1、外文文献翻译译文原文ASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGANDAPPRAISERSEVIDENCEFROMJAPAN1、ASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGINJAPANASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSHAVEBEENINTRODUCEDINJAPANINRECENTYEARS,ANDVOLUNTARILYAPPLIEDBYSOMECOMPANIESBEGINNINGIN2004THESTANDARDSHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDINJAPANSINCE2006WHENPERFORMINGASSETIMPAIRM
2、ENTACCOUNTINGINJAPAN,APROFESSIONALAPPRAISALISUSUALLYOBTAINED,BECAUSEJAPANESEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSREQUIREANAPPRAISALINPRINCIPLEFOREVERYTHINGEXCEPTUNIMPORTANTREALESTATEALTHOUGHANAPPRAISALISNOTOBTAINEDFORALLREALESTATE,THEAPPRAISERSROLEISVERYIMPORTANTASMENTIONED,THEMAINROLESOFAPPRAISERSINASSETIMPAIRMENTAC
3、COUNTINGARE1TOCONTROLTHEDISCRETIONARYBEHAVIOROFCOMPANYDIRECTORSAND2TOPROVIDERELIABLEEARNINGSINFORMATIONFORTHOSECONCERNEDWITHTHERELEVANTCOMPANIESIFCOMPANYDIRECTORSAREABLETOMANIPULATETHEMARKETVALUEOFREALESTATE,THEYMAYDECIDETHEAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTINAMANNERTHATWOULDBIASEARNINGSINFORMATIONINVESTORSWHODECID
4、ETOINVESTBASEDONTHISINFORMATIONMAYSUFFERUNEXPECTEDFINANCIALDAMAGETHEGOALOFREALESTATEVALUATIONBYAPPRAISERSISTOPREVENTSUCHEARNINGSCOORDINATINGBEHAVIORSBYCOMPANIESANDTOPROVIDEINVESTORSWITHFINANCIALINFORMATIONASCLOSETOTHECOMPANIESREALFINANCIALSITUATIONSASPOSSIBLE2、CONCEPTSINASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGTHEA
5、MOUNTOFASSETIMPAIRMENTISEQUALTOTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEBOOKVALUEANDTHERECOVERABLEVALUEOFANASSETINJAPANTHESIZEOFANIMPAIRMENTCHARGECOULDHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONABUSINESSANDITSMANAGEMENTTHEREFORE,THERECOVERABLEVALUEOFANASSETMUSTBECLEARLYANDOBJECTIVELYESTIMATEDINORDERFORBUSINESSESTOSUCCESSFULLYIMPLEMENTA
6、NACCOUNTINGSYSTEMBASEDONTHEIMPAIRMENTCONCEPTTHERECOVERABLEVALUESHOULDBEDETERMINEDBYGATHERINGRELEVANTTRANSACTIONDATAINTHEREALESTATEMARKETREALESTATEAPPRAISERSAREEXPECTEDTOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEASMARKETEXPERTSINTHISPROCESSASSETIMPAIRMENTISTREATEDDIFFERENTLYINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSDEALINGWITH
7、IMPAIRMENTAREGENERALLYDIVIDEDINTOTWOGROUPSTHEUNITEDSTATESFASBSTANDARDSANDTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDIASBSTANDARDSINTHEUNITEDSTATES,SFASNO144STATESTHATIMPAIRMENTISACONDITIONTHATEXISTSWHENANASSETSBOOKVALUEEXCEEDSITSFAIRVALUETHISSTANDARDALSOSTATESTHATTHEAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTLOSSCANBERECOGNIZE
8、DONLYWHENANASSETSBOOKVALUECANNOTBERECOVEREDANDEXCEEDSITSFAIRVALUETHESTANDARDSTATESTHATTHEAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTLOSSCANBEMEASUREDASTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEBOOKVALUEANDTHEFAIRVALUEONTHEOTHERHAND,IASNO36,DEFINESIMPAIRMENTASASITUATIONINWHICHANASSETSBOOKVALUEEXCEEDSARECOVERABLEAMOUNT,WHICHISTHEHIGHEROFNETSELL
9、INGPRICEORUSEVALUETHEREFORE,THEIASBSSTANDARDSCAPITALIZETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENANASSETSBOOKVALUEANDRECOVERABLEAMOUNTASTHEAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTJAPANSSTANDARDSARECLOSERTOTHEIASBSTANDARDSTHANTOTHEFASBSTANDARDS,ANDINVOLVEAPPRAISERSINTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEABOVEMENTIONEDNETSELLINGPRICESINADDITION,NOTALLASSETSARESUBJ
10、ECTTOTHEASSESSMENTOFIMPAIRMENTINJAPAN,ASSETSCAPITALIZEDASIMPAIREDARESPECIFIEDDEPENDINGONTHEAMOUNTOFFUTURECASHFLOWSTHATCOMESFROMTHOSEASSETSTHESEIDEASAREBASEDONTHEUNITEDSTATESSTANDARDSTHEFINALAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTISCAPITALIZEDASANEXPENSEONAPROFITLOSSSTATEMENT,GREATLYIMPACTINGPROFITAND,EVENTUALLY,THECOMPA
11、NYSFUTUREMANAGEMENTASDISCUSSEDSOFAR,ASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGVARIESSLIGHTLYFROMCOUNTRYTOCOUNTRYINTERMSOFPROCEDURESTHESEDIFFERENCESHAVECAUSEDMISUNDERSTANDINGSAMONGCOMPANIESTHATPURSUEGLOBALECONOMICACTIVITIESTOPREVENTTHESEMISUNDERSTANDINGS,OVERALLACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS,INCLUDINGTHOSEREGARDINGASSETIMPAIRME
12、NT,ARENOWCONVERGINGONAGLOBALSCALEANDAREEXPECTEDTOBEUNIFIEDINTHENEARFUTURE3、LITERATUREREVIEWSINCEASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSHAVEBEENINTRODUCED,FEWEMPIRICALSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHERELATIONBETWEENASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGANDAPPRAISERSTHISSECTIONWILLREVIEWTHEEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFASSETREVALUATION,WHIC
13、HHASBEENVOLUNTARILYAPPLIEDASABUSINESSCUSTOMFORMANYYEARSINTHEUNITEDKINGDOMANDAUSTRALIAGENERALLY,THEMETHODSFORREVALUINGTANGIBLEFIXEDASSETSUNDERACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS,SUCHASTHOSEINTHEUNITEDKINGDOMANDAUSTRALIA,ARECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOWHOCONDUCTSTHEREVALUATIONWHEREABUSINESSADMINISTRATORCARRIESOUTTHEREVALUAT
14、IONITISCALLEDA“DIRECTORSVALUATION”AN“APPRAISERSVALUATION”ISAREVALUATIONBYANAPPRAISERWHOHASSPECIALQUALIFICATIONSTOCARRYOUTTHEREVALUATIONASATHIRDPARTYTHESALEPRICEOFREALESTATEISNORMALLYFORMEDONTHEBASISOFATRANSACTIONSSPECIFICCIRCUMSTANCESMOREOVER,THESALEPRICEISALSOINFLUENCEDBYTHEREALESTATESINDIVIDUALATT
15、RIBUTESITMAYBEEXTREMELYDIFFICULTFORANORDINARYPERSONTODETERMINETHEMARKETVALUETHUS,INORDERTOEVALUATEPROPERTYMOREACCURATELYANDEASILY,AVALUATIONBYANAPPRAISERISACCEPTEDASAPROPERVALUATIONMETHODHOWEVER,ADIRECTORSVALUATIONORANAPPRAISERSVALUATIONCANBECHOSENATTHEDIRECTORSDISCRETIONCONSEQUENTLY,THISDISCRETIONM
16、AYAFFECTTHEVALUATIONSRELIABILITYANDDETERIORATETHEFINANCIALREPORTSQUALITYTAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEDIFFERENTTYPESOFVALUATIONS,THELITERATUREWASREVIEWEDTOANALYZEWHETHERAPPRAISERSVALUATIONSARERELIABLE,ANDWHATMOTIVESPROMPTDIRECTORSTOSELECTANAPPRAISERSVALUATIONSTUDIESFOCUSINGONTHERELIABILITYOFAPPRAISERSVA
17、LUATIONSINCLUDERESEARCHBYDIETRICH,HARRIS,ANDMULLER,OFCOMPANIESINTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,ANDRESEARCHBYBARTHANDCLINCHOFCOMPANIESINAUSTRALIASTUDIESINAUSTRALIABYBROWN,IZAN,ANDLOH,ANDBYCOTTERANDRICHARDSONFOCUSONCOMPANYDIRECTORSMOTIVESINSELECTINGAPPRAISERSVALUATIONSTHEFOLLOWINGSUMMARIZESTHESESTUDIES4、ANALYSISOFC
18、OMPANIESTHATUSEASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGTHISSECTIONDESCRIBESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCOMPANIESINJAPANTHATHAVEUSEDASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGINRECENTYEARS,ANDTHEACTUALCONDITIONSOFAPPRAISERSPARTICIPATIONTHEANALYSISHASADUALPURPOSEFIRST,ITATTEMPTSTOIDENTIFYHOWCOMPANIESBEGANTOADOPTASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTING,BYCO
19、MPARINGANDANALYZINGCOMPANIESTHATUSEASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGANDTHOSETHATDONOTSECOND,ITATTEMPTSTOIDENTIFYWHATCONTRIBUTIONSAPPRAISERSMAKETOASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGTHESAMPLECOMPANIESINTHISRESEARCHINCLUDE568BUSINESSESCONTINUOUSLYLISTEDONTHEFIRSTSECTIONOFTHETOKYOSTOCKEXCHANGEFROM1984TO2003BASEDONTHEFINA
20、NCIALDATAINTHECOMPANIESFINANCIALREPORTS,ABOUT63,OR357COMPANIES,APPLYASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTING,INCLUDINGSOMEWITHEARLYAPPLICATION,IE,2004AND20055、CHARACTERISTICSOFCOMPANIESUSINGASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTING（1）COMPANYASSETSFIRSTFINANCIALINFORMATIONABOUTCOMPANIESTHATUSEASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGISCOLLECTEDTH
21、ELARGECOMPANIESINJAPANBEGANUSINGASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGATANEARLYSTAGEMOREOVER,ITISCONSPICUOUSTHATTHERATIOOFAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTTOTOTALASSETSAPPLIEDIN2004ISMUCHHIGHERTHANINOTHERPERIODSITISCLEAR,THEREFORE,THATTHELARGECOMPANIESWITHLATENTLOSSESCHOSETOAPPLYASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGATANEARLYSTAGEONTHEIROW
22、NINITIATIVE（2）LANDVALUENEXT,THESAMPLECOMPANIESPROCESSOFACCUMULATINGLANDISANALYZEDTHEAVERAGELANDBOOKVALUEWASFOUNDFOR1984,1989,1994,1999,AND2003ACCORDINGTOTHESERESULTS,THECHANGEINAVERAGEBOOKVALUEOFLANDOWNEDBYCOMPANIESAPPLYINGASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGIN2004DIFFERSREMARKABLYFROMOTHERGROUPSTHEIRDEGREEOFV
23、ALUEINCREASEISOVERWHELMINGCOMPAREDTOOTHERGROUPSSINCE1989THECORRELATIONBETWEENUSEOFASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGANDCHANGEINAVERAGEBOOKVALUEOFLANDITSHOWSANINDEXOFCOMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIALLANDPRICEINJAPANITAPPEARSTHATTHOSECOMPANIESTHATOBTAINEDLARGEAMOUNTSOFLANDDURINGTHEREALESTATEBUBBLESUFFEREDAHIGHDEGREEOFLA
24、TENTLOSSDURINGTHEREALESTATEBUBBLE,MANYJAPANESECOMPANIESDIDNOTSUFFICIENTLYCONSIDERTHEECONOMICFEASIBILITYOFTHEIRBUSINESSESTHECOMPANIESLOSSESCANALSOBEBLAMEDONCOMMERCIALBANKSMANYBANKSINTENTIONALLYOVERESTIMATEDTHEVALUEOFREALESTATEFORMORTGAGEFINANCINGATTHATTIME,ANDLENTASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFMONEYITISALSOTRUE
25、,HOWEVER,THATSOMECOMPANIESTHOROUGHLYANALYZEDTHEECONOMICFEASIBILITYOFTHEIROPERATIONSBEFORETHEYOBTAINEDREALESTATETHERATEOFTHEOCCURRENCEOFIMPAIRMENTISLOWERFORTHESECOMPANIESTHANFOROTHERCOMPANIESTHEREFORE,THEREASONTHATSOMECOMPANIESINJAPANUSEDASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTING,ANDOTHERSDIDNOT,ISRELATEDTOTHEIRMANAG
26、EMENTPOLICIESREGARDINGCORPORATEREALESTATEDURINGTHETIMEWHENLANDPRICESWERERAPIDLYINCREASINGTHESEARGUMENTSAPPLYNOTONLYTOJAPANTHEDATASUGGESTSTHATOTHERCOUNTRIESALSOFACETHESAMESITUATION,ANDRANDOMINVESTMENTINREALESTATEWHENLANDPRICESAREINCREASINGCOULDLEADTOAHUGEAMOUNTOFIMPAIRMENTWHENTHESEPRICESDECLINEAND,EV
27、ENTUALLY,NEGATIVELYIMPACTTHEINVESTINGCOMPANYSMANAGEMENT（3）VARIABLESASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGHASBEENAPPLIEDEXTENSIVELYSINCE2006INJAPANLOGITREGRESSIONANALYSISISUSEDINTHISRESEARCHTOANALYZETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENCOMPANIESTHATUSEDASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGIN2006N264ANDTHOSETHATDIDNOTN195ASANEXPLAINEDVARIABLE
28、,1ISASSIGNEDTOTHEAPPLYINGCOMPANIES,AND0ISASSIGNEDTOTHENONAPPLYINGCOMPANIESCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALDATAFROM2005ISUSEDFORTHISANALYSISEXPLANATORYVARIABLESAREADOPTEDFOROWNERSHIP,TOBINSQ,DEBTRATIO,RETURNONASSETSROA,ANDTOTALASSETSTHEOWNERSHIPVARIABLESINCLUDERATIOOFEXECUTIVESHAREHOLDINGEXECUTIVERATIO,RATIOOFF
29、OREIGNSHAREHOLDINGFOREIGNRATIO,RATIOOFBANKSHAREHOLDINGBANKRATIO,ANDRATIOOFGENERALBUSINESSCOMPANYSHAREHOLDINGCOMPANYRATIOTOBINSQREPRESENTSTHEMARKETVALUEOFSTOCKSPLUSTHEAMOUNTOFDEBTDIVIDEDBYTHETOTALASSETSTHEDEBTRATIOEQUALSCOMPANYDEBTDIVIDEDBYTOTALASSETSANATURALLOGARITHMCONVERSIONISADOPTEDFORTOTALASSETS
30、（4）ANALYSISANDRESULTSTHEREGRESSIONCOEFFICIENTSFORDEBTRATIOANDROAARESIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVEWITHA1LEVELSIMILARLY,THECOEFFICIENTOFTOTALASSETSISSIGNIFICANTLYPOSITIVEWITHA1LEVELMOREOVER,THECOEFFICIENTOFTHERATIOOFFOREIGNSHAREHOLDINGISSIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVEWITHA1LEVELTHESERESULTSSHOWTHATCOMPANIESWITHMOREPROPE
31、RTYHAVEAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFUSINGASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGWHENDEBTRATIO,ROA,ANDFOREIGNRATIOAREHIGHER,THEPROBABILITYOFUSINGASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGISLOWERTHEFOREIGNINVESTORSINJAPANSTRONGLYCONSIDERTHECONCEPTOFCAPITALCOSTTHESEINVESTORSUSETHEIRVOTINGRIGHTSTOSPEAKTOCORPORATEMANAGEMENTFROMSUCHAPERSPECTIVE
32、,THERATIOOFFOREIGNERSSHAREHOLDINGHASIMPROVEDCOMPANIESPROPERTYEFFICIENCYREGARDINGDEBTRATIO,WHENDEBTINCREASES,BANKRUPTCYRISKALSOINCREASES,PROMOTINGMANAGEMENTEFFICIENCYANDAPPLYINGPRESSUREONMANAGERSTHEROAPRESENTSANINDICATIONOFACOMPANYSPROFITABILITYITCANBEASSUMEDTHATLESSPROFITABLECOMPANIESHAVEAHIGHRISKOF
33、USINGASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGTHESERESULTSAREINTERPRETEDASBEINGINACCORDANCEWITHTHERATIONALEFORASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSTHISISBECAUSEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSLIMITASSETSTHATCANBECONSIDEREDIMPAIREDTOASSETSWITHFUTURECASHFLOWSBELOWACERTAINAMOUNTFINALLY,THECOEFFICIENTSOFTOTALASSETSCANBEINTERPRETEDASFO
34、LLOWSTHEPROBABILITYOFLATENTPROPERTYLOSSINCREASESWHENPROPERTYHOLDINGSINCREASE,PROMOTINGTHEUSEOFASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGCONSEQUENTLY,ITCANBEASSUMEDTHAT,THEMORETOTALASSETSACOMPANYOWNS,THEMOREPROPERTYITHOLDSTHEMOREPROPERTYCOMPANIESOWN,THEMORELATENTPROPERTYLOSSESTHEYHOLDTHEREFORE,THESECOMPANIESHAVEAHIGH
35、ERCHANCEOFSUFFERINGIMPAIRMENT6、CONCLUSIONTHISARTICLEHASFOCUSEDONTHETRENDOFASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGINJAPAN,ANDHASCLARIFIEDTHEACTUALCONDITIONSOFTHECOMPANIESTHATUSEASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGANDTHEAPPRAISERSCONCERNEDWITHITANALYSESOFACTUALDATAHAVELEDTOACONCLUSIONIFAPPRAISERSAREINVOLVEDINTHEAPPLICATIONOFA
36、SSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTING,THEYCANPUTABRAKEONCOMPANYDIRECTORSDISCRETIONARYBEHAVIORSTOADJUSTEARNINGS,WHICHENABLESTHECOMPANIESTOMAKEMORERELIABLEFINANCIALREPORTSTHANTHEYCURRENTLYDOTODAY,ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSARECONVERGINGONALARGESCALE,INCLUDINGTHECONVERGENCEOFASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGTHISTRENDWILLFURTHERPRO
37、MOTETHEGLOBALIZATIONOFECONOMICACTIVITIESTHEAPPRAISALBUSINESSISALSOEXPECTEDTOBECOMEEQUIPPEDINAMOREUNIVERSALCONTEXTBECAUSEOFTHEGRADUALDISAPPEARANCEOFECONOMICBARRIERSQUALIFIEDAPPRAISERSNEEDTOSECURETHEIRSTATUSASPROFESSIONALSDURINGTHISCRITICALPERIODOFSWEEPINGCHANGEANDGLOBALIZATIONINORDERTODOTHIS,THEYMUST
38、BROADLYDEMONSTRATETOTHEECONOMICSOCIETYTHATTHEIRINVOLVEMENTINTHEREALESTATEACCOUNTINGSYSTEMCOULDIMPROVECOMPANIESFINANCIALREPORTINGTHISARTICLEISANATTEMPTTOHELPREALIZETHISRECOGNITIONHOPEFULLY,EMPIRICALSTUDIESINTHISFIELDWILLBEGINTOBEACCUMULATEDMANYCOUNTRIESREMAINUNFAMILIARWITHASSETIMPAIRMENTJAPANWASONEOF
39、THOSECOUNTRIESINTHELATE1980S,WHENREALESTATEPRICESWERERISINGJAPAN,HOWEVER,HASLEARNEDFROMEXPERIENCETHATPROPERMANAGEMENTOFCORPORATEREALESTATEWHENREALESTATEPRICESAREINCREASINGCANREDUCETHERISKOFTHEFUTUREASSETSIMPAIRMENTPARTLYBECAUSEOFTHISEXPERIENCE,THEINTRODUCTIONOFASSETIMPAIRMENTACCOUNTINGTOJAPANHASDRAS
40、TICALLYCHANGEDCOMPANYDIRECTORSVIEWSOFCORPORATEREALESTATEINOTHERWORDS,THEYHAVEBEGUNTOPOSITIONCORPORATEREALESTATEASAMAINCOMPONENTOFMANAGEMENT,ANDAREACTIVELYATTEMPTINGTOSTRATEGICALLYIMPROVETHEIRCORPORATEVALUEAPPRAISERSNEEDTONOTONLYPAYATTENTIONTOTHEINDIVIDUALREALESTATEOFEACHCOMPANY,BUTALSOREALIZETHATTHE
41、YCANPROVIDESERVICESTHATCANCREATECORPORATEVALUEFROMAMACROSCOPICVIEWSOURCETAKASHIYAMAMOTO,PHDAPPRAISALJOURNALSPRING2008,VOL76ISSUE2,P179188译文资产减值会计与评估师来自日本的实证1、日本的资产减值会计在日本，资产减值会计的标准于近几年颁布，并从2004年开始由一些公司自愿采用。自2006年开始，资产减值会计被广泛应用。评估师这一角色在日本的资产减值会计中经常出现。因为日本的会计标准原则上要求对除了不重要的不动产之外的每一样资产进行估价。尽管并不是所有的不动产都需
42、要估价，但是评估师还是占有很重要的地位。同我们之前提到过的一样，评估师在资产减值中扮演的主要角色是（1）对公司董事的自主决策类行为进行控制（2）对那些牵涉到其他公司的收益提供可靠的信息。如果公司的董事能够操纵有关不动产的市值，那么他们可能会决定减值的数值，从而在一定程度上使收益信息产生偏差。投资者可能会一句则中信息进行投资而遭受意想不到的财务损失。评估师对不动产进行估价的目的就在于防止公司的这种调节性的行为，从而为投资者提供尽可能接近公司真实财务状况的信息。2、资产减值会计的概念在日本，减值的数值就是账面价值与可收回价值之差。资产减值数值的大小可能会对一家企业以及它的管理带来重大的影响。因此，
43、一定要对资产的可收回价值进行清楚客观的评估，这样才能使企业真正地实施符合减值概念的会计系统。可收回价值必须由房地产市场的事务信息决定。不动产的评估师作为市场专家，应该在这一阶段起着重要的作用。不同的国家采用不同的资产减值办法。其中有关资产减值的会计标准一般可分为以下两种美国的财务会计准则委员会（FASB）颁布的标准和国际会计准则委员会IASB颁布的标准。在美国，财务会计准则公告第144条中规定减值是指一项资产的账面价值超出其公允价值。这项标准同样规定资产减值的损失数额只有在一项资产的账面价值无法收回或者超出它的公允价值时才被承认。根据这项标准，减值损失的数额可以视为账面价值与公允价值之差。而根
44、据国际会计准则第36条，减值是指一项资产的账面价值高于其可收回价值。这就是净销售价与使用价值的较高层面。因此，国家会计主责委员会的标准以计算资产的账面价值与可收回价值之差作为减值的数额。日本的标准，相较美国的财务会计准则委员会颁发的标准，更接近于国际会计准则委员会的标准，并且在上述的净销售价的评估中加入了评估师这一要素。此外，并不是所有的资产都会受到减值评估的影响。那些被估价为受损的资产就主要依靠其今后产生的现金流动数额。这些概念是基于美国的会计标准的。减值的最总数额的估价是指在损益汇总表上，在带有重大冲击的收益上，以及公司的未来管理上的费用。和当前所探讨的一样，资产减值会计的具体做法在不同国
45、家之间是存在细小差别的。这些差别导致了致力于从事国际经济活动的公司之间的误解。为了防止这种误解的发生，总的会计标准，包括资产减值的会计标准正在慢慢趋同，并有望在不久的将来形成统一的标准。3、文献综述自资产减值的会计标准被采用以来，很少有专门针对资产减值会计与评估师之间关系的实证研究。资产估价在英国和澳大利亚已经是自愿采用多年的商业习惯，这一章节就将回顾关于资产估价的实证研究。一般说来，在会计标准下对有形固定资产的重新估价方法，如在英国和澳大利亚，是按照执行重新估价的人来划分的。公司管理层实施的重新估价叫做“董事估价”而“评估师估价”则是指由具备专业资格的评估师作为第三方实行的估价。不动产售价一
46、般是以交易活动的具体情况为依据的。而且，售价也会受到不动产本身属性的影响。所以，对一般人来说，估算不动产的市场价值是比较困难的。因此，为了更加准确也更加便捷地估算房产的价值，董事估价或者评估师估价就被视作是较为合理的估价方式。然而，董事估价可能会受到公司董事自主处理权的影响，从而影响估价的准确性以及损害财务报告的质量。考虑到估价的不同方式，本篇论文将分析评估师的估价是否可靠，以及时是哪些因素促使董事成员选择评估师估价。针对评估师估价可靠性进行研究的有DIETRICH,HARRIS,ANDMULLER，一些英国公司，还有澳大利亚的公司，如BARTHANDCLINCH。在澳大利亚，BROWN,IZ
47、AN,ANDLOH,ANDBYCOTTERANDRICHARDSON的研究主要关注的是促使公司董事选择评估师估价的激励因素。下面就是对于这些研究的总结。4、浅析采用资产兼职会计的公司这一章节将描述近几年在日本采用资产减值会计的公司的特点以及评估师的参与的实际情况。该分析具有双重目标。其一，通过比较分析采用和未采用资产减值的公司的情况，来尝试判定公司是如何开始采用资产减值会计的。其二，尝试确定评估师在资产减值会计中做出的贡献。该论文所选取的样本是于1984年到2003年期间，在日本东京证券交易所第一板块长期挂牌的568家公司。根据这些公司财务报表中所反映的财务状况，大约63，即357家公司采用了
48、资产减值会计，其中一些才刚开始采用，如2004年和2005年。5、采用资产减值会计的公司的特点（1）公司资产首先，我们收集了采用资产减值会计的公司的财务信息。日本的大公司在其早期阶段开始采用资产减值会计。此外，2004年资产减值在总资产中的比重明显高于其他年份。这说明有潜在亏损的大公司选择在其早起阶段主动地采用资产减值会计。（2）土地价值其次，我们分析了采样公司积累土地的过程，得出了这些公司在1984,1989,1994,1999和2003这几个年份的土地平均账面价值。根据这些结果，我们发现，在2004年，那些采用资产减值会计的公司的土地平均账面价值的变化幅度比其他公司高得多。而且自1989年
49、以来，这些公司的价值上升的幅度就远高于其他公司。这就体现了资产减值会计与土地平均账面价值之间的关系。根据日本商业用地以及工业用地的价格数据显示，那些在房地产泡沫时期拥有大量土地的公司似乎遭受了更严重的潜在损失。在房地产泡沫时期，许多日本公司并没有充分考虑到他们这种商业行为的经济可行性。这些公司的亏损也可归咎于商业银行。那个时期，许多银行有意过高估计用于抵押贷款的房地产的价格，借出了大量的货币。然而，也有些公司在购买不动产之前确实全面地分析了经济可行性。这些公司出现减值的概率就低于其他公司。因此，在日本，一些公司采用资产减值会计，而另一些则没有的原因是与该公司在房地产价格快速上升时期所做的有关公司不动产的管理决策是相关的。这些论断不只适用于日本。数据显示，在其他一些面临相同情况的国家，在土地价格上升时期任意投资房地产将会使公司在房产价格下降时面临巨额的减值，最终对该投资公司的管理。（3）变量自2006年以来，资产减值会计在日本得到了广泛的采用。在分析2006年期间采用资产减值会计的公司间差别时，我采用了回归分析法，采用资产减值会计的公司记作N264，而未采用该项会计的记作N195。作为一个被解释变量，采用该会计的公司为1，没有采用的为0。分析的数据为2005年的综合财务数据。所有权，托宾Q比率，负债率，资产收
