1、1外文文献翻译原文FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSSOMEIMPLICATIONSFORBANKREGULATION1INTRODUCTIONACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSETTERSINMANYJURISDICTIONSAROUNDTHEWORLD,INCLUDINGTHEUNITEDSTATES,THEUNITEDKINGDOM,AUSTRALIA,ANDTHEEUROPEANUNION,HAVEISSUEDSTANDARDSREQUIRINGRECOGNITIONOFBALANCESHEETAMOUNTSATFAIRVALUE
2、,ANDCHANGESINTHEIRFAIRVALUESININCOMEFOREXAMPLE,INTHEUNITEDSTATES,THEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDREQUIRESRECOGNITIONOFSOMEINVESTMENTSECURITIESANDDERIVATIVESATFAIRVALUEINADDITION,ASTHEIRACCOUNTINGRULESHAVEEVOLVED,MANYOTHERBALANCESHEETAMOUNTSHAVEBEENMADESUBJECTTOPARTIALAPPLICATIONOFFAIRVALUERULEST
3、HATDEPENDONVARIOUSADHOCCIRCUMSTANCES,INCLUDINGIMPAIRMENTEGGOODWILLANDLOANSANDWHETHERADERIVATIVEISUSEDTOHEDGECHANGESINFAIRVALUEEGINVENTORIES,LOANS,ANDFIXEDLEASEPAYMENTSTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDANDTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDHEREAFTERFASBANDIASBAREJOINTLYWORKINGONPROJECTSEXAMINI
4、NGTHEFEASIBILITYOFMANDATINGRECOGNITIONOFESSENTIALLYALLFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESATFAIRVALUEINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FAIRVALUERECOGNITIONOFFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESAPPEARSTOENJOYTHESUPPORTTHESECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONHEREAFTERSECINARECENTREPORTPREPAREDFORACONGRESSIONALCOM
5、MITTEESEC,2005,THEOFFICEOFTHECHIEFACCOUNTANTOFTHESECSTATESTWOPRIMARYBENEFITSOFREQUIRINGFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFIRST,ITWOULDMITIGATETHEUSEOFACCOUNTINGMOTIVATEDTRANSACTIONSTRUCTURESDESIGNEDTOEXPLOITOPPORTUNITIESFOREARNINGSMANAGEMENTCREATEDBYTHECURRENT“MIXEDATTRIBUTE”PARTHISTORICALCO
6、ST,PARTFAIRVALUESACCOUNTINGMODELFOREXAMPLE,ITWOULDELIMINATETHEINCENTIVETOUSEASSETSECURITIZATIONASAMEANSTORECOGNISEGAINSONSALEOFRECEIVABLESORLOANS2SECOND,FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORALLFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSWOULDREDUCETHECOMPLEXITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGARISINGFROMTHEMIXEDATTRIBUTEDMODELFOREXAMPLE,WITHALLFINANC
7、IALINSTRUMENTSMEASUREDATFAIRVALUE,THEHEDGEACCOUNTINGMODELEMPLOYEDBYTHEFASBSDERIVATIVESSTANDARDWOULDALLBUTBEELIMINATED,MAKINGITUNNECESSARYFORINVESTORSTOSTUDYTHECHOICESMADEBYMANAGEMENTTODETERMINEWHATBASISOFACCOUNTINGISUSEDFORPARTICULARINSTRUMENTS,ASWELLASTHENEEDFORMANAGEMENTTOKEEPEXTENSIVERECORDSOFHED
8、GINGRELATIONSHIPSBUT,ASNOTEDINTHESECREPORT,THEREARECOSTSASWELLASSOCIATEDWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGONEKEYISSUEISWHETHERFAIRVALUESOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTITEMSCANBEMEASUREDRELIABLY,ESPECIALLYFORTHOSEFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFORWHICHACTIVEMARKETSDONOTREADILYEXISTEGSPECIALISEDRECEIVABLESORPRIVATELYP
9、LACEDLOANSBOTHTHEFASBANDIASBSTATEINTHEIRCONCEPTSSTATEMENTSTHATTHEYCONSIDERTHECOST/BENEFITTRADEOFFBETWEENRELEVANCEANDRELIABILITYWHENASSESSINGHOWBESTTOMEASURESPECIFICACCOUNTINGAMOUNTS,ANDWHETHERMEASUREMENTISSUFFICIENTLYRELIABLEFORFINANCIALSTATEMENTRECOGNITIONACOSTTOINVESTORSOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTISTHA
10、TSOMEOREVENMANYRECOGNISEDFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSMIGHTNOTBEMEASUREDWITHSUFFICIENTPRECISIONTOHELPTHEMASSESSADEQUATELYTHEFIRMSFINANCIALPOSITIONANDEARNINGSPOTENTIALTHISRELIABILITYCOSTISCOMPOUNDEDBYTHEPROBLEMTHATINTHEABSENCEOFACTIVEMARKETSFORAPARTICULARFINANCIALINSTRUMENT,MANAGEMENTMUSTESTIMATEITSFAIRVALUE,
11、WHICHCANBESUBJECTTODISCRETIONORMANIPULATIONASSESSINGTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIALREPORTINGTOINVESTORSANDOTHERFINANCIALSTATEMENTUSERSINPARTICULARREPORTINGREGIMESISDIFFICULTASSESSINGTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFBANKREGULATORSMANDATINGFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSFORTHEPURP
12、OSEOFASSESSINGABANKSREGULATORYCAPITALISPERHAPSEVENMORECHALLENGINGTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOPROVIDESOMEPRELIMINARYVIEWSONTHEISSUESBANKREGULATORSFACEWHENASSESSINGTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFUSINGFAIRVALUEFORDETERMININGREGULATORYCAPITALANDMAKINGOTHERREGULATORYDECISIONSTOTHISEND,IBEGINBYREVIEWINGEXTANTCAPITALMA
13、RKETSTUDIESTHATEXAMINETHEUSEFULNESSOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGTOINVESTORSITHENDISCUSS3IMPLEMENTATIONISSUESOFDETERMININGFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFAIRVALUESINDOINGSO,IAGAINLOOKTOEVIDENCEFROMTHEACADEMICLITERATUREFINALLY,IDISCUSSMARKINGTOMARKETIMPLEMENTATIONISSUESTHATAREOFPARTICULARRELEVANCETOBANKREGULATORSASTHEYC
14、ONSIDERTHEEFFECTSOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTONBANKEARNINGSANDCAPITAL,ANDTHEATTENDANTEFFECTSONREALMANAGERIALDECISIONS2BACKGROUNDOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINSTANDARDSETTING21DEFINITIONOFFAIRVALUETHEFASBDEFINES“FAIRVALUE”AS“THEPRICEATWHICHANASSETORLIABILITYCOULDBEEXCHANGEDINACURRENTTRANSACTIONBETWEENKNOWLEDGEABL
15、E,UNRELATEDWILLINGPARTIES”FASB,2004AASTHEFASBNOTES,“THEOBJECTIVEOFAFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTISTOESTIMATEANEXCHANGEPRICEFORTHEASSETORLIABILITYBEINGMEASUREDINTHEABSENCEOFANACTUALTRANSACTIONFORTHATASSETORLIABILITY”IMPLICITINTHISOBJECTIVEISTHENOTIONTHATFAIRVALUEISWELLDEFINEDSOTHATANASSETORLIABILITYSEXCHANGEP
16、RICEFULLYCAPTURESITSVALUETHATIS,THEPRICEATWHICHANASSETCANBEEXCHANGEDBETWEENTWOENTITIESDOESNOTDEPENDONTHEENTITIESENGAGEDINTHEEXCHANGEANDTHISPRICEALSOEQUALSTHEVALUEINUSETOANYENTITYFOREXAMPLE,THEVALUEOFASWAPDERIVATIVETOABANKEQUALSTHEPRICEATWHICHITCANPURCHASEORSELLTHATDERIVATIVE,ANDTHESWAPSVALUEDOESNOTD
17、EPENDONTHEEXISTINGASSETSANDLIABILITIESONTHEBANKSBALANCESHEETFORSUCHABANK,BARTHANDLANDSMAN1995NOTESTHATTHISISASTRONGASSUMPTIONTOMAKEPARTICULARLYIFMANYOFITSASSETSANDLIABILITIESCANNOTREADILYBETRADEDIWILLRETURNTOTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHISPROBLEMWHENDISCUSSINGIMPLEMENTATIONOFMARKINGTOMARKETISSUESBELOW22APPLIC
18、ATIONSTOSTANDARDSETTINGINTHEUS,THEFASBHASISSUEDSEVERALSTANDARDSTHATMANDATEDISCLOSUREORRECOGNITIONOFACCOUNTINGAMOUNTSUSINGFAIRVALUESAMONGTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTINTERMSOFRELEVANCETOFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSARETHOSESTANDARDSTHATEXPLICITLYRELATETOFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSTWOIMPORTANTDISCLOSURESTANDARDSARESTATEMENTOFF
19、INANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSFASNO107,DISCLOSURESABOUTFAIRVALUEOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFASB,1991ANDSFASNO119,DISCLOSUREABOUTDERIVATIVEFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSANDFAIRVALUEOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFASB,1994SFASNO1074REQUIRESDISCLOSUREOFFAIRESTIMATESOFALLRECOGNISEDASSETSANDLIABILITIES,ANDASSUCH,WASTHEFIRSTSTANDA
20、RDTHATPROVIDEDINVESTORSWITHESTIMATESOFTHEPRIMARYBALANCESHEETACCOUNTSOFBANKS,INCLUDINGSECURITIES,LOANS,DEPOSITS,ANDLONGTERMDEBTINADDITION,ITWASTHEFIRSTSTANDARDTOPROVIDEADEFINITIONOFFAIRVALUEREFLECTINGTHEFASBSOBJECTIVEOFOBTAININGQUOTEDMARKETPRICESWHEREVERPOSSIBLESFASNO119REQUIRESDISCLOSUREOFFAIRVALUEE
21、STIMATESOFDERIVATIVEFINANCIALINSTRUMENTS,INCLUDINGFUTURES,FORWARD,SWAP,ANDOPTIONCONTRACTSITALSOREQUIRESDISCLOSUREOFESTIMATESOFHOLDINGGAINSANDLOSSESFORINSTRUMENTSTHATAREHELDFORTRADINGPURPOSESAMONGTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTFAIRVALUERECOGNITIONSTANDARDSTHEFASBHASISSUEDARESFASNO115,ACCOUNTINGFORCERTAININVESTMEN
22、TSINDEBTANDEQUITYSECURITIESFASB,1993,SFASNO123REVISED,SHAREBASEDPAYMENTSFASB,2004,ANDSFASNO133,ACCOUNTINGFORDERIVATIVEINSTRUMENTSANDHEDGINGACTIVITIESFASB,1998SFASNO115REQUIRESRECOGNITIONATFAIRVALUEINVESTMENTSINEQUITYANDDEBTSECURITIESCLASSIFIEDASHELDFORTRADINGORAVAILABLEFORSALEFAIRVALUECHANGESFORTHEF
23、ORMERAPPEARININCOME,ANDFAIRVALUECHANGESFORTHELATTERAREINCLUDEDASACOMPONENTOFACCUMULATEDOTHERCOMPREHENSIVEINCOME,IE,AREEXCLUDEDFROMINCOMETHOSEDEBTSECURITIESCLASSIFIEDASHELDTOMATURITYCONTINUETOBERECOGNISEDATAMORTISEDCOSTSFASNO123REVISEDREQUIRESTHECOSTOFEMPLOYEESTOCKOPTIONSGRANTSBERECOGNISEDININCOMEUSI
24、NGGRANTDATEFAIRVALUEBYAMORTISINGTHECOSTDURINGTHEEMPLOYEEVESTINGORSERVICEPERIODTHISREQUIREMENTREMOVEDELECTIONOFFAIRVALUEORINTRINSICVALUECOSTMEASUREMENTPERMITTEDUNDERTHEORIGINALRECOGNITIONSTANDARD,SFASNO123,ACCOUNTINGFORSTOCKBASEDCOMPENSATIONFASB,1995UNTILRECENTLY,MOSTFIRMSELECTEDTOMEASURETHECOSTOFEMP
25、LOYEESTOCKOPTIONSUSINGINTRINSICVALUEHOWEVER,FORSUCHFIRMS,SFASNO123REQUIRESTHEYDISCLOSEAPROFORMAINCOMENUMBERCOMPUTEDUSINGAFAIRVALUECOSTFOREMPLOYEESTOCKOPTIONGRANTS,ASWELLASKEYMODELINPUTSTHEYUSETOESTIMATEFAIRVALUESSFASNO133REQUIRESALLFREESTANDINGDERIVATIVESBERECOGNISEDATFAIRVALUEHOWEVER,SFASNO133RETAI
26、NSELEMENTSOFTHEEXISTINGHEDGEACCOUNTINGMODELINPARTICULAR,FAIRVALUECHANGESINTHOSEDERIVATIVESEMPLOYEDFORPURPOSESOFHEDGING5FAIRVALUERISKSEGINTERESTRATERISKANDCOMMODITYPRICERISKARESHOWNASACOMPONENTOFINCOME,ASARETHECHANGESINFAIRVALUEOFTHEHEDGEDBALANCESHEETITEMEGFIXEDRATELOANSANDINVENTORIESORFIRMCOMMITMENT
27、SIEFORWARDCONTRACTSIFTHESOCALLEDFAIRVALUEHEDGEISPERFECT,THEEFFECTONINCOMEOFTHEHEDGINGRELATIONSHIPISZEROINCONTRAST,FAIRVALUECHANGESINTHOSEDERIVATIVESEMPLOYEDFORPURPOSESOFHEDGINGCASHFLOWRISKSEGCASHFLOWSVOLATILITYRESULTINGFROMINTERESTRATERISKANDCOMMODITYPRICERISKARESHOWNASACOMPONENTOFACCUMULATEDOTHERCO
28、MPREHENSIVEINCOMEBECAUSETHEREISNORECOGNISEDOFFSETTINGCHANGEINFAIRVALUEOFANIMPLICITLYHEDGEDBALANCESHEETITEMORANTICIPATEDTRANSACTIONOUTSIDEOFTHEUS,STANDARDSISSUEDBYTHEIASBAREOFTENACCEPTEDORREQUIREDASGENERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESGAAPINMANYCOUNTRIESFOREXAMPLE,THEEUROPEANUNIONGENERALLYREQUIRESMEM
29、BERCOUNTRYFIRMSTOISSUEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSPREPAREDINACCORDANCEWITHIASBGAAPBEGINNINGIN2005IASBGAAPCOMPRISESSTANDARDSISSUEDBYITSPREDECESSORBODY,THEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCOMMITTEEIASC,ASWELLASTHOSEITHASISSUEDSINCEITSINCEPTIONIN2001THEIASCISSUEDTWOKEYFAIRVALUESTANDARDS,BOTHOFWHICHHAVEBEENADOPTE
30、DBYTHEIASB,IAS32FINANCIALINSTRUMENTSDISCLOSUREANDPRESENTATIONIASB,2003A,IAS39,FINANCIALINSTRUMENTSRECOGNITIONANDMEASUREMENTIASB,2003BTHEFORMERSTANDARDISPRIMARILYADISCLOSURESTANDARD,ANDISSIMILARTOITSUSGAAPCOUNTERPARTS,SFASNOS107AND119IAS39DESCRIBESHOWPARTICULARFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESAREMEASURED
31、IEAMORTISEDCOSTORFAIRVALUE,ANDHOWCHANGESINTHEIRVALUESARERECOGNISEDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHESCOPEOFIAS39ROUGHLYENCOMPASSESACCOUNTINGFORINVESTMENTSECURITIESANDDERIVATIVES,WHICHARECOVEREDUNDERSFASNOS115AND133,ALTHOUGHTHEREARESOMEMINORDIFFERENCESBETWEENIASANDUSGAAPTHEIASBHASALSOISSUEDAKEYFAIRVALUESTAN
32、DARD,INTERNATIONALFINANCIALREPORTINGSTANDARD2,ACCOUNTINGFORSHAREBASEDPAYMENTIASB,2004IFRS2ISVERYSIMILARTOSFASNO123REVISEDFASB,2004INREQUIRINGFIRMSTORECOGNISETHECOSTOFEMPLOYEESTOCKOPTIONGRANTSUSINGGRANTDATEFAIRVALUEASPARTOFTHEIREFFORTSTOHARMONISEUSANDINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS,6THEIASBANDFASBRE
33、CENTLYISSUEDRELATEDPROPOSEDORFINISHEDSTANDARDSPERTAININGTODISCLOSUREOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSFAIRVALUES,EXPOSUREDRAFTFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSFASB,2004AANDINTERNATIONALFINANCIALREPORTINGSTANDARD7,FINANCIALINSTRUMENTSDISCLOSURESIASB,2005THEUSEXPOSUREDRAFTDESCRIBESAHIERARCHYOFPREFERREDAPPROACHESTOFAIRVALUEME
34、ASUREMENTFORALLASSETSANDLIABILITIESMEASUREDATFAIRVALUEUNDEROTHERFASBPRONOUNCEMENTS,RANGINGFROMQUOTEDMARKETPRICESFORTHESPECIFICASSETORLIABILITYTOUSEOFMODELSTOESTIMATEFAIRVALUESBOTHTHEEXPOSUREDRAFTANDIFRS7REQUIREDISCLOSUREOFFAIRVALUEAMOUNTSATTHEENDOFEACHACCOUNTINGPERIODYEAR,QUARTER,HOWTHEFAIRVALUESARE
35、DETERMINED,ANDTHEEFFECTONINCOMEARISINGFROMEACHPARTICULARCLASSOFASSETSORLIABILITIESIESEPARATEDISCLOSUREOFRECOGNISEDANDUNRECOGNISEDGAINSANDLOSSESIFRS7ISMORECOMPREHENSIVETHANTHEEXPOSUREDRAFTINTHATITREQUIRESDISCLOSUREOFDETAILEDINFORMATIONFORRECOGNISEDFINANCIALINSTRUMENTS,BOTHTHOSEMEASUREDATFAIRVALUEANDT
36、HOSETHATARENOT,ASWELLASQUALITATIVEINFORMATIONRELATINGTOFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSLIQUIDITY,CREDIT,ANDMARKETRISKS23VALUATIONTECHNIQUESASNOTEDABOVE,INITSEXPOSUREDRAFTFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,THEFASBDESCRIBESAHIERARCHYOFPREFERENCESFORMEASUREMENTOFFAIRVALUETHEPREFERREDLEVEL1FAIRVALUEESTIMATESARETHOSEBASEDONQUOTE
37、DPRICESFORIDENTICALASSETSANDLIABILITIES,ANDAREMOSTAPPLICABLETOTHOSEASSETSORLIABILITIESTHATAREACTIVELYTRADEDEGTRADINGINVESTMENTSECURITIESLEVEL2ESTIMATESARETHOSEBASEDONQUOTEDMARKETPRICESOFSIMILARORRELATEDASSETSANDLIABILITIESLEVEL3ESTIMATES,THELEASTPREFERRED,ARETHOSEBASEDONCOMPANYESTIMATES,ANDSHOULDONL
38、YBEUSEDIFLEVEL1OR2ESTIMATESARENOTAVAILABLEWITHTHEEMPHASISONMARKETPRICES,THEFASBEMPHASISESTHATFIRMSSHOULDBASETHEIRESTIMATESONMARKETPRICESASMODELINPUTSWHEREVERPOSSIBLEEGUSEOFEQUITYMARKETVOLATILITYESTIMATESWHENEMPLOYINGTHEBLACKSCHOLESVALUATIONMODELTOESTIMATETHEFAIRVALUEOFEMPLOYEESTOCKOPTIONSFAIRVALUEES
39、TIMATESCANBECONSTRUCTEDUSINGENTITYSUPPLIEDINPUTSEGDISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWESTIMATESIFOTHERMODELSEMPLOYINGMARKETINPUTSARENOTAVAILABLESOURCEWAYNERLANDSMANFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIAL7INSTRUMENTSSOMEIMPLICATIONSFORBANKREGULATIONDCAROLINAUNIVERSITYOFNORTHCAROLINAUNCATCHAPELHILLACCOUNTINGAREA2006111译文运用公允价值
40、计量金融工具银行监管的意义1、介绍在世界各地,包括美国,英国,澳大利亚,和欧盟,其会计准则委员会发布了准则,要求编制资产负债表要按公允价值计量并按公允价值确认收入。例如,在美国,美国财务会计准则委员会要求按公允价值确认一些投资证券和衍生产品时。此外,随着会计准则不断完善,资产负债表中的许多其他项目一直应用公允价值计量,在各种特定的情况下,包括减值如商誉与贷款以及衍生工具是否用来对冲公允价值变动如库存、贷款、和固定资产融资租赁。美国财务会计准则委员会与国际会计准则委员会以下简称FASB和IASB共同的工作项目的可行性研究中声明各个金融资产和负债按公允价值在会计报表附注中说明。在美国,金融资产和负
41、债运用公允价值计量似乎获得证券交易委员会以下简称SEC的支持。最近,国会委员会SEC,2005准备的一份报告中,美国证券交易委员会SEC的一个部门会计主任提出运用公允价值会计计量金融工具的两个优点。首先,这将减少有动机的会计交易,即利用由目前的“混合模式”部分历史成本、部分公允价值计量创造盈余管理的动机交易。例如,它可以减少激励使用资产证券化作为一种手段来确认应收账款或贷款的收益。第二,公允价值作为所有金融工具的计量属性将减少财政从混合模式而带来的复杂性报告。例如,在所有的金融工具的公允价值计量,对冲核算模型应用美国财务会计标准委员会的衍生品标准就差不多被淘汰,无须投资者在研究管理方面的选择,
42、以确定什么样的会计基础用于特定的工具,以及作为管理需要保持广泛的对冲关系的记录。但是,正如证券交易委员会在报告中提到的,与此同时也有运用公允价值计量相关的成本。一个关键的问题是财务报表项目的公允价值是否能够可靠计量,特别是那些金融工具,没有活跃的市场存在如专门的应收账款或私募贷款。财务会计准则委员会和国际会计准则委员会认为在评估如何最好地衡量具体会8计金额或者在财务报表中计量是否完全准确时,要考虑到成本与效益具有相关性和可靠性。以公允价值计量的成本,甚至是许多公认的金融工具可能无法足够精确测量,来帮助投资者充分评估公司的财务状况和盈利潜力。这种可靠性成本导致了问题的存在,在确认活跃市场中的特定
43、金融工具,管理层必须估计其公允价值,考虑到决定权或受操作。在财务报告中向投资者、准则机构等财务报表使用者评估公允价值计量的成本与效益是困难的。银行监管部门评估的成本与效益强调了公允价值会计,金融机构为了评估银行的监督管理资金可能更具挑战性。本文研究的目的在于提供有关银行监管机构面临的问题时,评估成本与效益时,作出决定的监管资本和其他监管决定的公允价值收益的一些初步意见。为此,我根据现存的资本市场的有效性,向投资者分析研究公允价值计量。然后我讨论确定金融工具公允价值的实施问题。在这一过程中,我再次翻阅学术文献资料。最后,我将讨论进入市场的问题,特别有关银行监管机构带来的影响,因为它们认为公允价值
44、计量对银行盈利和资本存在影响,以及随之而来的实际管理决策的影响。2、公允价值会计标准制定背景21公允价值的定义美国财务会计标准委员会定义了“公允价值”为“市场交易者在有序交易中,销售资产收到的或转移负债支付的价格”FASB,2004A,正如FASB提到,“公允价值计量的目标是估计被计量的资产或负债不存在活跃交易市场的交易价格。”隐含其中的是公允价值的概念界定是资产或负债在当前交易中使用的金额。也就是说,一个资产在两个实体之间进行交换的价值,不取决于单位约定的价格,这个价格是交易实体所使用的价格。例如,银行的衍生交换工具等于他可以购买或销售的价格,以及交换的价值不依赖于在银行的资产负债表中现有的
45、资产和负债项目中的价值。对于这样一家银行,巴特和兰茨曼(1995)指出,这是建立在假设上的,即它的许多资产和负债不能轻易地进行交易。我谈到这个问题的影响时会论述其进入市场问题。22标准设定在美国,财务会计准则委员会发布了公允价值会计确认金额披露的几个标准。其中最重要的那些标准是关于相关的金融机构方面,明确涉及到金融工具。9两项重要的信息披露标准是财务会计准则(SFAS第107号),关于金融工具的公允价值(财务会计准则委员会,1991)和财务会计准则第119号,关于衍生金融工具和(财务会计准则委员会,1994)金融工具的公允价值披露。SFAS第107号,需要对所有资产和负债确认的公允价值披露,正
46、因为如此,第一个标准,主要针对银行的资产负债表主要帐户,包括证券,贷款,存款和长期债务的估计金额。此外,它是第一个标准,提供公允价值的定义即在市场报价中获得尽可能客观价值。SFAS第119号,需要对衍生金融工具,包括期货,远期,交换及期权合约的公允价值估计披露。这也需要对那些持有作买卖用途的工具收益和损失的估计披露。美国财务会计准则委员会颁布SFAS第115号认定最重要的公允价值,包括一定的投资债务和股权证券FASB,1993,SFAS第123号(修订),以股份为基础的支付FASB,2004,SFAS第133号,对衍生金融工具,套期保值活动FASB,1998。SFAS第115号需要在股票和债务
47、证券的公允价值确认投资分类为交易或可供出售的。对于前者的公允价值变动计入收入,并为公允价值变动作为累计计入公允价值变动收益,即不包括收入,仅仅指公允价值变动收益。这些债券归类为持有至到期投资按摊销成本确认。SFAS第123号修订要求员工成本获得股票期权授权使用收入公允价值被授予日期间成本的员工的可行权或服务将这一要求,公允价值或选举内在价值成本计量许可原公认的标准,SFAS第123号,股权激励报酬FASB,1995。直到最近,大多数公司测量雇员股票期权费用选择使用内在价值。然而,对于这样的公司,SFAS第123号要求他们计算员工股票期权成本使用公允价值估计模型,以及使用公允价值列示。SFAS第
48、133号规定,所有独立的衍生工具按公允价值确认。然而,SFAS第133号保留现有的对冲会计模型。特别是,在那些目的为对冲公允价值风险如利率风险和商品价格风险的金融衍生品,其公允价值变动损益显示为收入的一个组成部分,是在对冲资产负债表项目如固定利率贷款(公允价值变动和投资)或远期合约即远期合同。如果所谓的公允价值对冲是完美的,其套期关系的收入为零。相比之下,在那些衍生工具以对冲现金流量套期风险如现金流量波动所造成的利率风险和商品价格风险变化为目的,采用的是显示累计其他10综合组成部分收益和,因为没有公认的对冲变化中的一个资产负债表项目或预期交易的公允价值。在美国以外,由国际会计准则委员会颁布的标
49、准往往是接受的或被要求使用一般公认会计原则。例如,欧盟通常要求成员国编制公司财务报表根据在2005年编制的国际会计准则理事会公认会计准则。国际会计准则委员会会计准则包括其前身机构,国际会计准则委员会(IASC)发行的标准,以及那些自2001年成立以来,已发行的标准。IASC发行的两份重要的公允价值标准,都已经由国际会计准则委员会,国际会计准则第32条通过了金融工具披露和列报IASB,2003,国际会计准则第39号金融工具确认和计量IASB,2003。前者的标准主要是披露标准,类似于其美国会计准则,SFAS第107号和第119号。国际会计准则第39号描述的是特定的金融资产和负债的计量(即摊余成本或公允价值),以及如何将价值损益在财务报表中确认,在会计报表附注中说明。国际会计准则第39号范围大致包括投资证券及衍生工具,这是根据SFAS115号和133号,虽然还是存在美国公认会计准则与国际会计准则和一些细微的差别。国际会计准则委员会也发布了一个关键的公允价值标准,国际财务报告准则第2号,股份支付IASB,2004。国际财务报告准则第2号与SFAS第123号非常相似修订FASB,2004要求公司计量员工优先认股权是以在给予日的公允价值。作为其努力协调美国和国际会计准则,国际会计准则委员会和财务会计标准委员会最近颁布了有关金融工具的公允价值的披露的建议或部分完成的准