1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目BRAINDRAINAMANAGEMENTORAPROPERTYPROBLEM外文出处THEAMERICANJOURNALOFECONOMICSANDSOCIOLOGY200867,P719737外文作者GLAVAN,BOGDAN原文BRAINDRAINAMANAGEMENTORAPROPERTYPROBLEMBYGLAVAN,BOGDANABSTRACTBRAINDRAINOCCURSWHENSKILLEDINDIVIDUALSLEAVETHEIRNATIVECOUNTRIESITISOFTENARGUEDTHATTHISPHENOMENONHASSTRO
2、NGNEGATIVEEFFECTSONTHECOUNTRIESOFORIGIN,PREVENTINGTHEMFROMCAPITALIZINGONTHEIRINVESTMENTINHUMANCAPITALFORMATIONANDTHUSREALIZINGAHIGHERGROWTHTHISANALYSISSHOWSTHATTHENEGATIVECONSEQUENCESOFBRAINDRAINHAVEBEENOVEREMPHASIZED,MAINLYBECAUSEOFTHECONFUSIONBETWEENCAPITALANDTECHNOLOGYITDEMONSTRATESTHATINVESTMENT
3、SINHUMANCAPITALAREPOSSIBLEANDPROFITABLEINAFREEMARKETSTATEINTERVENTIONINEDUCATIONISRESPONSIBLEFORTHESYSTEMATICMISALLOCATIONOFHUMANCAPITALINGENERAL,ANDFORBRAINDRAININPARTICULARIINTRODUCTIONBRAINDRAINISCONSIDEREDAPROBLEMOFEXTREMEIMPORTANCEFORMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHECONCEPTOF“BRAINDRAIN”INDICATESTHEIN
4、TERNATIONALFLOWOFRESOURCESINTHEFORMOFHUMANCAPITAL,ESPECIALLYTHEMIGRATIONOFSKILLEDINDIVIDUALSALARGENUMBEROFHIGHLYEDUCATEDINDIVIDUALSFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWORKINNORTHAMERICAANDWESTERNEUROPETHEPROFESSIONALSWHOAREEMIGRATINGOUTOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINCLUDETHOSEWITHTECHNICALEXPERTISEANDENTREPRENEURIALANDM
5、ANAGERIALSKILLSTHEISSUEOFINTELLIGENCEEXPORTISLIKELYTOGAINIMPORTANCEINTHEFUTUREFACINGAGINGSOCIETIESANDSHORTAGESOFSKILLEDWORKERSINSOMEPROFESSIONS,MANYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESWILLBEINTERESTEDINATTRACTINGEDUCATEDFOREIGNERSMOREIMPORTANTLY,PERHAPS,THEEASTERNEXPANSIONOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONENABLESANEWCONTINGENTOFSKIL
6、LEDWORKERSTOSEARCHFORJOBSINTHERICHERPARTSOFEUROPESINCETHE1960S,WHENITWASFIRSTNOTICED,THEPHENOMENONOFBRAINDRAINHASCAPTUREDTHEATTENTIONOFMANYECONOMISTSANDPOLITICALSCIENTISTS,ANDTHELITERATUREONTHESUBJECTHASBEENGROWINGFORDECADESMOSTSTUDIESCONDUCTEDINTHISAREASUGGESTTHATTHEPHENOMENONHASTWOINTERRELATEDNEGA
7、TIVEEFFECTSONTHEONEHAND,THEORIGINCOUNTRIESLOSEHUMANCAPITALANDTHUSAREDEPRIVEDOFONEOFTHEENGINESOFFUTUREECONOMICGROWTHONTHEOTHERHAND,THESECOUNTRIESWASTEASUBSTANTIALPARTOFTHEPUBLICFUNDSINVESTEDDURINGEMIGRANTSCAPITALFORMATIONTHISARTICLEEXAMINESTHEROOTSOFBRAINDRAINANDSHOWSTHATMUCHOFTHECURRENTLITERATUREISS
8、ERIOUSLYFLAWEDWHENITCOMESTOINTERPRETINGTHESIGNIFICANCEOFINTELLIGENCEFLIGHTOURARGUMENTISTHATTHEPHENOMENONOFHUMANCAPITALMIGRATIONREPRESENTSONEPARTOFTHELARGERNATURALPROCESSOFALLOCATIONOFFACTORSTHEMIGRATIONOFSCIENTISTSANDTOPPROFESSIONALSOFEVERYSORTHASNODEVASTATINGEFFECTONTHEIRCOUNTRIESOFORIGINBECAUSETHA
9、TPARTOFTHELABORFORCECANNOTBEEFFICIENTLYEMPLOYEDINTHEECONOMYOFTHOSECOUNTRIESTHEHARMFULCONSEQUENCESASSOCIATEDWITHBRAINDRAINORIGINATENOTINTHEACTUALDIRECTIONOFHUMANCAPITALFLOWBUTINTHEINSTITUTIONSANDTHEPATTERNOFRELATIONSHIPSTHATGOVERNTRANSACTIONSWITHHUMANCAPITALTHEARTICLEISSTRUCTUREDASFOLLOWSTHEFOLLOWING
10、SECTIONPRESENTSACONCISESUMMARYOFTHEECONOMICSOFBRAINDRAIN,INORDERTOPUTTHEISSUEINAPROPERPERSPECTIVESECTIONIIICLARIFIESTHEMEANINGOFHUMANCAPITALINSECTIONIV,WEPROVIDEASHORTREVIEWOFTHEEFFECTSOFPUBLICEDUCATIONSECTIONVSHOWSTHATBRAINDRAINISAPARTICULARCONSEQUENCEOFTHEPRESENTINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORKOFHUMANCAPITA
11、LFORMATIONSECTIONVICOMPARESALTERNATIVESOLUTIONSTOTHEPROBLEMOFBRAINDRAINTHELASTSECTIONCONCLUDESTHEARTICLEIITHEECONOMICSOFBRAINDRAINCONVENTIONALWISDOMDOESITMATTERIFCLEVERPEOPLELEAVEINSUCHNUMBERSFORTHEWORLDASAWHOLE,ITMAKESSENSEFORTHECLEVERESTTOEXERCISETHEIRSKILLSWHERETHEY720THEAMERICANJOURNALOFECONOMIC
12、SANDSOCIOLOGYEARNTHEGREATESTREWARDBUTWHATHOLDSFORTHEWORLDMAYNOTHOLDFORINDIVIDUALCOUNTRIESTHATLOSELARGESWATHESOFTHEIREDUCATEDMIDDLECLASSTOTHELOSSOFPRODUCTIVITYPOTENTIAL,ADDTHEFISCALLOSSESFROMMIGRATIONTAXPAYERSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHAVEPAIDTOEDUCATEMANYOFTHOSEWHOLEAVEANDEMIGRATIONLEAVESBEHINDFEWERWORKE
13、RSTOPAYTHECOSTOFLOOKINGAFTERTHEOLDAFAMOUSECONOMISTADDSTHEIRONYOFINTERNATIONALMIGRATIONTODAYISTHATMANYOFTHEPEOPLEWHOMIGRATELEGALLYFROMPOORTORICHERLANDSARETHEVERYONESTHATTHIRDWORLDCOUNTRIESCANLEASTAFFORDTOLOSETHEHIGHLYEDUCATEDANDSKILLEDTHISPERVERSEBRAINDRAINNOTONLYREPRESENTSALOSSOFVALUABLEHUMANRESOURC
14、ESBUTCOULDPROVETOBEASERIOUSCONSTRAINTONTHEFUTUREECONOMICPROGRESSOFTHIRDWORLDNATIONSTODARO1996119PUTITDIFFERENTLY,MUCHOFTHECURRENTLITERATUREEMPHASIZESTHATHIGHSKILLEDINDIVIDUALSTENDTOMIGRATEAWAYFROMAREASPOORLYENDOWEDINSUCHSKILLSTOAREASWHEREHUMANCAPITALISALREADYABUNDANT2THISRATHERDIFFICULTTOINTERPRETAS
15、SUMPTIONSUPPORTSTHEBELIEFTHATWEFACEAVICIOUSCYCLEPRECIOUSHUMANCAPITALFLOWSFROMWHEREITISSCARCETOWHEREITISABUNDANT,MAKINGTHEFORMERREGIONSEVENSCARCERINTHATRESOURCEANDACCELERATINGITSMIGRATION3TOMAKEMATTERSEVENWORSE,PHYSICALCAPITALGOESHANDINHANDWITHHUMANCAPITALCONSEQUENTLY,PRODUCTIVITYWILLDECLINEINTHEORIG
16、INCOUNTRIES,CREATINGFURTHERINCENTIVESFORSKILLEDEMIGRATIONTODEVELOPEDREGIONSAVICIOUSCYCLECANRESULT,ANDTHISMIGHTEXPLAINWHYLESSDEVELOPEDNATIONSREMAINPOORVARIOUSMITIGATIONPROPOSALSHAVEBEENADVANCEDINTHE1970S,STATESTHATABSORBEDHUMANCAPITALWEREASKEDTOPROVIDECOMPENSATIONTOTHESTATESSUFFERINGFROMTHEEXODUSOFIN
17、TELLIGENCEINFORMERCOMMUNISTCOUNTRIES,POLITICALAUTHORITIESATTEMPTEDTOSTOPTHEPHENOMENONBYDRASTICALLYLIMITINGPEOPLESRIGHTTOCIRCULATEFREELYLATER,THESENDINGSTATESBEGANTOCULTIVATETHEIRRELATIONSWITHTHEDIASPORA,ATTEMPTINGTOEXTRACTBENEFITSFROMTHEEXPATRIATESHUMANCAPITALLATELY,THEPOLICYOFENCOURAGINGEDUCATEDIND
18、IVIDUALSTOCOMEBACKTOTHEIRHOMELANDHASBEENMUCHDISCUSSEDAMONGDIFFERENTMEASURES,GOVERNMENTSHAVECONSIDEREDTHEPOSSIBILITYOFINCREASINGTHEWAGESOFTHOSEINVOLVEDINRESEARCHACTIVITIES,PROVIDINGFISCALPRIVILEGESTOTHOSERETURNINGHOMEINORDERTOSETUPABUSINESS,SPENDINGBRAINDRAIN721MORERESOURCESFORDEVELOPINGTHEEDUCATIONA
19、LANDRESEARCHINFRASTRUCTURE,ANDSOONNONEOFTHEABOVEMENTIONEDPOLICIESHAVEBROUGHTPOSITIVERESULTS,HOWEVER,MAINLYBECAUSETHEYDIDNOTTARGETTHEROOTOFTHEPHENOMENONTHEREADERMAYNOTDRAWTHECONCLUSIONTHATBRAINDRAINISAHARMFULPHENOMENONFORTHEEXITCOUNTRIESTHELITERATUREFINDSTHATTHISPHENOMENONHASALSOSOMEPOSITIVEASPECTS4F
20、IRST,ASDOCQUIERANDRAPOPORT2005ARGUE,THECOUNTRYOFORIGINRECEIVESASUBSTANTIVEINFLOWOFREMITTANCEANDFOREIGNEXCHANGE5SECOND,THEFREECIRCULATIONOFTHELABORFORCEINDUCESINDIVIDUALSTOINVESTMOREINTHEIREDUCATION,ASTHENUMBEROFWORKINGOPPORTUNITIESINCREASESWITHTHEOPENINGOFTHEBORDERSANDTHIRD,DIASPORAUSUALLYCONTRIBUTE
21、STOTHEPROSPERITYOFTHECOUNTRYOFORIGINBYENCOURAGINGFOREIGNINVESTMENTS,TECHNOLOGYTRANSFER,TRADE,ANDOVERALLECONOMICINTEGRATIONINTHEGLOBALMARKETMOSTBOOKSANDARTICLESONTHISSUBJECTRECOGNIZETHATBRAINDRAINHASNOTONLYNEGATIVEEFFECTSFORDEVELOPINGNATIONSBUTBENEFICIALCONSEQUENCESASWELL6THEYSUPPORTTHEVIEWTHATTHEQUE
22、STIONOFWHETHERACOUNTRYISHARMEDBYTHEEMIGRATIONOFSKILLEDWORKERSISONETHATHASTOBESETTLEDTHROUGHACOSTBENEFITANALYSISTHEISSUEOFCALCULATINGTHEBENEFITSANDCOSTSOFSKILLEDMIGRATIONHASNOTBEENSETTLEDINTHENEOCLASSICALFRAMEWORKTOGIVEJUSTONEEXAMPLEOFHOWCOMPLEXTHEPROBLEMIS,STUDENTMOBILITYISCONSIDEREDAPARTOFSKILLEDMI
23、GRATION,BUTHOWCANWEEVALUATEITSIMPACTINTERMSOFLOSTGDPORINCOMEONTHEONEHAND,EMIGRANTSSAVETHEIRCOUNTRYOFORIGINTHEEXPENDITURESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEDUCATION,HEALTHPRESERVATION,ANDDEFENSEOFTHEMSELVESANDTHEIRFAMILIESONTHEOTHERHAND,MIGRANTSAREINPOSITIONTOCLAIMAPARTOFTHEPUBLICEXPENDITURESOFTHEDESTINATIONSTATEASG
24、IANNOCCOLO20035EXPLAINSTHEEMIGRANTEXCHANGESHISRIGHTTOSENDHISCHILDRENTOSCHOOLINHISCOUNTRYOFORIGINFORTHERIGHTTOSENDHISCHILDRENINHISCOUNTRYOFDESTINATION,REDUCINGTHENEEDFORNEWSCHOOLBUILDINGINTHEFORMERCOUNTRYANDINCREASINGITACCORDINGLYINTHELATTERTHEPROFESSIONIS,THEREFORE,LEFTTODECIDEINFAVOROFORAGAINSTREGU
25、LATIONOFMIGRATIONONACASEBYCASEBASIS,WITHOUTANYCLEARCUT722THEAMERICANJOURNALOFECONOMICSANDSOCIOLOGYARGUMENTFORTHEFREEDOMOFHUMANCAPITALMARKETANDAGAINSTSTATEINTERVENTIONISMANDALMOSTALWAYSTHEVERDICTISTHAT“MORERELIABLEINFORMATION”AND“MOREPRECISEDESCRIPTIONOFSPECIFICCOUNTRIES”ISNEEDED7ECONOMISTSRECENTLYHA
26、VEATTEMPTEDTOFINDAQUANTITATIVEMEASUREOFTHENEGATIVEIMPACTOFBRAINDRAINONTHEORIGINCOUNTRIESFOREXAMPLE,DESAI,KAPUR,ANDMCHALE2002FOUNDTHATTHENETFISCALLOSSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEMIGRATIONOFINDIANSTOTHEUNITEDSTATESISSOMEWHEREBETWEEN024PERCENTAND058PERCENTOFINDIASGDPEVENIFWEDISREGARDTHEINHERENTINCONSISTENCIESOFS
27、UCHCALCULATIONS,THERESULTINGFIGURECANNOTBEAJUSTGUIDEINADVOCATINGTHELIMITATIONOFEMIGRATIONEVENIFHINDERINGTHEEXODUSOFINTELLIGENCEWOULDLEADTOANINCREASEINPRODUCTIONANDNATIONALINCOME,THISCONSEQUENCEDOESNOTBYITSELFSUPPORTAPOLICYOFSTOPPINGEMIGRATIONSOCIETYSWELFAREDERIVESFROMAVARIETYOFELEMENTS,WITHMATERIALW
28、EALTHBEINGONLYONEOFTHEMFORSOMEINDIVIDUALS,LIVINGINASOCIETYWITHNORESTRICTIONS,SUCHASTHOSEHINDERINGTHEFREECIRCULATIONOFTHELABORFORCE,MAYBEASUFFICIENTCOMPENSATIONFORLESSMATERIALWEALTHFOROTHERS,THESOCIALENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHEYWORKANDLIVEMAYBEMOREIMPORTANTTHANTHEDIFFERENCEININCOMETOPUTITDIFFERENTLY,WELLBE
29、INGISSUBJECTIVEITDEPENDSONINDIVIDUALPREFERENCES,NOTONSPECIFICMATERIALCONDITIONSTHELEVELSOFINDIVIDUALSWELLBEINGCANNOTBEAGGREGATEDINORDERTODERIVETHE“NATIONALWELFARE”INATRULYFREESOCIETY,THEMAJORITYSWELFARECRITERIONISNOTESSENTIALFORSHAPINGPUBLICPOLICIES8IIITHESIGNIFICANCEOFHUMANCAPITALBEFOREADDRESSINGTH
30、EISSUEOFSKILLEDEMIGRATIONINMOREDETAIL,ITISNECESSARYTOCLARIFYTHENOTIONOFHUMANCAPITALCONVENTIONALWISDOMMAINTAINSTHATHUMANCAPITALISAPARTICULARFORMOFCAPITAL,ORINSTRUMENTSTHATCANBEUSEDTOINCREASEPRODUCTIONSTIMULATINGINVESTMENTINHUMANCAPITALISEQUIVALENTTOENCOURAGINGTHEACCUMULATIONOFCAPITALINGENERALUNFORTUN
31、ATELY,THEEXPRESSION“HUMANCAPITAL”ISMISLEADINGTHISCONCEPTREFERSTOTHEIDEAS,TECHNOLOGIES,ANDSKILLSTHATCANBEDISCOVEREDORAPPREHENDEDDURINGAPROCESSOFLEARNINGECONOMISTSARENOTINFULLAGREEMENTONTHEROLETECHNOLOGYPLAYSINTHEMECHANICSOFDEVELOPMENTINTHEVIEWOFROMER2007,TECHNOLOGYISESSENTIALINFOSTERINGECONOMICGROWTH
32、ASTHEAUTHOREXPLAINSINAPOPULARARTICLEECONOMICGROWTHOCCURSWHENEVERPEOPLETAKERESOURCESANDREARRANGETHEMINWAYSTHATAREMOREVALUABLEAUSEFULMETAPHORFORPRODUCTIONINANECONOMYCOMESFROMTHEKITCHENTOCREATEVALUABLEFINALPRODUCTS,WEMIXINEXPENSIVEINGREDIENTSTOGETHERACCORDINGTOARECIPETHECOOKINGONECANDOISLIMITEDBYTHESUP
33、PLYOFINGREDIENTS,ANDMOSTCOOKINGINTHEECONOMYPRODUCESUNDESIRABLESIDEEFFECTSIFECONOMICGROWTHCOULDBEACHIEVEDONLYBYDOINGMOREANDMOREOFTHESAMEKINDOFCOOKING,WEWOULDEVENTUALLYRUNOUTOFRAWMATERIALSANDSUFFERFROMUNACCEPTABLELEVELSOFPOLLUTIONANDNUISANCEHUMANHISTORYTEACHESUS,HOWEVER,THATECONOMICGROWTHSPRINGSFROMBE
34、TTERRECIPES,NOTJUSTFROMMORECOOKINGNEWRECIPESGENERALLYPRODUCEFEWERUNPLEASANTSIDEEFFECTSANDGENERATEMOREECONOMICVALUEPERUNITOFRAWMATERIALROMER20072ALTHOUGHTHEQUALITYOFIDEASCONCERNINGTHECOMBINATIONOFRESOURCESINFLUENCESTHEMAGNITUDEOFPRODUCTIONANDTHEDEGREETOWHICHHUMANWANTSARESATISFIED,THEBINDINGCONSTRAINT
35、ONDEVELOPMENTIE,THEEXTENSIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONSTRUCTUREISNOTTECHNOLOGY,BUTTHEQUANTITYOFPHYSICALCAPITALAVAILABLETAKE,FOREXAMPLE,THECASEOFROBINSONCRUSOEOURHEROMIGHTBEANEXPERIENCED,BRILLIANTENGINEER,BUTHISHUMANCAPITALWILLBEOFLITTLEHELPONADESERTISLANDWHEREPHYSICALCAPITALISNONEXISTENTSIMILARLY,ROMERSCOOKCAN
36、NOTPRODUCEANYTHINGINTHEABSENCEOFAKITCHENHECANMAKEUSEOFTHEBESTCOOKINGGUIDESINTHEWORLDONLYIFHEPOSSESSESADEQUATECOMPLEMENTARYINGREDIENTSANDTOOLS译文人才流失管理或财产问题吗摘要。当技术人才外流个人离开母国。人们常常认为,这种现象对原籍国强烈的负面影响,防止其资本化在人力资本投资,从而形成实现了他们更高的增长。这一分析表明,人才外流的负面后果的过分强调,主要是由于资本和技术之间的混乱。它表明,人力资本投资是在一个自由市场的可能和盈利的能力。国家对教育的干预是人
37、力资本系统配置不当,特别是人才外流。一、简介人才流失被认为是许多发展中国家的极端重要的问题。“人才外流”的概念表示在人力资本,特别是有技能的移民形式的个人资源的国际流动。一个来自发展中国家在北美和西欧工作,大量受过高等教育的人。专业人士移民到发展中国家开展包括技术和管理知识和创业技能。情报的出口问题是可能会是未来重点。面对老龄化社会,并且一些专业技术工人短缺,许多发达国家将有兴趣在吸引受过教育的外国人。更重要的是,或许,欧盟东扩使新的技术工人队伍,寻找在欧洲的富裕地区工作。自20世纪60年代,当它首先被发现,人才外流的现象已经引起了许多经济学家和政治学家的关注,几十年来关于这一主题的文献一直在
38、不断增长。在这个领域的大多数研究表明,这种现象有两个相互关联的负面影响。一方面,原产地的国家丧失人力资本,从而被剥夺了对未来经济增长的引擎之一,另一方面,这些国家浪费了大量的移民过程中的资本形成投资的很大一部分的公共资金。本文考察了人才外流的根源,表明目前的文献都有严重的缺陷,当谈到解释飞行情报意义。我们的观点是,人力资本流动的现象代表了一个较大的部分自然对要素配置的过程。科学家和每样顶尖专业人才的迁移并没有对他们的原籍国造成毁灭性影响,因为这部分的劳动力不能有效地在这些国家的就业。与人才外流有关的有害后果的起源不是在人力资本流动的实际方向,而在体制和管理关系,与人力资本交易模式。本文的结构如
39、下。下面的部分介绍了经济学角度的人才外流,以便在适当的角度提出这个问题。第三节阐明了人力资本的意义。在第四节,我们提供了一个公共教育的效果简短评论。第五节表明,人才外流是一个目前的人力资本形成的体制框架内的结果。第六节比较另类的办法来解决人才外流的问题。最后一节总结的文章。二、人才外流的经济学传统智慧聪明的人否是如此众多对于世界作为一个整体,它是有道理的,最聪明的行使他们的技能,他们赚取最大的回报。但持有为世界不得担任该失去个别国家大片的受过教育的中产阶级在损失发生的生产潜力,加上从移民的财政损失发展中国家的纳税人支付给许多教育那些离开的人和移民工人留下少支付费用后。一位著名的经济学家补充道国
40、际移徙讽刺的是,今天的许多穷人合法地迁移到更丰富的土地是第三世界国家那些最不能承受损失在受过良好教育和熟练的不是他的倒行逆施人才外流只有代表了宝贵的人力资源的损失,但可以证明对于未来经济发展的第三世界民族是一个严重制约因素。(托达罗1996119)换种方式,目前的文献多强调,高技能的人往往在迁移很差的地区,这种技能赋予了已经在人力资本丰富的地区。而难以解释的假设支持的信念,我们面临一个恶性循环宝贵的人力资本流动,从那里稀少的地方它是丰富的,使得即使在资源匮乏的地区,加快向前迁移。使事情更糟的是,物质资本与人力资本去携手共进。因此,生产率下降,原籍国,创造技术移民到发达地区的进一步鼓励。可能导致
41、一个恶性循环,这或许可以解释为什么不发达国家仍然很差。多项缓解建议已经提前。在20世纪70年代,各国的吸收人力资本被要求提供赔偿,国家从智力外流的痛苦。在前共产主义国家,政治当局企图阻止大幅限制人民的权利,自由流通的现象。后来,试图从外籍人士中提取人力资本的好处。最近,鼓励受过教育的人回来家园政策已经广泛的讨论。不同的措施,政府已考虑增加在研究活动的人的工资的可能性,对那些提供财政特权回国,以成立新公司,投资为发展教育和科研基础设施更多的资源,等等。上述提到的政策都没有带来积极的结果,但是,主要是因为他们没有目标的现象的根源。读者可能不会得出这样的结论人才外流是一个国家出口有害的现象。文献认为
42、,这种现象也有一些积极方面。第一,DOCQUIER和拉波波特(2005)认为,原产国收到的汇款和外汇实质性的流入。二,劳动力的自由流通诱导个人投资于教育的作为与该国的边界开放机会的数量增加。第三,通常有助于散居在原产国的繁荣,鼓励外国投资,技术转让,贸易和整体经济在全球市场一体化。大多数书籍,并在此主题的文章承认,人才外流不仅对发展中国家有利的后果,但也产生负面影响。支持的观点认为,一个国家是否是由熟练工人移民问题是一个受到伤害,必须通过成本效益分析解决。计算的好处和技术移民费用的问题没有得到解决,在新古典框架。仅举一个多么复杂的问题为例,学生的流动性被认为是技术移民的一部分,但如何才能评估其
43、在国内生产总值损失或收入方面的影响一方面,移民挽救他们的原籍国与教育,养生有关的支出,以及自己和家人辩护。另一方面,移民的位置要求的目的地国家的公共支出的一部分。由于GIANNOCCOLO(2003年5)解释说他有权派遣他的孩子们上学,移民交流他的原籍国的权利送他的孩子们在目的地国,减少对新校建设的必要性。医学界,因此,自行决定在(或反对)对案件逐案基础上移民法规的青睐,没有任何人力资本的自由市场鲜明的论点,反对国家干预。而且几乎总是判决是“更可靠的信息”和“更精确地描述具体的国家”是必要的。最近,经济学家试图找到一个对人才外流的负面影响原籍国的定量测量。例如,德赛,冰片,和麦克海尔(2002
44、)发现,与净财政损失的印度人移民到美国相关的是介于百分之024和058,印度的国内生产总值的百分比。即使我们无视这样的计算的内在矛盾,由此产生的数字不能成为一个崇尚公正的移民限制的指南。即使阻碍智力外流将导致生产和国民收入的增加,这一结果本身并不支持制止移民的政策。社会福利源于多种因素,与物质财富只是其中之一。对于某些人,在社会生活,如阻碍了劳动力的自由流动没有限制,可能是较少的物质财富足够的补偿。对于其他人,社会环境,使他们工作和生活可能比在收入差异的重要。若要换种方式,幸福是主观的,它取决于个人的喜好而不是具体的物质条件。该级别的个人的福祉不能被合并,以推导出“国家福利。”在一个真正自由的
45、社会,大多数人的福利标准不塑造公共政策是至关重要的。三、人力资本意义在讨论中更详细的技术移民问题,有必要明确人力资本的概念。传统智慧认为,人力资本是一种资本,或可用于提高生产工具的特定形式。激励人力资本投资相当于鼓励资本积累的一般。不幸的是,表达“人力资本”是一种误导。这个概念指的是思想,技术,以及可以被发现或在学习过程中被捕的技能。经济学家在技术的作用发挥不充分的协议在发展的机制。在罗默视图中(2007年),技术是促进经济增长至关重要。正如作者的解释却是流行的文章经济增长出现每当人们需要的资源和重新排列他们的方式是更有价值。一个有用的比喻在经济生产来自厨房。要创建有价值最终产品,我们根据廉价
46、原料混合在一起一个配方。烹饪可以做的是有限的供应成分,最经济的烹饪产生不良副作用。如果经济增长可以达到只有这样做越来越多的同类更多的烹饪,我们将最终运行出于原料,受到不可接受的水平污染和滋扰。人类历史告诉我们,但是,经济增长的泉水是更好的食谱,而不只是是更多饭。新的食谱通常产生不良副作用少产生更多的经济效应和每单位价值的原料。(罗默,2007)虽然有关资源相结合的思想素质影响了生产的严重程度和衡量出人类的需求得到满足后,对发展(即生产结构的扩展名)是具有约束力的约束度不是技术,而是物质资本的数量可用。举个例子,对鲁滨逊的情况。我们的英雄可能是一支经验丰富,辉煌的工程师,但他的人力资本将是在一个荒岛上是不存在的物质资本的帮助不大。同样,罗默的厨师不能产生在一个厨房的情况下任何东西。,如果他有充足的补充材料和工具,他可以做世界上唯一的最好的烹调指南。