1、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目企业植入式广告的运用研究一、外文原文标题PRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOVIESACROSSCULTURALANALYSISOFAUSTRIAN,FRENCHANDAMERICANCONSUMERSATTITUDESTOWARDTHISEMERGING,INTERNATIONALPROMOTIONALMEDIUM原文THISPAPERREPORTSONACROSSCULTURALSTUDYWHICHTESTSTHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEAPPROACHDEVELOPEDBYGUPTAANDGOULD1997CONCERNINGUSEOFPRODUC
2、TPLACEMENTSINMOVIESUSINGTHEIRAMERICANDATAASACOMPARISONPOINT,ADDITIONALDATAUSINGTHESAMEQUESTIONNAIREWERECOLLECTEDINAUSTRIAANDFRANCEASANINTERNATIONALMEDIUMINWHICHMOVIESFREELYCROSSBORDERS,PRODUCTPLACEMENTISALSOALESSADAPTABLEONE,RELATIVETOCOMMERCIALSSINCEITREMAINSINTHEMOVIEREGARDLESSOFTHENATIONWHEREITIS
3、SHOWNAPPLYINGATHREEPRONGEDFRAMEWORKWHICHCONSIDEREDCOUNTRY,PRODUCTANDINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCESANDTHEIRINTERACTIVEEFFECTS,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYINDICATETHEWAYSINWHICHALLTHREEHAVEANIMPACTONTHEACCEPTABILITYOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSANDONPOTENTIALPURCHASEBEHAVIORFINALLY,IMPLICATIONSFORMANAGINGANDFURTHERRESEARCHINGPR
4、ODUCTPLACEMENTSBASEDONTHISFRAMEWORKAREDRAWNPRODUCTPLACEMENTINTHEMOVIES,ACCORDINGTOGUPTAANDGOULD1997,P37,“INVOLVESINCORPORATINGBRANDSINMOVIESINRETURNFORMONEYORFORSOMEPROMOTIONALOROTHERCONSIDERATION“SUCHPLACEMENTINCLUDINGTHATINOTHERMEDIASUCHASTELEVISIONHASALSOBEENVIEWEDASAHYBRIDOFADVERTISINGANDPUBLICI
5、TYBALASUBRAMANIAN1994RESEARCHHASINDICATEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTASANADDITIONTOTHEPROMOTIONMIXALTHOUGHTHEREREMAINSANUMBEROFCHALLENGINGISSUESCONCERNINGITTODATE,SUCHRESEARCHHASMAINLYCENTEREDONPRODUCTPLACEMENTSEFFICACYBABINANDCARDER1995,1996GUPTA,BALASUBRAMANIANANDKLASSEN2000GUPTAANDLORD1998KARR
6、H1994ONGANDMERI1994VOLLMERSANDMIZERSKI1994ANDETHICALACCEPTABILITYGUPTAANDGOULD1997NEBENZAHLANDSECUNDA1993AREVIEWOFTHESESTUDIESINDICATESAMAJORGAPINTHELITERATURETHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTWERECONDUCTEDINTHEUS,ANDTHEREHASBEENLITTLEFOCUSONITASAGLOBALPHENOMENONHOWEVER,THEGENERALGLOBALIZATIONOFMA
7、RKETINGCOMMUNICATIONS,THEINTERESTININTEGRATINGTHEMININTEGRATEDANDGLOBALLYINTEGRATEDMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONSPROGRAMSDELORME1998GREINANDGOULD1996,ANDTHEFACTTHATMANYMOVIESPLAYTOANDOFTENAREPRODUCEDFORMULTINATIONALAUDIENCESRAISETHEISSUEOFHOWCONSUMERSINOTHERCOUNTRIESPERCEIVEPRODUCTPLACEMENTSCONSIDERINGPROD
8、UCTPLACEMENTONACROSSNATIONALORCULTURALBASISISIMPORTANTFROMAMARKETINGPOINTOFVIEWINTERMSOFTHEISSUEOFSTANDARDIZATIONVERSUSADAPTATIONITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATCROSSNATIONALMEANSACROSSNATIONSWHILECROSSCULTURALMAYIMPLYOTHERDISTINCTIONSASWELL,SINCECULTURESOFTENDONOTFOLLOWNATIONALBOUNDARIESCFDAWARANDPARKER1994HERE
9、,BOTHTERMSMAYBEUSED,BUTINGENERALTHESTUDYTOBEREPORTEDWILLBEONACROSSNATIONALBASISWHILEITISNOTVERYLIKELYTHATAMOVIEWOULDHAVEMULTIPLEINTERNATIONALVERSIONSBASEDONDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFPRODUCTPLACEMENT,AMARKETERCOULDNONETHELESSMAKEADECISIONASTOHOWAGLOBALLYMARKETEDPRODUCTWOULDPLAYINALLTHECOUNTRIESWHERETHEMOVIE
10、MIGHTBEDISTRIBUTEDFROMTHISPOINTOFVIEW,THEPRODUCTPLACEMENTCAMPAIGNISONEOFSTANDARDIZATIONBYDEFAULTSTILL,ASKARRH1998APOINTSOUT,THEREAREVERYLIKELYTOBECROSSCULTURALDIFFERENCESWITHRESPECTTOATTITUDESTOWARDPRODUCTPLACEMENTWHICHSHOULDBECONSIDEREDHOWEVER,AMARKETERCANNOTCREATELOCALPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINAGLOBALMOV
11、IEASEASILYASLOCALCOMMERCIALSTHUS,ALTHOUGHMANYAMERICANMOVIESAREWIDELYEXPORTED,THEIRPRODUCTPLACEMENTSUSUALLYARENOTCULTURALLYADAPTEDTHEREFORE,THERESULTISGENERALLYEITHERSTANDARDIZATIONORNOTHINGREFLECTINGTHISCONCERNANDTHEINFLEXIBILITYOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSRELATIVETOSOMEOTHERFORMSOFPROMOTION,THISPAPERTAKESAF
12、IRSTSTEPINADDRESSINGTHERESEARCHGAPINTHEINTERNATIONALLITERATUREBYINVESTIGATINGCROSSNATIONALPERCEPTIONSOFTHEEFFICACYANDACCEPTABILITYOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSTHISSTUDYWILLALSOEXPLORETHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEGUPTAANDGOULD1997APPROACHTOPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINOTHERENVIRONMENTSACROSSCULTURALFRAMEWORKINGENERAL,CULTUREINGENE
13、RALINFORMSPRODUCTMEANINGSLARGELYTHROUGHTHEPROMOTIONALSYSTEM,ANDTHESEMEANINGSINTURNAREENGAGEDANDACTEDUPONBYTHECONSUMERMCCRACKEN1986THISAPPROACHMAYBEEXTENDEDBOTHCROSSCULTURALLYGOULD1998ANDTOPRODUCTPLACEMENTRUSSELL1998THESEIDEASSUGGESTTHATAPRODUCTSPLACEMENTINAMOVIEMAYVARYINTHEEFFECTSITHASINDIFFERENTCOU
14、NTRIESHOWEVER,BEYONDTHEGENERALIDEAOFCULTUREWHENCONSIDEREDINCROSSNATIONALORCROSSCULTURALTERMSISTHEISSUEOFCULTURALVERSUSINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCESASOUTLINEDBYDAWARANDPARKER1994ADVERTISERSINTHISREGARDMUSTMAKEDECISIONSABOUTSEGMENTATIONBASEDUPONWHETHERTHEREARECROSSNATIONALDIFFERENCESAND/ORTHEREAREWITHINNATION
15、DIFFERENCESWHICHTRANSCENDNATIONALBOUNDARIESFOREXAMPLE,CONSIDERWHETHERAMERICANANDFRENCHCONSUMERSDIFFERFROMEACHOTHERINTHEIRATTITUDESTOWARDPRODUCTPLACEMENTAND/ORWHETHERMENANDWOMENINBOTHCOUNTRIESDIFFERFROMEACHOTHERINSIMILARWAYSEG,AMERICANSCOULDHAVEMOREFAVORABLEATTITUDESTOWARDPRODUCTPLACEMENTTHANFRENCHCO
16、NSUMERS,WHILESIMILARPATTERNSOFMALEFEMALEDIFFERENCESALSOCOEXISTFORBOTHNATIONALITIESIFATTITUDESTOWARDPRODUCTPLACEMENTVARYBYNATIONALITY,THISWOULDINDICATETHEORETICALLYTHATPRODUCTMEANINGSDIFFERACROSSCOUNTRIESANDTHATTHOSEUSINGPRODUCTPLACEMENTMUSTEMPLOYVERYDIFFERENTSTRATEGIESTHANWHERETHEATTITUDESANDMEANING
17、SARESIMILARONTHEOTHERHAND,INDIVIDUALDIFFERENCESBASEDONFACTORSOTHERTHANNATIONALCULTUREMAYALSOPLAYAROLEINCONSUMERRESPONSETOPRODUCTPLACEMENTINDAWARANDPARKERS1994TERMS,THESEMAYBEREGARDEDASNONCULTURALVARIABLESWHICH,IFIMPROPERLYCONSIDERED,MIGHTBECONFOUNDEDWITHCULTURALVARIABLESINTHEPRODUCTPLACEMENTAREA,GUP
18、TAANDGOULD1997,FORINSTANCE,CONSIDEREDANUMBEROFVARIABLESOFTHISTYPE,INCLUDINGATTITUDESTOWARDPRODUCTPLACEMENTFREQUENCYOFVIEWINGMOVIES,ANDGENDERWHILETHESEINDIVIDUALVARIABLESMAYCERTAINLYBEINFLUENCEDBYORINTERACTWITHCULTURE,THEIREFFECTMAYORMAYNOTVARYONACROSSNATIONALORCROSSCULTURALBASISTHUS,ASWITHOTHERCONSU
19、MERPHENOMENA,RESPONSETOPRODUCTPLACEMENTSHOULDBEINVESTIGATEDINTERMSOFBOTHCROSSNATIONALANDINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCEVARIABLESIFCROSSNATIONALDIFFERENCESPREDOMINATE,THENTHEKEYSEGMENTATIONVARIABLEFORPRODUCTPLACEMENTWOULDBECOUNTRYORETHNICITYUNDERSUCHCONDITIONS,STANDARDIZATIONSTRATEGIESWOULDNOTWORKHOWEVER,IFINDI
20、VIDUALDIFFERENCESPREDOMINATE,THENTHESEVARIABLESWILLSERVEASTHEKEYTARGETINGSEGMENTATIONVARIABLESSTANDARDIZATIONSTRATEGIESWOULDBEMOREFEASIBLEANDTHEYWOULDAIMATMULTILOCAL,REGIONALOREVENGLOBALSEGMENTSIFBOTHTYPESOFVARIABLESIE,CROSSNATIONALANDINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCESAREFOUNDTOHAVEANEFFECTONRESPONSETOPRODUCTPLA
21、CEMENTORIFANINTERACTIONBETWEENTHESETYPESEXISTS,THENMORECOMPLEX,ADAPTATIONALSTRATEGIESWOULDBEREQUIREDALLTHESEPOSSIBLEEFFECTSWILLALSOREFLECTONTHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEGUPTAANDGOULD1997APPROACHINTERMSOFVARIABLESAPPLIEDANDLINKEDASTILLMOREINTRICATEPERSPECTIVEBLENDSINPRODUCTEFFECTSWANG1996PROVIDESACONTINGENCYAPP
22、ROACHFORGLOBALSTRATEGYDEVELOPMENTWHICHCONCERNSTHREEVARIABLESCOUNTRY,PRODUCTANDCONSUMERSEGMENTINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCESWANGSAPPROACHSUGGESTSTHATVARIOUSINTERACTIONSBETWEENANYORALLOFTHESETHREEWOULDINVOLVEAMODIFICATIONOFSTANDARDIZATIONSTRATEGIESFORINSTANCE,APRODUCTWITHCONSUMERSEGMENTINTERACTIONWOULDMEANTHAT
23、DIFFERENTSTRATEGIESMUSTBEDEVELOPEDFOREACHSEGMENT,ANDTHATPRODUCTSMAYAPPEALTOCERTAINSEGMENTSACROSSCOUNTRIES,BUTNOTOTHERSACOUNTRYWITHCONSUMERSEGMENTINTERACTION,ONTHEOTHERHAND,INDICATESTHATAPARTICULARPRODUCTAPPEALSTOMANYSEGMENTSBUTTHATRESPONSEPATTERNSVARYWITHINTHEMEG,HEAVYUSERSRESPONDDIFFERENTLYACROSSCO
24、UNTRIESAPRODUCTWITHCOUNTRYINTERACTIONSUGGESTSTHATWITHINCOUNTRYDIFFERENCESARENOTAMAJORFACTORWHILECROSSCOUNTRYDIFFERENCESAREATHREEWAYINTERACTIONWOULDLEADTOTHEFORMATIONOFNICHESTRATEGIESONTHEBASISOFTHEFOREGOING,THEREARETHREEGENERALHYPOTHESESWHICHMAYBEUSEDTOCONSTRUCTAFRAMEWORKFORPRODUCTPLACEMENTEFFECTSTH
25、ECROSSNATIONALDIFFERENCEHYPOTHESIS,THEPRODUCTDIFFERENCEHYPOTHESIS,ANDTHEINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCEHYPOTHESISHERE,THEPRODUCTDIFFERENCEHYPOTHESISISEXAMINEDBOTHINTERMSOFWITHINCATEGORYANDBRANDDIFFERENCESEG,WITHINTHECAMERACATEGORYANDBETWEENPRODUCTCATEGORYDIFFERENCESEG,CAMERAVERSUSALCOHOLIFTHEREARENOCROSSNATION
26、ALDIFFERENCES,PRODUCTAND/ORINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCES,SUCHASTHOSEFOUNDBYGUPTAANDGOULD1997INTHEUS,SHOULDBESIMILARACROSSCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,IFTHEREARECROSSCOUNTRYDIFFERENCESEG,THECROSSNATIONALDIFFERENCEHYPOTHESIS,THENITISVERYLIKELYTHATSOMEINTERACTIONSWILLBEFOUNDPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOVIESINCONSIDERINGHOWPRODUCT
27、PLACEMENTSFUNCTION,DELORMEANDCOLLEAGUESDELORME,REIDANDZIMMER1994DELORMEANDREID1999FOUNDTHATCONSUMERSCONNECTEDTHEWORLDOFTHEFILM,INCLUDINGPRODUCTPLACEMENTS,WITHTHEIRSOCIALWORLD,ASWELLASCONSUMPTIONSPECIFICASPECTSOFTHEIROWNEVERYDAYLIFERUSSELL1998THEORIZESTHATTRANSFORMATIONALANDAFFECTTRANSFERPROCESSESARE
28、ATWORKINTHEESTABLISHMENTOFLINKAGESBETWEENAMOVIEORTELEVISIONSHOWANDTHEPRODUCTPLACEDTHESEFINDINGSOFLINKAGESCOULDBEIMPORTANTFORBUYINGBEHAVIORSINCETHEDECISIONTOPURCHASEAPRODUCTISLIKELYTOBETHERESULTOFSUCHLINKAGESTHEYCOULDALSOBESIGNIFICANTINANOTHERWAYCONSUMERSWILLATTACHDIFFERENTETHICALMEANINGSTOPRODUCTPLA
29、CEMENTSINTERMSOFTHEIRACCEPTABILITY,EG,CONSUMERSCARRYTHEIRETHICALPERCEPTIONSOFMARKETINGVARIOUSPRODUCTSINTOHOWTHEYPERCEIVETHEMASPRODUCTPLACEMENTSTHUS,WHILEPRODUCTPLACEMENTISSTILLARELATIVELYNEWAREAFORSTUDY,WECONSIDERWHATRESEARCHTHEREISINTERMSOFTWOMAINBUTRELATEDANDOVERLAPPINGCATEGORIES1ITSEFFICACYAND2IT
30、SACCEPTABILITYANDPERCEIVEDETHICALSTANDINGEFFICACYOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOVIESITHASBEENSUGGESTEDTHATPRODUCTPLACEMENTSMAYBEMADEEFFECTIVETHROUGHPOSITIVEPOSITIONINGAND/ORLINKINGWITHANATTRACTIVECHARACTERKARRH1998BMCKEEANDPARDUN1998NONETHELESS,PRIORRESEARCHRESULTSREGARDINGTHEEFFICACYOFPRODUCTSPLACEDINMOVIE
31、SAREMIXEDTHEREISLITTLESUPPORTFORBRANDATTITUDECHANGERESULTINGFROMPRODUCTPLACEMENT,BUTTHEREISSOMEEVIDENCETHATPEOPLEDORECOGNIZEORRECALLBRANDSSOPROMOTEDBABINANDCARDER1995,1996GUPTAANDLORD1998KARRH1994ONGANDMERI1994VOLLMERSANDMIZERSKI1994ITISALSONOTEWORTHYTHATGUPTAANDLORD1998FOUNDTHATPROMINENTPLACEMENTSC
32、OULDPERFORMBETTERTHANTELEVISIONADVERTISINGININDUCINGRECALLHOWEVER,BASEDONTHESESTUDIESCONDUCTEDTODATE,THERESEARCHGENERALLYISBASEDONRECOGNITIONRECALLANDATTITUDEFACTORSANDDOESNOTFOCUSONPURCHASINGBEHAVIOR,ALTHOUGHMCKEEANDPARDUN1998DOLINKTREATINGTHEPRODUCTAS“HERO“TOPOSITIVESALESRESULTSINTHESTUDYTOBEREPOR
33、TEDBELOW,WEWILLMOREDIRECTLYCONSIDERPURCHASEBEHAVIORASANINDICATOROFEFFICACYACCEPTABILITYANDETHICSOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOVIESTHEACCEPTABILITYANDETHICSOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTMAYBEVIEWEDINTERMSOFTWOASPECTS1GENERALETHICALCONCERNSAND2ETHICALCONCERNSABOUTSPECIFICPRODUCTSREGARDINGTHEGENERALACCEPTABILITYANDETHICS
34、OFPRODUCTPLACEMENT,NEBENZAHLANDSECUNDA1993FOUNDTHATGENERALLYSUCHPLACEMENTWASACCEPTABLEALTHOUGHTHOSEWHOOBJECTEDTENDEDTODOSOFORETHICALREASONSFORINSTANCE,SOMECONSUMERSFELTTHATPRODUCTSPLACEDINMOVIESCOULDBEDECEPTIVEOREVENSUBLIMINALFORINSTANCE,THEYMAYBESEENAS“HIDDENBUTPAID“MESSAGESBALASUBRAMANIAN1994ONTHI
35、SBASIS,SOMEPEOPLEINTHEUSHAVEGONESOFARASTOSUGGESTTHATPRODUCTPLACEMENTSSHOULDBERESTRICTEDORBANNEDROTHENBERG1991ONTHEOTHERHAND,SPECIFICPRODUCTSHAVEBEENTARGETEDFORETHICALCONCERNWITHRESPECTTOPRODUCTPLACEMENTFOREXAMPLE,THEPLACEMENTOFCIGARETTESINMOVIESWHICHARESHOWNONTELEVISIONHAVEBEENVIEWEDASAWAYTOGETAROUN
36、DTHEBANONCIGARETTEADVERTISINGBALASUBRAMANIAN1994SUCHPLACEMENTISADDRESSEDTOACAPTIVETVAUDIENCEWHICHCANNOTORWOULDNOTWANTTOZIPTHROUGHTHISCOMMERCIALINTRUSIONSINCEITWOULDINTERFEREWITHTHEOVERALLVIEWINGEXPERIENCEMOREOVER,YOUNGPEOPLEINPARTICULARCANSEETHESEPRODUCTSUSEDEVENTHOUGHTHEYARENOTSUPPOSEDTOSEESUCHADVE
37、RTISINGINDEED,THEN,JUSTASTHEMARKETINGANDADVERTISINGOFCIGARETTES,ALONGWITHOTHERPRODUCTSSUCHASALCOHOLANDGUNS,AREVERYCONTROVERSIALBODDEWYN1993HILL1994KASKUTAS1993,PRODUCTPLACEMENT,ASWELL,WILLPROVOKESTRONGCRITICISMANDOPPOSITION出处GOULD,SGUPTA,PBSONJAGRABNERKRAUTERPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOVIEACROSSCULTURALANA
38、LYSISOFAUSTRIAN,FRENCHANDAMERICANCONSUMERSATTITUDESTOWARDTHISEMERGING,INTERNATIONALPROMOTIONALMEDIUMJJOURNALOFADVERTISING200004,PP5165二、翻译文章标题电影中的植入式广告奥地利、法国、美国消费者对这种新兴的,国际宣传媒介态度的跨文化分析译文本文讲的是尝试由古普塔和吉尔德(1997)提出的关于在电影中使用植入式广告的方法的跨文化研究。把使用植入式广告的美国数据作为一个比较点,在奥地利和法国搜集用相同的问卷调查得出的其他数据。在电影中作为一个国际媒介自由地跨越国界,植
39、入式广告也是较难适应的一种,因为相对于广告它一直存在于电影中,无论它在哪个国家放映。应用一个三管齐下考虑国家产品、个别差异和互动效应的框架,这个研究的结果说明这三种对植入式广告的接受程度和潜在的购买行为有影响。最后,在此框架基础上管理和进一步研究植入式广告的影响开始出现。根据古普塔和吉尔德(1997)的说法,电影中的植入式广告是涉及电影中的整合品牌以金钱、促销和其他代价作为回报。这种放置(包括在其他媒体,如电视)也被看作是一个混合的广告和宣传BALASUBRAMANIAN1994。研究表明了植入式广告作为一种促销组合的附加的重要性,尽管仍有大量关于它的挑战性问题。迄今为止,这样的研究主要集中于
40、植入式广告的效果BABINANDCARDER1995,1996GUPTA,BALASUBRAMANIANANDKLASSEN2000GUPTAANDLORD1998KARRH1994ONGANDMERI1994VOLLMERSANDMIZERSKI1994和合理的认同GUPTAANDGOULD1997NEBENZAHLANDSECUNDA1993。对这些研究的审查表明了文献的主要差距以往植入式广告的研究是在美国进行的,而且很少以一个全球性现象关注它。然而,一般的全球化营销传播,对在综合的、全球一体化的营销传播方案中整合它们感兴趣DELORME1998GREINANDGOULD1996,事实上,
41、许多电影展现并经常是为那些提出在其他国家的消费者如何感知植入式广告等问题的跨国公司观众而制作。基于跨国家或文化来考虑的植入式广告,作为一个鉴于标准化与适应方面问题的市场营销观点来说是很重要。(需要注意的是跨国家表示跨越国界,同时跨文化也可能意味着其他区别,因为文化往往不遵循国界CFDAWARANDPARKER1994)。在这里,两种都可能被使用,但一般情况下研究报告以跨国界为基础。虽然一部电影根据不同方式的植入式广告将有多个国际版本是不太可能的,但一个营销者仍然可以作出一个行销全球的产品如何在这部电影可能发行的所有国家销售的决定。从这一观点来看,植入式广告风潮是一种默认的标准化。如KARRH指
42、出,关于跨文化差异对应考虑的植入式广告的态度是可能的。然而,一个营销者在一部全球化的电影中创造当地的植入式广告不可能像创造当地的广告一样容易。这样,虽然许多美国电影被广泛出口,它们的植入式广告没有从文化意义上被适应。因此,结果通常要么标准化,要么什么都不做。反映这一问题和缺乏灵活性的植入式广告涉及一些其他形式的推广,本文跨出了第一步,通过对植入式广告有效性和可接受性的跨国家看法的调查来解决在国际文献上的研究空白。这项研究也将探讨GUPTAANDGOULD1997关于其他环境中的植入式广告方法的稳健性。一个跨文化的框架一般情况下,文化通常在很大程度上通过宣传系统来告知产品的意义,这些意义反过来被
43、消费者用于从事和采取行动MCCRACKEN1986。这种方法可以延长跨文化和植入式广告。这些意思表明,在一部电影中的一个植入式广告在不同的国家也许会变化出不同的效果。然而,当考虑跨国界或跨文化方面时,超越文化的总体思路是文化和个体差异的问题,如同DAWAR和PARKER概述的。广告商在这方面必须作出决定,关于在是否有跨国界的差异和跨越国界的在国差异基础上的分割。例如,考虑是否美国和法国的消费者在对植入式广告的态度上是各不相同的,和这两个国家的男人和女人在相似方面是各不相同的。(举例当类似的男女差异的模式也在这两个民族中共存时,美国消费者比法国消费者对植入式广告有更多好的看法。)如果民族对植入式
44、广告的态度发生改变,从理论上说明植入式广告跨越了不同的国家,而且那些使用植入式广告的在看法和意义相同的地方更要采取不同的策略。另一方面,个体差异以除民族文化以外的因素也可能在消费者对植入式广告的反应方面发挥作用为依据。在DAWAR和PARKERS1994的文章中,这些可能被视为非文化的变量,如果考虑不当,可能被混淆于文化变量。在植入式广告领域,例如GUPTA和GOULD1997考虑这种类型的许多变量,包括对植入式广告的看法,看电影的频率和性别。当这些个体的变量也许无疑地被影响或与文化相互作用时,它们的效果可能或者不可能在一个跨国界或跨文化的基础上变化。这样,正如其他消费现象,针对植入式广告主要
45、从跨国界和个体差异变量这两个方面进行调查。如果跨国界差异占主导地位,植入式广告的主要细分变量就是国家或者种族。在这种情况下,标准化战略是行不通的。然而,如果个体差异占主导地位,那么这些变量将会作为主要目标群体细分变量。标准化战略会比较可行,而且着眼于更多地方如部分地区甚至全球。如果这两种变量被发现对植入式广告的反应有影响,或者如果这些变量存在互相作用,那么更复杂,适应性战略将会被需要。所有这些可能的影响将会反映在GUPTA和GOULD1997着手处理的变量的应用和链接方面的研究中。一个更加复杂的观点融合在产品的影响中。WANG1996为关注的三个变量国家、产品和消费市场(个体差异)的全球化战略
46、提供了一个应急方法。WANG的方法意味着一些或者所有这三个之间的相互作用将会涉及标准化战略的修改。例如,一个产品与消费市场的互动意味着必须为每个细分市场制定不同的策略,而且产品可能呼吁跨越国家的某些部分,但不是其他。另一方面,一个国家与消费市场的互动表明一个特定产品需要很多市场,但反应模式在它们中变化(例如,众多用户在不同国家有不同反应)。一个产品与国家的互动意味着国家内部的差异不是一个重要因素,但跨国界的差异却是的。三方的互动会导致利基战略的形成。在上述基础上,有三个通常被用来为植入式广告效果构建一个框架的假说跨国界差异假说、产品差异假说、个体差异假说。在这里,产品差异假说在类别、产品差异(
47、例如,相机的类别方面)和产品类别之间的差异(例如,相机和酒精)方面被检查。如果没有跨国界差异、产品和个体差异,正如那些被GUPTA和GOULD1997在美国发现的就会相似地跨越国界。然而,如果有跨国界差异(例如,跨国界差异假说),那么一些相互作用就有可能被发现。电影中的植入式广告在考虑植入式广告的功能如何时,DELORME和COLLEAGUESDELORME,REID和ZIMMER1994DELORME和REID1999发现消费者把全世界的电影联系起来,包括植入式广告和他们的社会世界,也包括他们自己日常生活消费的具体方面。RUSSELL1998推论,转型和影响的转移过程是在一部电影或电视节目和
48、产品摆放之间的联系的建立上起作用。这些所发现的联系对购买行为是很重要的,因为购买产品的决定有可能是这种联系的结果。他们也可能在另一方面很重要消费者连接他们可接受程度方面的植入式广告的不同伦理意义。例如,消费者拥有他们如何像植入式广告那样感知产品来营销各类产品的道德观念。这样,植入式广告是一个比较新的研究领域,我们考虑研究两个主要但相关重叠类别的方面(1)它的功效,(2)它的可接受性和知觉伦理地位。电影中的植入式广告的功效有人表明植入式广告可能通过积极定位和与一个有吸引力的字符相连接来创造功效KARRH1998BMCKEE和PARDUN1998。尽管如此,以前的研究结果对于电影中的植入式广告的功
49、效是混杂的。几乎没有支持品牌态度转变造成植入式广告的,但有一些提升人们认识或回忆品牌的证据BABIN和CARDER1995,1996GUPTA和LORD1998KARRH1994ONG和MERI1994VOLLMERS和MIZERSKI1994。同时值得注意的是GUPTA和LORD1998发现突出的展示位置比电视广告更好地诱导回忆。但是,根据迄今开展的研究,调查一般是基于识别回忆、态度因素和不注重购买行为,尽管MCKEE和PARDUN1998把产品当做“英雄”来连接积极的销售成果。这项研究表明如下,作为一个功效指标,我们将会更直接地考虑购买行为。电影中的植入式广告的可接受性和伦理植入式广告的可接受性和伦理可能从两个问题上被考虑(1)一般的伦理问题,(2)特定产品伦理问题。关于一般的植入式广告的可接受性和伦理,NEBENZAHL和SECUNDA1993发现一般情况下这样的放置是可接受的,尽管那些人反对这么做是因为伦理原因。例如,一些消费者感觉产品放到电影中会存在欺骗性甚至是潜意识。例如,它们可能被看做“隐藏但支付”的信息。在这基础上,到目前为止一些美国的人民还建议植入式广告应该被限制或禁止。另一方面,特定产品以对植入式广告的伦理关怀与尊重为目标。例如,被电视放映的电影中香烟的摆放被视为避开香烟广告禁令的一种方法BALASUBRAMANIAN1994。如此摆放是不能