULDPROVIDEANINCENTIVEFORMANYSMALLCLOSELYHELDBUSINESSESTHATARECURRENTLYTAXEDASFLOWTHROUGHENTERPRISESLIMITEDPARTNERSHIPSORSUBCHAPTERSCORPORATIONSTOCHOOSETOBETAXEDASCORPORATIONSWITHANADDITIONALINDIVIDUALINCOMETAXOF15PERCENTONDIVIDENDINCOMEANDATOPINDIVIDUALTAXRATEOF35PERCENT,THECOMBINEDCORPORAT

35、EINDIVIDUALRATESONDIVIDENDSWOULDBELOWERTHANTHETAXRATEONPARTNERSHIPINCOMEFORCORPORATERATESBELOW236PERCENTANDIFINDIVIDUALSWANTEDTOACCRUEANDREINVESTPROFITSORCOULDFINDWAYSTOCONVERTLABORINCOMETOCORPORATEINCOME,7THELOWERCORPORATERATEWOULDMAKECORPORATIONSANATTRACTIVETAXSHELTERTHATWOULDERODETHEINDIVIDUALINC

36、OMETAXBASESPECIALRULESWOULDNEEDTOBEDEVISEDTOLIMITTHEABILITYOFSMALLORCLOSELYHELDBUSINESSESTOBETAXEDASCORPORATIONSANDTOPREVENTSHIFTINGOFREPORTEDINCOMEFROMLABORCOMPENSATIONTOPROFITSHALPERIN,2009SOURCEERICTODER,JOSEPHROSENBERGEFFECTSOFIMPOSINGAVALUEADDEDTAXTOREPLACEPAYROLLTAXESORCORPORATETAXSRTAXPOLICYC

37、ENTER,20101译文用增值税代替工资税或企业所得税的影响经济效应及行为反应这些税收预算被认为没有行动上的回应。我们预计了税收对行为反应的作用或各种各样的政策选择对经济效率和产出的作用,但这些是在某一定性讨论之下所得到的。增值税相较于工资税的优点增值税在现在和未来的价值是不变的,因此它不对人们的储蓄欲望产生负面影响。确实,它与个人所得税和工资税采用相同的方式工作,却减少了回报,虽然对于汇款人来说,增值税的汇集机制与直接税的汇集机制非常不同。但用增值税替代工资税对工作的刺激不大。如果我们用基础广泛的增值税替代部分雇主的工资税,对于采用15和25档次所得税的雇员,会提高扣除所得税后的工资(降低

38、员工的总税率),但对于高薪的雇员会降低扣除所得税后的工资(增加员工的总税率),因为他们可能要交更多的养老保险(表8)。在所示的例子中,所有的工人在销售收入中贡献了额外的10765美元。工人的边际产量的假设前提是不同的税收制度是不变的。根据没有增值税的现行法律,雇主从工资中扣除雇主工资税765美元,留下100美元可征税的现金工资。他们还扣除了雇员工资税765美元,另外,对于15(25)档次的雇员,还需支付一笔15(25)美元的所得税。对于35档次的雇员,假设拥有在社会保险薪水起征点以上的收入,那么她和她的雇主两个人只要交纳145(154美元)的医疗保障工资税,也就是说在10765美元中能够得到1

39、0611的现金工资。35档次的所得税在较高现金工资的基础上提高到了3714美元。35档次的雇员和25档次的雇员拥有相同的总税率(把边际产量作为一个单位量),因为减少的工资税率差不多抵消了较高的所得税率。5的增值税中的786的消费参见附录与393的增值税的消费是等效的(在其对税后收入的影响方面)。增值税与其他税(不包括销售税)相比,拥有较低的税率(378)。增值税减少了雇员的薪水,因此,雇员的贡献(含税)的2378是增值税。在这个例子中,需要交纳407美元的增值税。增值税的收入用于减少雇主工资税,使得它从59降低到175。对于15和25档次的员工来说,雇主工资税额相当于扣除增值税后的总报酬103

40、58美元中的118美元。现在,现金工资为10177美元,之后再交纳雇员工资税779美元和所得税1527美元(15档次)或2544美元(25档次)。请注意,用增值税代替雇主工资税,会提高现金工资,从而使所得税收入略有提高。将所有税相加,所得到的总税率略有下降。对于15档次的员工,用增值税替代工资税,使得总税率从281下降到268。对于25档次的员工,用增值税替代工资税,使得总税率从374下降到363。因此,对于采用较低档次的员工,用增值税替代雇主工资税会获得更多的税后收入。增值税和工资税都对工作贡献产生不利影响,但由于部分增值税偿还负债,使得代替工资税能够得到相对较高的纯收益。表8例如以增值税部

41、分替代工资税,并计算雇员的税费15档次25档次35档次现行法律增值税现行法律增值税现行法律增值税边际产量107651076510765107651076510765增值税000407000407000407总报酬107651035810765103581076510358雇主的工资税765181765181154150现金工资100001017710000101771061110208雇员的工资税765779765779154150所得税150015272500254437143573净工资773578716735685467436485总税率281269374363374398注1、增值税是

42、拥有5个百分点的基础广泛的增值税。它包括77的消费,因此对所有销售的增值税税率为393。不含税价的税率等于(393/10393)378。32、根据现行法律雇主和雇员的工资税税率都是765。3、增值税的收入减少了59个百分点的雇主工资税,使得雇主工资税税率为175。4、对于在35档次的所得税纳税人,假设他们的工资高于社会保障收入,那么他们只需要交纳较低的医疗保险税雇主和雇员的工资税都是现金工资的145。在我们执行增值税模拟时,养老保险税减少了。5、这些计算只是把工资税看作是一种“税”,不考虑工资税的增加所引起任何未来的社会保障税收的增加。这个观点对于35档次的员工是不同的。由于已经过了养老保险税

43、的最低收入,因此要有较高的养老保险税。采用增值税,它的雇主工资税会略有下降,因为增值税减少了总报酬。现金工资的下降,也导致了所得税收入的降低。但是,在最后,增值税把总税率从374提高到了398。减少企业所得税的优点用增值税去替代部分的企业所得税,与用增值税去替代部分工资税的影响不同。企业所得税并不改变当前的消费,但它不是减少对资本的税后回报,就是增加公司对投资者的回报。因此,增值税代替了部分的企业所得税,进一步鼓励储蓄和投资。在国际市场逐渐开放的今天,资本收入征税方式的不同会使得储蓄和投资的激励机制不同。大多数的企业所得税,是由大型跨国公司缴纳的。对于那些企业,企业所得税主要是以在美国投资所获

44、得的利润为基础的一种税。对于美国和外国所有的跨国公司,企业所得税的税基是他们在美国的收入,但美国跨国公司只需支付一些较少的额外税收,这主要由于诸如延期和外国税收抵免的规定(格布特和阿特舒勒,2006)。这意味着,在美国的投资的国际投资者要比美国当地的公司交纳更少的税。除此之外,有研究表明,即使返回美国的收益下降,也可能不会减少投资,因为税后收益率变化不大(伯海姆,2002)。这一分析表明,降低企业所得税的主要好处是可以吸引更多的投资到美国。此外,由于公司可以使用转移定价和其他国家之间的技术转移来获得收入,降低企业所得税率可能导致美国获得的更多利润。企业利润转移到美国将提高美国公司的收入,即使不

45、增加国内投资,也会部分或完全抵消较低的税收损失。4增加国内投资。许多研究发现,跨国公司的投资地点是地方企业所得税较少的地方(德莫吉和安德威,2003)。这意味着减少美国的企业所得税将鼓励美国公司,投资于美国更多的地方,以取代外国投资和外国公司。增加的投资也将提高企业所得税的税基,因而抵消了一些低税率的收入损失。更多的投资在美国会提高实际工资并降低税前收益资金,转移某些税收减少的好处。减少税收激励的收入转移。美国较低的企业所得税税率也将使跨国公司减少收入转移(克劳辛,2007)。如果美国比其他国家具有更高的企业所得税,那么公司可能会与其关联方操纵价格,夸大在外国子公司购买货物和服务的价值和低估销

46、售或授权给他们的商品和服务的价值(特别是无形资产,因为它很难用一个固定的方法去测量)。公司也可以从事其他交易,如以股抵债,转移他们分支机构之间的收入。其他先进国家的响应。自1986年税收改革法案通过后,美国联邦法制定的企业所得税法维持不变,到1993的时候,税率从34上升到35。(在2004年宣布对于国内生产活动,其税率降低到3185。)在经济合作与发展组织的其他大多数国家,在同一时期大幅减少了企业所得税税率。目前,美国联邦州最高平均水平为393(不包括国内生产活动),大大高于七国集团平均水平的法定税率(322)和经济合作与发展组织的平均税率(262)(奥特修勒、哈里斯、透德,2009)。降低

47、美国企业所得税率将有助于减少这种不平衡。但是,如果其他国家对于美国降低企业所得税税率反应是进一步降低其税率,那么美国将大幅减少低利率的好处。取而代之的是较少的投资转移到美国,可能会引起损失。潜在侵蚀个人所得税税基。在所得税系统中,企业所得税是必要的,以防止个人在企业内累积免税利润。不会有独立的企业所得税,但企业按持股比例将利润分配给股东和其应纳税额根据个人所得税累计。然而,在行政上有许多股东和股权变动频繁的大公司是用该企业征税方法是不切实际的。降低企业所得税,使其低于个人所得税,将会对小型企业(有限合伙或集团下的小公司)提供一种刺激,使其选择交纳企业所得税。小企业要交纳15额外股息收入税和35的个人所得税,那么采用236的混合税率最合算。而如果个人想累积或再投资获利,可能发现办法将劳动收入转换成企业收入,降低企业税5率将使企业采用一定的方法避税,从而削弱个人所得税的税基。应该特别规定,将小型企业的所有者的劳动所得,按照企业所得税条例征税,防止劳动报酬收入转移到利润(霍尔珀林,2009)。出处埃里克透德,约瑟夫罗森堡用增值税代替工资税或企业所得税的影响R税务政策中心,2010节选范围第14页第五段至第19页第一段

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