1、 34 胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of t
2、he sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. is _. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say碎碎（岁岁）平安 as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affec
3、t their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to tal
4、k about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? A nice day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Inter
5、personal 7. _ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 34 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldnt be
6、sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of _. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. _ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics
7、D. Applied linguistics 10. _ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal
8、 communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for a
9、ll languages. 15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. 16. Only human beings are able to communicate. 17. . De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was
10、a French linguist. 18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time is an example of the diachronic study of language. 19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. 20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. III.
11、Fill in the blanks. (10%) 21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ communication. 22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _. 23. Language has many functions. We c
12、an use language to talk about itself. This function is _. 24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the _ theory. 34 25. Linguistics is the _ study of language. 26. Modern linguistics is _ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover
13、what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ over writing. 28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study. 29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ refers to the abstr
14、act linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys _. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Design feature 32. Displacement 33. Competence 34. Synchronic linguistics V. Answer the following ques
15、tions. (20%) 35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学， 2004） 36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学， 2004） VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. How
16、 can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学， 1999） 34 第二章：语音 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 2. Conventionally a _ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophone B. phone C.
17、 phoneme D. morpheme 3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones 4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula 5. The diphthongs that are mad
18、e with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _ diphthongs. A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering 6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _. A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones 7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A.
19、 Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above 8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A. n B. m C. b D. p 9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. i: B. u C. e D. i 10.
20、 What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-p
21、honeme, such as syllable, word and sentence. 12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. 34 13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one
22、 for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. 14. p is a voiced bilabial stop. 15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. 16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. 17. When pure vo
23、wels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. 18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. 19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. 20. The maximal onset principle states
24、that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21. Consonant sounds can be either _ or _, while all vowel sounds are _. 22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brough
25、t close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _. 23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _ and the lips. 24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _ to which th
26、at part of the tongue is raised. 25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _. 26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _. 27. In English there are a number
27、of _, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 28. _ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. 29. _ is the smallest linguistic unit. 30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce pat
28、terns of sound. These movements have an effect on the _ coming from the lungs. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Sound assimilation 32. Suprasegmental feature 33. Complementary distribution 34. Distinctive features 34 V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. What is acou
29、stic phonetics?（中国人民大学， 2003） 36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南 开 04） VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that cont
30、ains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog. （青岛海洋大学， 1999） (1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2) low front vowel (3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal (5) voiced interdental fricative 34 第三章：词汇 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _. A. le
31、xical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 3. There are _ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4. In English is
32、e and tion are called _. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems 5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation 6. _ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix w
33、hich is thought to be part of the old word. A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition 7. The word TB is formed in the way of _. A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _. A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy
34、9. The stem of disagreements is _ A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10. All of them are meaningful except for _. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls
35、on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 34 12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. 13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base where
36、as suffixes change the word-class of the base. 15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word. 16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. 17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia. 18. In most cases
37、, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. 19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. 20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21. An _ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _ is pronounced as a word. 22
38、. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _. 23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _, _ and _. 24. All words may be said to contain a root _. 25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to _ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and a
39、dverbs belongs to _ class. 26. _ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening. 27. _ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or
40、nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _ level. 29. A word formed by derivation is called a _, and a word formed by compounding is called a_. 30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: _ and _. IV. Explain the followin
41、g terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Blending 32. Allomorph 33. Closed-class word 34. Morphological rule 34 V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦 门大学， 2003） 36. What are the main features of the English compounds?
42、VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学， 2004） I II (1) acronym a. foe (2) free morpheme b. subconscious (3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO (4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed (5) prefix e. calculation 34 第四章：句法 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. The sentence structure is _. A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex
