1、句子结构及成分 相关概念1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母 原词 代表词性n. noun 名词v. verb 动词vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词adj. adjective 形容词adv. adverb 副词num. numeral 数词interj. interjectio
2、n 感叹词pron. pronoun 代词prep. preposition 介词art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open 后面没跟宾语，此时，open 是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open 后面有宾语 the door, 此时，open 是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词
3、义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk 不及物动词，意为 “走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物动词， “遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash 及物动词， “洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash 不及物动词， “耐洗”)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to
4、the music every day. (listen 为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填 vt.，不及物填 vi.。考点 1. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. (vt)考点 2. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （vi）考点 3. Shall I begin at once?（vi ）考点 4. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（vt ） （vt
5、 ）3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住” ，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。 ）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买” ，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。 ）助动词助动词的“助”是“ 帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强
6、调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying 一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has 用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived 一起作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. （have been 用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和 painting 一起作谓语，都是助动词。 ）帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does 帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt h
7、ave lunch at home. (does 只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are 帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled down. (has been 帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have 帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)帮助构成倒装句的So did he love hi
8、s mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did 只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did 起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为 do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did 单独作谓
9、语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did 是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do 是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has 是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had 是实义动词，意为“吃” 。has had 一起构成了句子的谓语。)情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can 的词义为
10、“能够”)You must stay at home. (must 词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might 的词义为“或许” ）4. 谓语和非谓语在 英 语 中 ， 一 个 主 谓 结 构 中 只 能 有 一 个 谓 语 ，再 出 现 动 词 时 ， 要 变 成 非 谓 语 形 式 ， 即 ： 在 前 面 加to 构 成 动 词 不 定 式 ， 或 在 后 面 加 -ing 构 成 动 名 词 或 现在 分 词 ， 或 在 后 面 加 -ed 构 成 过 去 分 词 。 也 就 是 说 ，非 谓 语 是 指 ： 动 词 不 定 式 、 动 名 词 、 现 在
11、 分 词 和 过去 分 词 。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点 1. Getting up early is good for our health.早起有利于我们的身体健康。考点 2. I want to go home now. 我现在想回家。考点 3. My favorite sport is playing football.我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。考点 4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。考点 5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。
12、考点 6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已经出售了。考点 7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。考点 8. My parents wanted him work hard.我父母亲想让他努力学习。考点 9. I remember saw him that day.我记得那天看见过他。考点 10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5. 主动关系和被动关
13、系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. Tasted B. Being tastedC. Tasting D. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells well.A. smells B. smelledC. smelling D. is smelling一些同学分别选 A 和 B。他们说，食物是被品尝、被闻的，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是从恢复成一句话后是“主动语态”还是
14、“被动语态”着眼。主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house 3built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food sme
15、lls delicious. 逻辑上 food 和 taste、smell 是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。因此，上两题的答案为 C 和 C。6. 逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说， “宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。“me”是 宾 语 ， “me to lend him some money”意 为“我 借 给 他 一 些 钱 ”。 从 意 思 上 看 ， 这 像 一 句 话 ， “我 ”是 主 语 ， “借 给 他 一 些 钱 ”是 谓
16、语 部 分 ， 但 在 英 语 原句 中 ， 它 们 却 不 是 真 正 的 主 谓 关 系 。 因 此 可 以 说 “逻辑 上 的 主 谓 关 系 ”， 是 指 ， 从 意 思 上 看 像 主 谓 关 系 ，而 实 际 上 不 是 。 “to lend him some money”是 宾 语 补 足语 。判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填 F)写作专练 1. I want him to come at once. (T)写作专练 2. He lent me some money. (F)写作专练 3. He made the boy cry again. ( T )
17、写作专练 4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( T )写作专练 5. Dont leave the door open at night. (T)7. 复合结构在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说“复合宾语” 、 “动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复合结构” 。实际上，这几个“复合” ，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the party.(us 是宾语，to come to the party 是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合在一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系
18、。)Its important for us to learn English well.(it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 for us to learn English well。 “us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do something 是动词不定式的复合结构。)Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me 也是动词不定式的复合结构。与 for somebody to do something 的区别参看 P. 83Error! Refer
19、ence source not found.，you 和 to help me 构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。 ）Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom 迟到使我们老师生气。coming 是动名词，Toms coming late是动名词的复合结构。Tom 是 coming late 的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)8. 没有人称和数的变化先看下列三组句中 have、do 和 be 的变化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy wat
20、ching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化”是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人） ， be 在第一人称 I 后用 am, 在 you 后用are, 在 he 后用 is; do 和 have 在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为 does, has。“数”是指“单数和复数” 。 “数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be 要用 are 的形式，do 和 have 用原形。如果主语
21、是第三人称单数，be用 is, do 和 have 要用 does 和 has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He / I / We can swim. 句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 （可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线谓语 在下面画曲线宾语 在下面画双横线定语 在下面画虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， “钉” 谐
22、音为“定语” 的“定”）状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语 上下双曲线， （虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如 the rich）5. 不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and mo
23、re popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreig
24、n language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。 （多看下）That He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my
25、favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.正确运用主语的各种形式（P. 227)3. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying o
26、ver there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.4. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。
27、a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours? c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abr
28、oad.5. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.5I think（th
29、at） he is fit for his office.6. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等）+ 宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let th
30、e fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She wa
31、s found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8. 定语（重点）定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）b) 形容词短语作定语一
32、般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话 )The boy cry
33、ing over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eg
34、gs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling himself John
35、wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.用活形容词短语作后置定语（P. 228） 9. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动
36、作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语 )This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词 slowly, 因此 very 是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worke
37、d hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.正确安排并列状语的顺序（P. 228）频度副词 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is alw
38、ays helping others.He often came late.注意频度副词的位置（P. 228）状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party becau
39、seof the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must workharder. VII.To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy r
40、eally needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10.同位语同
41、位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批“学生” ）Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B
42、. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs. D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs 简单句的五种基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型结构如下：主语 谓语用符号表示为：7 （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）主语（subject ） 谓语（predicate ）宾语（object） 定语（attrib
43、ute）状语 (adverbial) 补语（complement）表语（predicative）基本句型一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
44、 ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )基本句型二： （主系表）系动词主要是 be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何辨别系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。 如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系 动 词 be替 换 句 子 中 的 这 些 动 词 ， 句 子 仍 然 成 立就 是 连 系 动 词 ； 反 之 ， 不 能 替 换 的 ， 就 是 行
45、 为 动 词 。如 ： She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为 be, look为实义动词。) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“ 摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。 ) The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 The door stays open at night. He
46、tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He cant proved his theory(理论 ).常见的系动词状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。
47、This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像”系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来 ”，feel “摸起来”, smell“
48、闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来” 。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs
49、 go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实” ， “变成”之意。如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 （turn out表终止性结果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。1. His advice proved right. 2. Th
