1、 语法复习专题（5）Unit5 介词和连词一、考点聚焦1、介词的分类与语法功能（1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如 at、in、for 等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout 等；短语介词，如 according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of 等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after 等。分词介词，如conside
2、ring、including 、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.He quarrelled with her yesterday.He succeeded in passing the final exam.Im still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.The professor will give us a tal
3、k on how to study English well.（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：This machine is in good condition.(表语)Where is the key to my bike?(定语)Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）2、介词搭配（1） “动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb. of sth. / clear th
4、e road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与 of 连用)supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与 with 连用）make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义与 of、from、into 连用）介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.s + 部位，可换用）strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与 on 连用)catch him by t
5、he arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与 by 连用)hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与 in连用）prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与 from 连用)persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说服，建议”意义与 into 连用）buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose 等“得失”意义与 for 连用)tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read 等“告知”意义与 t
6、o 连用)give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand 等“授予”意义与 to 连用）注意：可换成 buy sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper 与“对象”连用必须用 to)不可说 suggest sb.sth.。同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。for（寻找） to sth. of(听说) on(拜访)look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要)at（看） on sth. from(收到信) in(请)同一介词与不
7、同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter 回信，sing(dance)to the music 和唱（跳） ，amount to 达到，加起来有，devote to 把贡献给，drink to 为 干杯，object to 反对，look forward to 渴望，come to 苏醒，belong to 属于，search for 搜，ask for 寻找，use for 用作，leave for 前往，take for 误以为，call of 倡导，wait for 等待，care for 喜欢，make up for 弥补损失，turn to 求助（救）于，help
8、 oneself to 随意，agree to 同意，compare to把比作，send for 派人去请（拿），sail for 驶向，航向，set out for 动身去，go in for 爱好。（2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。of 担心 about / at sth. afraid angryfor 替而担心 with sb.for sth.渴望 different from 与不同 amxious about sth. / sb 担心 different to 不关心of 讨厌 with sb.tired strictfrom/ with 因疲倦 in sth.要求严格at 擅
9、长 with sb.受欢迎good for 对有益 popular in some place 流行在of sb. to do so 友好 for 因而流行with + 名词或 what 从句 pleased helpful to 对有帮助at + 抽象名词（听 / 看到而高兴） to sb.为人所知 known for 因 而出名 be familiar with 熟悉as 作为出名 be familiar to 为熟知（悉）sorry for 替后悔 disappointed at sth.失望from 缺席rich in 富有 absentin 离开此地去了worthy of 值得的，
10、glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴， far from离远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from 没有（免除） ，proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about 确信，fond of 喜欢，fit for 适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of 充满，ready for 准备，similar to 相似，wrong with 不对；有毛病（3） “名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。th
11、e absence of water 缺水 the hope of success 成功的希望have a chance of (for) entering college 上大学的机会take pride in them 为他们感到骄傲the key to the question 问题的答案a medicine for cough 治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow 明天的票in Beijing 去了北京 his abesence from Beijing 不在北京 to study 学习方法the wayof studying maths 学习教学的方法3、核心介词
12、用法归纳与辨析（1）表示时间的介词 in 的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：at nigh
13、t / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间） 。in five days（weeks, months, years）中 in 意思是“在以后” 。in 和 during 表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用 during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用 in。如：during the discussion in discussing the problemduring her stay in Hu
14、bei in playing basketballduring the course of in digging the tunnel （2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用 on。on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但 at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on Childrens Dayon March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early
15、 morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用 at,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper, lunch),at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)at the age of 15, at the time of war,但 in time of danger/ trouble。注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these yea
16、rsone、each、any、every、some、all 修饰时,一般不用介词,如 some day one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before（4）till、until、to 的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用 to).但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用 till 而用 until。如：Not until 9 a.m.did
17、Mr.Smith come back to school.to 表“终结”时常用和 from 连用，但要注意不与 from 连用时的意义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（从到为止） ，但 from morning till night（从早到晚） ，不能用to。from to 常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。 （A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处
18、处，到处） ，from side to side(左右摇摆) ，from door to door（家家户户） ，from house to house（挨家挨户） ，from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店） 。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚),from top to bottom（整个地，
19、彻底地） ，from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾） 。 （C）from one + 名词 + to another 表示“依次” 。如 from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地） 。 （D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地” ，要与from to 短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地； little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但 by and by 不久以后） ；sentence by sentence 逐句地；day by
20、 day 一天一天地；side by side(with)(和)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地 ;face to face 面对面。（5）in、after、laterin + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间 + later(later 是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after + 一段时间表示：“在之后” ，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用 after,即 after + 点时间，用于各种时态。The
21、doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in + 一段时间 + s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks time = in a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is
22、in two weeks time.（作表语）Ill finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than用于各种时态，不超出，在之内)（6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。at 在较小的场所，in 在较大的场所，on 在的平面上。如 at thedoor、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall 等。on、at、
23、in 还可以表示两地相对位置。若 A 地属于 B 地，用 in;A地位于 B 地的外面且有边缘衔接用 on；无边缘的衔接有 to。如：Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun 在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中
24、，in the dark 不知道，in freezing weather 在严寒天气中，in the mud 在泥中，in the earth 在地下,in the desert 在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind 在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble 陷入困境，out of trouble 摆脱困难，beyond hope 绝望。across 在物体表面“穿过” ；through 则表示在三维空间内部“穿过” 。如：They walked across the playgr
25、ound.I walked through the forest.over / under / above / below。over、above 译作“在之上” ；under、below 译作“在的下面” ，其区别在于 over、under 表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below 则表示一般的“高于”或“低于” ，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下” 。如：A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)The win
26、dow is well above the tree.表示地点介词的静态性和动态性He walked to the station（静态，表示方向和目的地）He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向)He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用）He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)He fell onto
27、 the floor.(动态“到地面”)The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去” ）Come along the river.沿着河过来（线）across the fields 跨过田野，over the desert 跨越沙漠across the river 横跨这条河，over the hill 翻过这座山be in the house(静态，在这里 )stay out of the car(静态，在外)go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the cou
28、ntry(动态，离开)（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词by the year/hour/day 按年/小时/天。如 He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按 by+the+单位名称)但 to the pound 按磅算，to the ton 按吨计。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail 邮寄，by telephone(radio),但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity 用电，by machinery 用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,thr
29、ough the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxi(road)by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on footby plane/jet/spaceship,by airby ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water另外：by means of 用 方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用方法，with the help (permission
30、)of sb./with sb.s help (permis-sion)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但 by hand“手工，用手”)He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用 in。如 in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safet
31、y,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on ones knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)（8）表示“除之外”的几组常用介绍比较。besides 除以外， （还
32、有） 。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况” 。Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.except 除去，除之外（不再有） 。We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：He has no other hats except / besides this one.except for 除了（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或 what 从句，此时与
33、 except that + 句子意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that 除了一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but 与 exceptbut 和 except 在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用 but。He
34、 has nothing to do but wait.（前有 do,后省 to）but 与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不，but for 如不是（9）between 与 among.between 通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.They
35、soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among 表示三者以上之间。如：The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.
36、We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。London is among the largest cities.( = one of 与最高级连用)（10）表原因的介词 for、because of、due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to
37、your careless driving.(11)不定式复合结构中的 for、of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是 for 或 of 加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：两句中的 of 和 for 的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用 of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用 for。（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。after、since、till / still、before 这些词既
38、是介词，又是连词。The children went home at once after school.They went to bed after they had finished the job.in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond 等介词可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.（介词）Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(before 为介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)
