1、Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly cant
2、 remember _1_ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain _2_, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.“ _3_ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) _4_ impact on our professional,
3、 social, and personal _5_.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It _6_ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental _7_ can significantly improve our basic cognitive
4、_8_. Thinking is essentially a _9_ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to _10_ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. _11_, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fl
5、uctuate _12_ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step _13_ and developed the first “brain training program“ designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental _14_.The Web-based program _15_ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The progr
6、am keeps _16_ of your progress and provides detailed feedback _17_ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it _18_modifies and enhances the games you play to _19_ on the strengths you are developingmuch like a(n) _20_exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your musc
7、le use.1. Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhy2. Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses3. AIf BUnless COnce DWhile4. Auneven Blimited Cdamaging Dobscure5. Awellbeing Benvironment Crelationship Doutlook6. Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigures7. Aroundabouts Bresponses Cworkouts Dassociations8. Agenre Bfunctions Ccircumst
8、ances Dcriterion9. Achannel Bcondition Csequence Dprocess10. Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature11. A Therefore B Moreover C Otherwise D However12. Aaccording to Bregardless of Capart from Dinstead of13. Aback Bfurther Caside Daround14. Asharpness Bstability Cframework Dflexibility15. Aforces Breminds
9、 Churries Dallows16. Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace17. Ato Bwith Cfor Don18. Airregularly Bhabitually Cconstantly Dunusually19. Acarry Bput Cbuild Dtake20. Arisky Beffective Cidle DfamiliarSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
10、 choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better“ and reduce “dependency“ George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search“ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register
11、for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days
12、should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.“ he claimed. “Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.“ Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for
13、the better, complete with “reforms“ to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness“ protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and en
14、suring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you
15、know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yours
16、elf and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. I
17、t is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very ph
18、rase “jobseekers allowance“ invented in 1996 is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker“ who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,“ conditional on actively seeking a
19、job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osbornes scheme was intended toAprovide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.Cmotivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.Dguarantee
20、 jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, “to sign on“ (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably meansAto check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.Bto accept the governments restrictions on the allowance.Cto register for an allowance from the government.Dto attend a governmental job-t
21、raining program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?AA desire to secure a better life for all.BAn eagerness to protect the unemployed.CAn urge to be generous to the claimants.DA passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feelA
22、uneasyBenraged.Cinsulted.Dguilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?AThe British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.BOsbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.CThe jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs.DUnemployment benefits should not b
23、e made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other professionwith the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending
24、 on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort sy
25、stem a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the
26、American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely ha
27、rd.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to
28、 let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why cost
29、s are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the r
30、egulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and
31、 to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due toAthe growing demand from clients.Bth
32、e increasing pressure of inflation.Cthe prospect of working in big firms.Dthe attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?AHigher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.BAdmissions approval from the bar association.CPursuing
33、a bachelors degree in another major.DReceiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates fromAlawyers and clients strong resistance.Bthe rigid bodies governing the profession.Cthe stem exam for would-be lawyers.Dnon-professionals sharp criticism.
34、29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive“partly because itAbans outsiders involvement in the profession.Bkeeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.Caggravates the ethical situation in the trade.Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly dis
35、cussesAflawed ownership of Americas law firms and its causes.Bthe factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.Ca problem in Americas legal profession and solutions to it.Dthe role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indee
36、d an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fu
37、ndamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.Whats not to like? Quite a lot, a
38、ccording to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort
39、 the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to
40、draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldare distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresenta
41、tive view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to ackno
42、wledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things
43、seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanismthat is the culture of research, after allbut it is the p
44、rize-givers money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen asAa symbol of the entrepreneurs wealth.Ba possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.Can example of bankers investments.Da handsome reward for researchers.32.
45、The critics think that the new awards will most benefitAthe profit-oriented scientists.Bthe founders of the new awards.Cthe achievement-based system.Dpeer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involvesAcontroversies over the recipients status.Bthe joint eff
46、ort of modern researchers.Clegitimate concerns over the new prizes.Dthe demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?ATheir endurance has done justice to them.BTheir legitimacy has long been in dispute.CThey are the most representative
47、honor.DHistory has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards areAacceptable despite the criticism.Bharmful to the culture of research.Csubject to undesirable changes.Dunworthy of public attention.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,“ the just-released report by the American Acad
48、emy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the reports failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS
