1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目某公司员工关系问题研究学院商学院专业人力资源管理班级学号学生姓名指导教师外文题目“TIMEISMONEY,EFFICIENCYISLIFE”THETRANSFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSINCHINA外文出处STUDIESINCOMPARATIVEINTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENTSCID外文作者MARYEGALLAGHER1原文“TIMEISMONEY,EFFICIENCYISLIFE”THETRANSFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSINCHINAMARYEGALLAGHERTHEPASTTWENTYFIVE
2、YEARSOFECONOMICREFORMHAVESEENTHETRANSFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSINCHINA,WITHTHEWIDESPREADADOPTIONOFCAPITALISTLABORPRACTICESBYFIRMSOFALLOWNERSHIPTYPESTHISTRANSFORMATIONHASOCCURREDINTHEABSENCEOFBOTHLARGESCALEPRIVATIZATIONANDPOLITICALCHANGE,BUTWASPARTOFAGRADUALYETDYNAMICLIBERALIZATIONAND“OPENINGUP“TOFORE
3、IGNTRADEANDINVESTMENTTHATOCCURREDACROSSBOTHREGIONSANDACROSSTYPESOFFIRMSTHEFIRSTHALFOFTHISPAPERDETAILSTHISPROCESSOFDYNAMICLIBERALIZATIONTHATHASSPAWNEDCOMPETITIONANDCHANGEINLABORPRACTICES,INCLUDINGMARKEDINCREASESINMANAGERIALAUTONOMYANDLABORFLEXIBILITYTHISEXPLANATIONGOESBEYONDTHEREGIONALEMPHASISTOALSOE
4、XAMINECHANGESACROSSTYPESOFOWNERSHIPTHEGRADUALLIBERALIZATIONOFLABORPOLICIESANDCONVERGENCEWITHCAPITALISTPRACTICESCANONLYBEUNDERSTOODASPARTOFAMOREGENERALTRENDOFOWNERSHIPEXPANSION,THROUGHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWTYPESOFFIRMS,ANDOWNERSHIPRECOMBINATION,WHICHISTHEFUSINGOFTHEPUBLICANDNONSTATESECTORSTHROUGHNOVELF
5、ORMSOFORGANIZATIONTHEMUCHNEEDEDPANACEATOTHISSHIFTTOCAPITALISMASTATEREGULATORYANDLEGALREGIMETHATISCAPABLEOFMITIGATINGITSEXCESSESANDEFFECTIVEORGANIZATIONSTOREPRESENTLABORISNOTYETWELLESTABLISHEDTHESECONDHALFOFTHISPAPEREXPLORESTWOINSTITUTIONS,THELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMANDTHEOFFICIALTRADEUNIONORGANIZATION,TO
6、SHOWHOWLABORRELATIONSHAVESHIFTEDDRAMATICALLYTOWARDFLEXIBILITY,INSECURITY,ANDMANAGERIALCONTROLATTHEBEIJINGHEADQUARTERSOFTHECHINESEENTERPRISEMANAGERSASSOCIATION,THEREPRESENTATIVECOMPLAINEDBITTERLYTHATTHEUNFAIRADVANTAGESGRANTEDTOFOREIGNFIRMSMADEITIMPOSSIBLEFORSTATEFIRMSTOCOMPETESTATEFINNSNEEDEDTHEAUTON
7、OMYTOHIREWORKERS,FIREWORKERS,RAISESALARIESTORETAINSKILLEDWORKERS,ANDCUTBENEFITSTOREDUCETHESOCIALWELFAREBURDENHOWWOULDCHINESEINDUSTRYSURVIVEWITHOUTALEVELPLAYINGFIELDAGAINSTTHEFOREIGNINVESTORSATASTATEOWNEDENTERPRISESOEINTANGSHAN,HEBEIPROVINCE,AMANAGER2MADETHISGENERALCONCERNVERYSPECIFIC“AFTERTHESINOJAP
8、ANESEJOINTVENTUREOPENEDINQINHUANGDAO,WELOSTALARGENUMBEROFMANAGERSWHOWEREATTRACTEDBYTHEHIGHERSALARIESOFFOREIGNFIRMSAFTERTHATWEBEGANTOPAYATTENTIONTOTHEPROBLEMOFRETAININGTALENT“THISFIRMSSOLUTIONWASTOOPENUPTHEWAGEDIFFERENTIALS,PAYINGTOPMANAGERSBENEFITSTHATEXCEEDEDTENTIMESTHEMONTHLYWAGEOFAPRODUCTIONWORKE
9、RANDGUARANTEEINGHOUSINGEVENASITCUTWELFAREBENEFITSTOTHEVASTMAJORITYANOTHERMANAGERINTHESAMEFIRMEXPLAINEDTHEFIRMSSTAFFREDUCTIONPOLICIESTHISWAY“WEWANTTOLOOKMOREANDMORELIKEFOREIGNFIRMS“AMANAGERATASMALLRURALCOLLECTIVEPRODUCINGDVDSINHEBEIHADNOFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDLITTLELIKELIHOODOFATTRACTINGANYBUTTHEABSENCE
10、OFFOREIGNINVESTMENTCANSOMETIMESBEJUSTASINFLUENTIALASLARGEINFUSIONS“WENEEDTOCOMPETEWITHJOINTVENTURESANDWHOLLYFOREIGNOWNEDCOMPANIES,COMPETITIONISVERYFIERCEINTHISSECTORANDSOOURMANAGEMENTISVERYSTRICTFOREXAMPLE,WAGESANDBONUSESWERESCRUPULOUSLYTIEDTOSMALLERRORSINTHEWORKERSPERFORMANCEHEPROUDLYEXPLAINEDHOWEA
11、CHWORKERWASENCOURAGEDTOREPORTTHEMISTAKESOFOTHERSINEXCHANGEFOR“BONUSPOINTS“ASIGNHUNGOVERTHESHOPFLOORWITHTHEADMONITION,”TIMEISMONEY,EFFICIENCYISLIFE“THISFAMOUSSLOGANFIRSTAPPEAREDINTHE1980SAMIDTHEFOREIGNMANUFACTURINGPLANTSOFSHENZHEN,ACROSSTHEBORDERFROMHONGKONGNOW,MORETHANFIFTEENYEARSLATER,ITREAPPEAREDI
12、NASMALL,RURALFACTORYINCENTRALCHINAAHARRIEDMANAGERINANURBANCOLLECTIVEINTIANJIN,ACITYWITHALONGLEGACYOFSTATEOWNERSHIPANDAGROWINGUNEMPLOYMENTPROBLEM,TALKEDABOUTTHECOLLECTIVESATTEMPTTOGETRIDOFITSMANYSMALLENTERPRISES“WECONTRACTTHEENTERPRISESOUTTOMANAGERSORWHENPOSSIBLETRYTOFINDANOVERSEASCHINESEINVESTORTOTU
13、RNTHESECOMPANIESAROUND”WHENASKEDHOWMANAGEMENTANDLABORCHANGESAFTERTHESEKINDSOFCHANGES,HESHRUGGEDANDSAIDIFTHEMANAGERTAKESOVER,WESTILLMAKESURETHATTHEYABIDEBYCERTAINREGULATIONSREGARDINGWAGESANDBENEFITSWELETTHEMREDUCETHESTAFFBUTWETAKETHELAIDOFFWORKERSBACKTHENTHEYWAITFORMOREWORKWITHFOREIGNERS,WEGIVEOVERCO
14、MPLETEMANAGEMENTAUTONOMYWEFIGURETHATTHEYMUSTKNOWHOWTODOTHINGSRIGHTTOTURNTHECOMPANYAROUNDANDWETAKETHEWORKERSTHATTHEYDONTWANT3INTHEPASTTWENTYFIVEYEARSOFECONOMICREFORM,LABORRELATIONSINCHINAHAVEBEENTRANSFORMED,WITHTHEWIDESPREADADOPTIONOFCAPITALISTLABORPRACTICESBYFIRMSOFALLOWNERSHIPTYPESTHISTRANSFORMATIO
15、NHASOCCURREDINTHEABSENCEOFLARGESCALEPRIVATIZATIONANDWITHTHECONTINUEDEXISTENCEOFLARGEPUBLICANDCOLLECTIVESECTORS,PARTICULARLYIFMEASUREDBYNUMBEROFEMPLOYEESINMOSTANALYSESOFTRANSITIONALECONOMIES,THESECHARACTERISTICSAREUSUALLYASSOCIATEDWITHALACKOFREFORM,CONTINUEDSOFTBUDGETCONSTRAINTS,ANDBARRIERSTOEFFICIEN
16、CYANDPRODUCTIVITYJUSTASWITHECONOMICGROWTH,ASUCCESSFULTRANSFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSFROMSOCIALIST“TRADITIONALISM“TOCAPITALISMISUSUALLYASSOCIATEDWITHRADICALCHANGESINPROPERTYRIGHTSANDPOLITICALCONTROLYETCHINASTRANSFORMATION,INDEFIANCEOFTHESTANDARDKNOWLEDGEONTRANSITION,HASCOMEUNDERTHESTEADY,UNINTERRUPTED
17、RULEOFTHECHINESECOMMUNISTPARTYCCPTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENPUBLICANDPRIVATEFIRMSINLABORPRACTICESHASBLURREDINTANDEMWITHCONTINUOUSECONOMICDEREGULATION,INCREASEDCOMPETITIONWITHINTHEDOMESTICECONOMY,ANDCHINASCONTINUEDECONOMICINTEGRATIONWITHTHEGLOBALECONOMYPUBLICOWNERSHIPASACORECHARACTERISTICOFSOCIALISMISINCRE
18、ASINGLYIRRELEVANTFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFLABORRELATIONSTOPARAPHRASERICHARDNIXON,”WEAREALLCAPITALISTSNOWCHINASSLOWANDPIECEMEALMOVEMENTTOWARDPRIVATIZATIONHASNOTIMPEDEDTHETRANSFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSCHINESELABORPRACTICESHAVESHIFTEDOVERWHELMINGLYTOWARDFAVORINGFIRMAUTONOMY,FLEXIBILITY,ANDMANAGERIALCONTROL
19、OFWORKERORGANIZATIONATTEMPTSBYTHECENTRALGOVERNMENTTORETAINSOMEASPECTSOFSOCIALISM,INCLUDINGGREATEREMPLOYMENTSTABILITY,LONGERTERMEMPLOYMENTRELATIONS,ANDACTIVEWORKERORGANIZATIONSHAVENOTMETWITHMUCHSUCCESSEARLIERRESEARCHDIDFINDSIGNIFICANTVARIATIONBETWEENFIRMSBASEDONOWNERSHIPFOREXAMPLE,JONATHANUNGERANDANI
20、TACHANWROTEIN1996THEECONOMICREFORMSHAVELEDTOABIFURCATIONOFCHINESEINDUSTRYANONSTATESECTOROFPRIVATECHINESEFIRMS,FOREIGNMANAGEDENTERPRISES,ANDTHESOCALLEDCOLLECTIVEFIRMSTHATCOMEUNDERVERYLOCALCONTROLANDTHESTATEOWNEDANDLARGECOLLECTIVEENTERPRISESDEPENDINGONTHESECTORTHEYPARTICIPATEIN,CHINESEINDUSTRIALWORKER
21、SENTERINTOVERYDIFFERENTKINDSOFRELATIONSHIPSWITHTHEIRRESPECTIVEMANAGEMENT,WORKUNDERQUITEDIFFERENTCONDITIONS,4ANDENJOYDIFFERENTBENEFITSANDLEVELSOFJOBSECURITYDOROTHYSOLINGERFOUNDASIMILARBIFURCATIONINTHEWORKFORCEBETWEENMIGRANTSANDTHEREGULAREMPLOYEESOFTHESTATEANDCOLLECTIVESECTORSHOWEVER,HERANALYSISOFTHES
22、USTAINABILITYOFTHISBIFURCATIONPRESCIENTLYCONCLUDESWITHAPREDICTIONTHATTHETHENCURRENTCONDITIONSOFMIGRANTSINCHINASNONSTATESECTORSSIGNALEDTHEFUTUREFORWORKERSINTHEPUBLICSECTORSITISHIGHLYPOSSIBLE,FOLLOWINGTHEARGUMENTLAIDOUTHERE,THATTHEDIVERGENCENOTEDINEARLIERRESEARCHWASSIMPLYCAPTURINGTHELAGBETWEENREFORMSE
23、FFECTSINTHENONSTATESECTORANDTHETHENMOREPROTECTEDPUBLICSECTORSTRANSFORMATIONOFLABORRELATIONSINTHEABSENCEOFLARGESCALEPRIVATIZATIONANDPOLITICALCHANGEWASPARTOFAGRADUALBUTDYNAMICLIBERALIZATIONANDOPENINGUPTOFOREIGNTRADEANDINVESTMENTTHATOCCURREDACROSSBOTHREGIONSANDACROSSTYPESOFFIRMSTHEFIRSTHALFOFTHISPAPERD
24、ETAILSTHISPROCESSOFDYNAMICLIBERALIZATIONTHATHASSPAWNEDCOMPETITIONANDCHANGEINLABORPRACTICES,INCLUDINGMARKEDINCREASESINMANAGERIALAUTONOMYANDLABORFLEXIBILITYTHE“SEGMENTED“ORGRADUALNATUREOFTHISPROCESS,HOWEVER,REDUCEDITSPOLITICALTHREATTOTHERULINGCOMMUNISTPARTYLEADERSHIPTHISEXPLANATIONBUILDSONPREVIOUSANAL
25、YSESOFTHESUCCESSOFCHINASREFORMTHATHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEEFFECTSOFREGIONALDECENTRALIZATIONSOMETIMESASSOCIATEDWITHCHINESESTYLEFEDERALISM,BUTGOESBEYONDTHEREGIONALEMPHASISTOALSOEXAMINECHANGESACROSSTYPESOFOWNERSHIPTHEGRADUALLIBERALIZATIONOFLABORPOLICIESANDCONVERGENCEWITHCAPITALISTPRACTICESCANONLYBEUNDERSTOODAS
26、PARTOFAMOREGENERALTRENDOFOWNERSHIPEXPANSION,THROUGHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWTYPESOFFIRMS,ANDOWNERSHIPRECOMBINATION,WHICHISTHEFUSINGOFTHEPUBLICANDNONSTATESECTORSTHROUGHNOVELFORMSOFORGANIZATIONTHESEEFFECTSHAVEBEENMAGNIFIEDBYTHEWAYINWHICHLIBERALIZATIONANDOPENNESSOCCURREDASAGRADUALPROCESSOFUNEVENAPPLICATIONA
27、NDSELECTIVEREGIONALBENEFITSTHUSCOMPETITIONFORINVESTMENTINCHINAWASREGIONALASWELLASAPARTOFALARGERGLOBALPHENOMENONCHINAANDINDIACOMPETEFORFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDI,BUTSODOSHANGHAIANDTIANJINTHETRANSFORMATIONTOCAPITALISTLABORPRACTICESATTHEFIRMLEVELHASBEENACHIEVEDWITHTHEHELPOFGLOBALIZATIONAND“OPENINGUP“AS
28、5LOCALFIRMSANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSHAVESTRUGGLEDTOMEETTHEDEMANDSOFFOREIGNINVESTORSANDGLOBALMARKETSTHEMUCHNEEDEDANTIDOTETOTHISSHIFTTOCAPITALISMASTATEREGULATORYANDLEGALREGIMETHATISCAPABLEOFMITIGATINGITSEXCESSESANDEFFECTIVEORGANIZATIONSTOREPRESENTLABORISNOTYETWELLESTABLISHEDTHELATTERHALFOFTHISPAPEREXPLOREST
29、WOINSTITUTIONS,THELABORCONTRACTSYSTEMANDTHEOFFICIALTRADEUNIONORGANIZATION,TOSHOWHOWLABORRELATIONSHAVESHIFTEDSODRAMATICALLYTOWARDFLEXIBILITY,INSECURITY,ANDMANAGERIALCONTROLINPRACTICE,THESETWOINSTITUTIONSHAVENOTFULFILLEDPROTECTIVEORREPRESENTATIVEROLESRATHER,THEYHAVEWORKEDTOFURTHERBUTTRESSMANAGEMENTFLE
30、XIBILITYANDMANAGEMENTCONTROLTHEQUESTIONOFPOSSIBLEDIVERGENCEFROMCAPITALISTLABORPRACTICESINCHINAISIMPORTANTNOTONLYTOOURUNDERSTANDINGOFCHINASREFORMPROCESS,WHICHUNLIKEOTHERPOSTSOCIALISTCOUNTRIESHASMAINTAINEDCOMMUNISTRULE,BUTALSOTOTHEGENERALLITERATUREONCONTEMPORARYGLOBALCAPITALISMTHELITERATUREONNATIONALD
31、IVERGENCEAND“VARIETIESOFCAPITALISM“HASOVERWHELMINGLYFOCUSEDONTHEADVANCEDINDUSTRIALIZEDWORLD,INPARTICULARTHECONTINUINGDIFFERENCESBETWEENANGLOAMERICANLIBERALCAPITALISMANDTHEMOREREGULATEDANDSTATEDOMINATEDPATTERNSSEENINMUCHOFWESTERNEUROPEANDJAPANVARIATIONINLABORANDSOCIALWELFAREPOLICIESHASBEENCENTRALTOTH
32、ISONGOINGDEBATEGLOBALIZATIONTHEORISTSARGUETHATINCREASEDECONOMICGLOBALIZATION,ESPECIALLYTHEGLOBALIZATIONOFPRODUCTIONWITHINCREASINGCAPITALMOBILITY,HASWEAKENEDTHEBARGAININGPOWEROFLABORNOTONLYISLABORCONSTRAINEDBYITSRELATIVELACKOFMOBILITY,DIFFERENTCOUNTRIESAREINCOMPETITIONFORTHEJOBSTHATINVESTMENTBRINGS,A
33、NDTHEIMPULSETOPROTECTLABORRIGHTSANDJOBSECURITYHASDECLINEDACCORDINGLYTHUSNATIONALDIVERGENCESWILLWANEOVERTIMEASLABORPOLICIESAREADJUSTEDINFAVOROFMOBILECAPITALHOWEVER,THISLITERATURE,WITHITSFOCUSONCOMPARISONSBETWEENADVANCEDINDUSTRIALIZEDSTATES,SHOULDALSOBEEXTENDEDTOEXAMININGTRENDSINTHECOUNTRIESTOWHICHCAP
34、ITALISINCREASINGLYFLOWINGPRODUCTIONINMANYINDUSTRIESISNOTSHIFTINGBETWEENGERMANYANDTHEUNITEDSTATESORTHEUNITEDSTATESANDJAPANBUTRATHERFROMTHESECOUNTRIESTOTHEDEVELOPINGWORLD,INCLUDINGCHINAANDOTHERCOUNTRIESINSOUTHEASTASIA,LATINAMERICAN,ANDCENTRALEUROPEHOWTHESECOUNTRIESRESPONDTO6THEPRESSURESOFGLOBALIZATION
35、,INPARTICULARCOMPETITIONFORTHEFLOWSOFFOREIGNINVESTMENT,ALSOINFORMSUSABOUTTHEABILITYOFPARTICULARPLACESTODIVERGEFROMCOMMONFREEMARKETPRACTICESOREVENTOCHOOSEFROMTHEVARIETIESOFCAPITALISMPRACTICEDINTHEADVANCEDINDUSTRIALIZEDWORLDMOREOVER,WHATVARIETYOFCAPITALISMWILLEVOLVEINTHESEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESISLIKELYTO
36、IMPACTTHEGLOBALBALANCEOFPOWERBETWEENLABORANDCAPITAL,PARTICULARLYASMANUFACTURINGJOBSMOVEINLARGENUMBERTOTHESELOWCOSTAREASGIVENTHEMANYVARIETIESOFCAPITALISMANDTHEGREATREGIONALDIVERSITYOFCHINA,ISITPOSSIBLETOGENERALIZEABOUTTHEEMERGINGPICTUREOFLABORRELATIONSTHEREOURFOCUSHEREONTHEDECLINEINIMPORTANCEOFOWNERS
37、HIPANDTHERISEOFCAPITALISTPRACTICESINBOTHPUBLICANDPRIVATEFIRMSDOESNOTCONCLUDETHATTHEREISONESINGLEVERSIONOFCAPITALISMEMERGINGINCHINADIFFERENCESININDUSTRIALSECTOR,REGION,ANDNATIONALITYSTILLMATTERINDETERMININGTHEPARTICULARCHARACTERISTICSOFFIRMSSOMEOFTHESEDIFFERENCESAREHIGHLIGHTEDBELOWINTHEDISCUSSIONSONL
38、ABORCONTRACTSANDWORKERORGANIZATIONSMOREOVER,THERESEARCHONWHICHTHISPAPERISBASEDWASCONDUCTEDINCHINASURBANINDUSTRIALCOASTALCITIES,MAINLYTIANJIN,TANGSHANINHEBEIPROVINCE,ANDSHANGHAIANDITSSURROUNDINGAREASTHEPROCESSESDETAILEDHERE,ESPECIALLYASTHERESULTOFLARGEINFLOWSOFFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDARAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFA
39、DOMESTICPRIVATESECTORMAYHAVEDIFFERENTCONSEQUENCESINAREASWHERESTATESECTOREMPLOYMENTSTILLDOMINATESANDALTERNATIVESOURCESOFINVESTMENTANDCONNECTIONSTOGLOBALMARKETSARESORELYLACKINGASTHEARTICLESINTHISVOLUMEBYHURSTANDWONSHOW,THESEREGIONSHAVEEXPERIENCEDREFORMLARGELYASAPROCESSOFBEINGLEFTBEHINDRATHERTHANTHEPRO
40、CESSDESCRIBEDHEREOFGREATERINTEGRATIONANDCONVERGENCEWITHGLOBALLABORPRACTICESTHEDECLININGSALIENCYOFPUBLICOWNERSHIPINDETERMININGLABORPRACTICESISNOTASURPRISINGOUTCOMEINREFORMINGPOSTCOMMUNISTECONOMIES,WHEREPRIVATIZATIONMEANSEXACTLYTHATTHEDECLINEORDEATHOFSTATEINDUSTRYANDSOCIALISTLABORPRACTICESANDTHEADOPTI
41、ONOFCAPITALISTLABORPRACTICESBUTCHINAISASOCIALISTSTATEORATLEAST,ITISSTILLRULEDBYTHECHINESECOMMUNISTPARTYCCPMOREOVER,ALARGEPORTIONOFCHINESEINDUSTRYISSTILLCLASSIFIEDASPUBLICLYORCOLLECTIVELYOWNEDUPTOTHISPOINT,7PUBLICOWNERSHIPOFINDUSTRYHASBEENCRITICALFORTWOREASONSFIRST,ITREPRESENTEDNATIONALSTRENGTHANDNAT
42、IONALAUTONOMY,ANABILITYTOCONTROLTHENATIONSDESTINYANDNOTBEDEPENDENTONSTRONGER,MOREPOWERFULECONOMIESINTHEADVANCEDINDUSTRIALWORLDSECOND,THEREWASASTRONGMORALDIMENSIONTOSTATEOWNEDINDUSTRYITWASINDUSTRY“OWNEDBYTHEWHOLEPEOPLE“INSTATEFIRMS,WORKERSWERENOTEMPLOYEES,BUTTHE“MASTERSOFTHEFACTORY“STATEFIRMSTOOKCARE
43、OFTHEIREMPLOYEES,ANDEMPLOYEESWERETOLDTOVIEWTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEFIRMASAPATRIOTICGESTURELOWWAGESANDLESSTHANCOMFORTABLEWORKINGCONDITIONSWERESACRIFICESNOTFORMANAGEMENTORFORPROFITS,BUTFORTHENATION8译文“时间就是金钱，效率就是生命”转型中的中国劳动关系玛丽加拉格尔过去二十五年的经济改革已经看到了中国的劳动关系的变革，随着资本主义的劳动实践由所有制类型的企业广泛采用。这个转变发生在两个大规模私有化和政治改革的
44、情况下，但一部分，则充满活力的逐步自由化和“开放”，以外贸和投资这两个区域之间和跨类型的公司发生。本文详细描述上半部分这种动态自由化催生了劳动实践，包括在管理自主权和劳动力的灵活性显着升幅的竞争和变化的过程。这种解释超出了区域重点去审视涵盖所有制类型的变化；劳动与资本主义的政策和惯例接轨的逐步自由化，也只能被理解为一种更普遍的所有权扩大趋势的一部分，通过引进新类型的公司和所有制重组的方式引进，是公众和非国有部门通过组织新形式相融合的方法。同时对资本主义的转变来说是非常需要的灵丹妙药国家的监管和法律制度，是减轻其过激行为和有效的组织，代表它的劳动能力尚未成熟。本文探讨下半部分两个机构劳动合同制和
45、官方工会组织，以显示如何对劳资关系有极大的灵活性，不安全感和管理控制转变。在中国企业管理协会北京总部，该代表表示强烈不满，授予外国公司不公平的优势不可能使国有企业的竞争力增强。芬兰人需要国家的自主权雇用工人，解雇工人，提高工资以留住技术工人，削减福利，减少社会福利负担。如何使中国产业在没有对外国投资者的实地水平时活下去了。在一家国有企业，河北省唐山市（国有企业），经理提出这个普遍关注非常具体“经过在秦皇岛开幕的中日合资企业，我们失去了大量的由更高的工资吸引外国公司的管理人员。”这之后，我们开始注重“保留人才”的问题。这家公司的解决方案是开放员工之间的工资差别，支付好处给高层管理者，超过生产工人
46、的十倍的每月工资和保障住房，即使它会削减绝大多数的福利。另一个在同一公司的经理解释了公司的裁员政策是这样的“我们希望看到越来越像的外国公司。”在河北的一个小乡村集体生产的DVD的经历吸引外国投资和其他任何机会的可能性都比较小。但有外国投资的情况下有时同样会有巨大的压力“我们需要竞争，合资企业和外商独资企业竞争十分激烈，在这一领域使我们的管理非常9严格”；例如，工资和奖金严格的与在工人的表现的小错误挂钩。他自豪地解释每个工人都鼓励举报的“以别人的错误换积分”的机制。一条签署了的“时间就是金钱，效率就是生命”的格言挂在车间。这个著名的口号最早出现在上世纪80年代深圳的某外国制造工厂，横跨香港边界。
47、现在，过去十五年了，它又重新出现在一个中国中部农村的小工厂。在一个城市具有悠久传统的国家所有制和不断增长的失业问题的天津城镇集体中的一个忙碌的经理，谈到了集体的试图摆脱它的许多小企业“我们出合同的企业管理人员或在可能试图找到一个海外华人投资者把这些围绕公司”。当被问及如何对这些变化后的管理和劳动力的变化，他耸耸肩说如果经理接管，我们仍然要确保他们遵守有关工资和福利的若干规定。我们让他们减少了人员，但我们重新聘用下岗工人们然后让他们等待更多的工作。对外国人，我们给予完整的管理自主权。我们认为他们必须知道如何做正确的事情扭转公司局面。同时我们带走他们不想要的工作人员。在过去20多年的经济改革，中国
48、的劳资关系已经转变，随着资本主义的劳动惯例由各种所有制类型的企业广泛采用。这个转变发生在大规模私有化的情况下，并将与广大市民和集体企业的继续存在，特别是用雇员数量来衡量的。在大多数经济体的过渡性分析，这些特征通常是一个缺乏改革，继续软预算约束，以及效率和生产力的障碍。正如与经济增长，劳动关系的成功转型，从社会主义的“传统主义”通常与资本主义的财产权利和政治控制激进的变化有关。然而，中国的转型，在过渡标准知识的不断挑战以及在中共党（共产党）不间断规范，已受到了稳定。在经济放松管制的同时公营及私营公司的劳动的做法区别不断模糊，在国内经济增长的竞争下，中国的经济随着全球经济一体化的趋势持续发展。公众
49、对社会主义所有制的核心特征与日益劳动关系的决心无关。套用理查德尼克松，“我们现在都是资本家。”中国缓慢零碎走向私有化的运动未能阻碍了劳动关系的变革，中国对劳动力的做法已转向有利于企业的自主性、灵活性和绝大多数的工人组织的管理控制。中央政府试图保留一些对社会主义有利的包括更稳定的就业，比较长期的雇佣关系，以及积极的工人组织等方面，但都大多没有成功。早期的研究也发现以所有权为基础的公司之间的差别很大。例如，昂格尔和陈在199610年写道经济改革导致了中国工业分支中国的民营企业，外商管理的企业非国有部门，而所谓的控制下非常本土化来集体企业；以及国有及大型集体企业。他们参与不同部门，中国产业工人进入他们各自的管理，根据不同的条件下不同种类的工作关系，并享受不同的福利和工作保障水平。桃乐西发现在移民以及国家和集体部门的正式员工之间有员工类似的分歧。而她对这个分支的可持续性分析与预测预见性的结论是，中国的非国有部门的移民在当时的条件下暗示着在公共部门工人的未来。这是非常可能的，下面罗列了这种可能性，早期的研究指出，分歧只是捕捉之非国有部门和当时的多个受保护的公共部门之间改革的滞后效应的说法。劳动关系中的大规模私有化和政治改革的情况下改造的一部分，而是动态的逐步自由化和对外开放贸易和投资，通过这两个地区和类型的企业之间发生。本文上半部分详细描述这种动态自由化催生了
