1、APA Formatting and Style Guide,What is APA?,APA (American Psychological Association)The most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences.,What does APA regulate?,APA regulates:StyleIn-text citationsReferences (a list of all sources used in the paper),APA stylistics: Basics,the third
2、person point of view rather than using the first person point of viewThe study showed that, NOT I found out that. the active voice rather than passive voiceThe participants responded, NOT The participants have been asked.,Use:,Point of view and voice in an APA paper,clear: be specific in description
3、s and explanations concise: condense information when you can plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize the figurative language,Language in an APA paper is:,APA stylistics: Language,General Format,be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) with 1” margins on all sides in
4、 12 pt. Times New Roman include a page header (title less than 50 characters) in the upper left-hand of every page and a page number in the upper right-hand side of every page,Your essay should:,References,Main Body,Abstract,General Format (contd),Title page,Your essay should include four major sect
5、ions:,Title Page,Page header:(use Insert Page Header)title flush left + page number flush right.,Title:(in the upper half of the page, centered)name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)Note: For this class we will also include Student Number.,Abstract Page,Page header: do NOT includ
6、e “Running head:”Abstract (centered, at the top of the page),Write a brief (between 150 and 250 words) summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner. Should contain: background, purpose, methods, results, and most important conclusions. May also include possible implications of
7、your research and future work you see connected with your findings.,Main Body (Text),The first text page is page number 3 Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical in-text citations Format tables and figures,References Pag
8、e,Center the title References- at the top of the page Double-space reference entries Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines Order entries alphabetically by the authors surnames,References: Basics,Invert authors names (last name first followed by initials).Alphabetize refe
9、rence list entries the last name of the first author of each work.Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.,Re
10、ferences: Basics (contd),Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles.,In-text Citations: Format for a summary or paraphrase,provide th
11、e authors last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase: Though feminist studies focus solely on womens experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).,There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:
12、,In-text Citations: Format for a summary or paraphrase,include the authors name in a signal phrase followed by the year of publication in parenthesis: Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include womens
13、 personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.,Formats for a summary or paraphrase (contd):,In-text Citations: Two or more works,When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference listthe authors name,
14、the year of publicationseparated by a semi-colon: (Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008),In-text Citations: A work with two authors,When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors name in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis: According to feminist researchers Raitt and
15、 Tate (1997), “It is no longer true to claim that womens responses to the war have been ignored.” Some feminists researchers question that “womens responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997).,In-text Citations: A work with 3 to 5 authors,When citing a work with three to five authors
16、, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis: (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) In subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses: (Harklau et al., 1993),In-text Citations: a work with 6 and more authors,When citin
17、g a work with six and more authors, identify the first authors name followed by “et al.”: Smith et al. (2006) maintained that. (Smith et al., 2006).,In-text Citations: The same last name/the same author,When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names: (B. Kachru,
18、 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008) When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references: Smiths (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants,In-text Citations: The same last name/the same author,When citing
19、 multiple sources with multiple authors: (Smith Young, 2008),In-text citationsNo Author,If the cited material has no author use 2 3 words from the title.(Climate and Weather, 1997),For Block Quotations refer to Chapter 6 of APA Manual For structure questions, such as headings and subheadings, refer to Chapter 2 of APA Manual Note that there are examples of research papers using proper structure on page 40 of APA ManualFor in-text references refer to pg 174-179 of APA Manual,The End,
