1、标题PRODUCTPLACEMENTINMOVIESAPRELIMINARYTESTOFANARGUMENTFORINVOLVEMENT原文AMODELISPROPOSEDTOBEGINTOEXPLAINTHEROLETHATVIEWERINVOLVEMENTWITHAMOVIESCENEFEATUREAPRODUCTPLACEMENTHASONTHEIMPACTOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSTHISSTUDYISAPRELIMINARYTESTOFTHEDIFFERENCESINBRANDRECOGNITIONANDRECALLFORPRODUCTSINEITHERHIGHORLOW
2、INVOLVEMENTMOVIESCENESTHEEXPERIMENTTESTSFOUREXISTINGMOTIONPICTURESWITHPRODUCTPLACEMENTSANDSHOWSAPATTERNALBEITSTATISTICALLYINSIGNIFICANTOFENHANCEDCOGNITIVEEFFECTSRECALLANDRECOGNITIONINMOREINVOLVINGMOVIESCENESIMPLICATIONSAREPROVIDEDFORFUTURERESEARCHTOFURTHERTESTTHEPROPOSEDMODELINTRODUCTIONMARKETERSTOD
3、AYARESPENDINGMILLIONSOFDOLLARSFORPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOTIONPICTURESAFTERTHETREMENDOUSSUCCESSLINKEDTOTHEDROPPINGOFREESESPIECESCANDIESTOLEADANALIENOUTOFTHEWOODSINTHEMOVIEETTHEEXTRATERRESTRIALMOREANDMORECOMPANIESTRYTOFINDMORECREATIVEANDUNCLUTTEREDWAYSTOEXPOSECONSUMERSTOPRODUCTSPRODUCTPLACEMENTSRANGEFROM
4、SUBTLEBACKGROUNDAPPEARANCESTOTHEDOMINANTROLE105MINUTESOFTOTALEXPOSURETIMEOFAWILSONVOLLEYBALLWASHEDASHOREINAFEDERALEXPRESSPACKAGEAFTERAPLANECRASHLEAVESACTORTOMHANKSASTHEONLYSURVIVORONADESERTEDISLANDINTHEMOVIECASTAWAYMAYNARDANDSCALA,2002PREVIOUSRESEARCHHASLOOKEDATMOVIEGOERSOPINIONSABOUTPRODUCTPLACEMEN
5、TGUPTAANDGOULD1997DELORMEANDREID1999,THEETHICALNATUREOFUSINGMOVIESFORPRODUCTPITCHESGUPTA,ETAL2000,THEFREQUENCYANDTYPEOFBRANDEXPOSUREINMOVIESKARRH,1994ANDTHEEFFECTSONVIEWERSOFDIFFERENTTYPESOFEXPOSURESDASTOUSANDCHARTIER2000GUPTAANDLORD1998BRENNANANDBABIN2004SABHERWAL,POKRYWCZYNSKIANDGRIFFIN1994THISLAT
6、TERRESEARCHONPLACEMENTEFFECTIVENESSISTHEFOCUSOFTHECURRENTRESEARCHTHEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEOFTHISRESEARCHISTOBEGINTOEXAMINETHEDIFFERENTIALIMPACTOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINMOVIESDEPENDINGONTHECONTEXTINWHICHTHEPLACEMENTISSEENMULTIPLEMOVIEPRODUCTPLACEMENTSARETESTED,ADISTINCTIONFROMEARLIERRESEARCHSINCEPREVIOUSRESEAR
7、CHHASSHOWNTHATPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINCLUDINGBOTHVISUALANDVERBALDISPLAYSOFTHEPRODUCTHAVETHEMOSTIMPACTONRECALLANDBRANDATTITUDES,FOLLOWEDBYVERBALONLYANDFINALLYVISUALONLYAPPEARANCES,THERESREASONTOBELIEVEOTHERVARIABLESRELATEDTOINFORMATIONPROCESSINGMAYALSOAFFECTIMPACTTHEVARIABLEOFFOCUSHEREISVIEWERINVOLVEMENTW
8、ITHTHESCENEFEATURINGTHEPLACEMENTABROADERIMPLICATIONOFTHEFINDINGSOFTHISSTUDYMAYBETOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHEROLECONTEXTPLAYSINALLTYPESOFCOMMUNICATIONFORMSLETTERS,SPEECHES,PHONECALLSORFACETOFACELITERATUREREVIEWALTHOUGHDEFINITIONSOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTDIFFERSLIGHTLYACROSSTHELITERATURE,AGENERALLYACCEPTEDONEFROMKA
9、RRH1994SAYS“APAIDINCLUSIONOFBRANDEDPRODUCTSORBRANDIDENTIFIERS,THROUGHAUDIOAND/ORVISUALMEANSWITHINMASSMEDIAPROGRAMMING,“ISMOSTCOMPREHENSIVEANDISUSEDFORTHISSTUDYRESEARCHHASGENERALLYFOUNDPRODUCTPLACEMENTSTOBEACCEPTABLETOVIEWERSPLACEMENTSARESEENASADDINGREALISMTOSCENE,AREPREFERREDTOFICTITIOUSBRANDSANDARE
10、UNDERSTOODTOBEMOREANDMOREANECESSARYCOMPONENTTOCOSTCONTAINMENTINTHEMAKINGOFPROGRAMSANDMOVIESDELORMEANDREID1999GUPTAANDGOULD1997PRODUCTPLACEMENTEFFECTSONVIEWERSHAVEBEENEXAMINEDMOSTLYWITHAFOCUSONBRANDRECALLANDRECOGNITIONKARRH1994FOUNDTHATVIEWERSCOULDCORRECTLYRECOGNIZEANDRECALLPLACEDBRANDSINMOVIES,USING
11、AIDEDRECALLMEASURESGUPTAANDLORD1998SHOWEDBRANDSPLACEDPROMINENTLYINAMOVIESCENEENJOYEDHIGHERBRANDRECALLTHANTHOSETHATWERENOTPLACEMENTSTHATCOMBINEDVERBALANDVISUALBRANDREFERENCESWEREBETTERRECALLEDTHANPLACEMENTSTHATENJOYEDONEORTHEOTHERINMOVIESCENESSABHERWAL,ETAL,1994ALTHOUGHMOSTOFTHESESTUDIESESTABLISHACOG
12、NITIVEEFFECTOFMOVIEPRODUCTPLACEMENTS,BRANDRECALLISOFTENNOHIGHERTHAN30PERCENTANDMOSTSTUDIESMAKENOCOMPARISONSAMONGMOVIES,CHOOSINGTOTESTJUSTONEMOVIEANDMANIPULATINGOTHERVARIABLESRELATEDTOTHEPLACEMENTFEWSTUDIESEXAMINEPRODUCTPLACEMENTINFLUENCESONATTITUDESTOWARDAPRODUCTORBRANDWHENTHEYDO,EG,KARRH1994,NODIFF
13、ERENCESAREFOUNDINVIEWERSATTITUDESTOWARDTHEBRANDDOESTHISMEANPRODUCTPLACEMENTSAREINCAPABLEOFINFLUENCINGBRANDATTITUDESORISTHEMEASUREMENTOFATTITUDINALEFFECTSTOBLAMEMAYBEITSTHETESTINGCONDITIONSUSEDINTHESESTUDIESSOMEQUESTIONIFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSARETOOSUBTLETOHAVEANYEFFECTONCONSUMERSANDRIASOVAANDWAGNER2004TH
14、ISSTUDYFOCUSEDONPRODUCTRELATEDSTRENGTHSOFASSOCIATIONWITHTHECHARACTERSINVOLVEDINUSINGTHEPRODUCTONSCREENRATHERTHANENHANCINGBRANDATTITUDESORBRANDAWARENESSDIRECTLY,APRODUCTPLACEDINWAYSTHATVIEWERSPERCEIVEFITWITHTHECHARACTERUSINGTHEMWILLGAINANENHANCEDASSOCIATIONEVERYTIMECONSUMERSTHINKOFTHATCHARACTERINADDI
15、TION,ANDRIASOVAANDWAGNER2004FOUNDALINKBETWEENVIEWERINVOLVEMENTINTHEPROGRAMANDPRODUCTRELATEDASSOCIATIONSUNFORTUNATELY,ONLYONEPRODUCTCHARACTERASSOCIATIONWASTESTEDINTHISSTUDY,PROVIDINGNOCOMPARISONDATAASOPPOSEDTOTHATPROVIDEDBYTHEPRESENTSTUDYSIXVARIABLESOFPRODUCTPLACEMENTHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDASPLAYINGAROLEI
16、NTHEPOTENTIALIMPACTFORSPONSORSFISHERANDWAGNER2004,ANDTHREEOFTHOSEAREREPRESENTEDBYTHECONCEPTOFINVOLVEMENTCONTENTCHARACTERISTICS,WHICHINCLUDEMOVIEGENREANDMOODOFTHESCENEAREIMPORTANTINPRODUCTPLACEMENTDECISIONSANDCONTRIBUTETOVIEWERSINVOLVEMENTWITHTHEMOVIESUSPENSETHRILLERSANDACTIONADVENTURES,WHICHTENDTOEN
17、GAGEVIEWERSBOTHCOGNITIVELYANDEMOTIONALLY,HAVECONSISTENTLYBEENCLASSIFIEDASHIGHINVOLVEMENTCONTENTEG,KENNEDY1971PARKANDMCCLUNG1986WHILECOMEDIESANDMUSICALSAREIDENTIFIEDASLESSINVOLVINGEG,BRYANTANDCOMISKY1978CHARACTERSAREASECONDCOMPONENTIMPORTANTTOPRODUCTPLACEMENTASWELLASVIEWERINVOLVEMENTASSOCIATIONWITHPO
18、PULARACTORS,SUCHASTOMCRUISEWEARINGRAYBANSUNGLASSESINRISKYBUSINESS,MAKESAPRODUCTMOREATTRACTIVEANDMOVIESMOREENGAGINGFORMANYVIEWERSOFCOURSETHEROLETHECHARACTERPLAYSINTHEMOVIEANDTHESUBSEQUENTROLETHEPRODUCTGETSALSOHAVEANINFLUENCEONPRODUCTPLACEMENTEFFECTIVENESSANDVIEWERINVOLVEMENTFOREXAMPLE,INITALIANJOB,TH
19、EMINICOOPERAUTOISACHARACTERITSELFASITSHOWSUPINNUMEROUSSCENESTHROUGHOUTTHEMOVIEANDPROVIDESTHENIMBLEHANDLINGTOALLOWTHEMAINCHARACTERSTOSAFELYNAVIGATETHROUGHNUMEROUSDANGERSFINALLYPROCESSINGOPPORTUNITIES,SUCHASHOWPROMINENTTHEPRODUCTISDEPICTEDINTHEPLACEMENT,WHETHERSHOWNVISUALLYORMENTIONEDORBOTH,ALONGWITHT
20、HERELEVANCEOFTHEPRODUCTTOTHESCENE,IMPACTPLACEMENTOUTCOMESRUSSELL2002CALLEDTHEM“PLOTCONNECTIONS“AND“MODALITY,“ANDINANEXPERIMENTTESTEDTHEMAINANDINTERACTIVEEFFECTSMEASURINGBOTHBRANDRECOGNITIONANDATTITUDECHANGESHEFOUNDGREATERBRANDRECOGNITIONFORVISUALLYDOMINANTPLACEMENTS,BUTGREATERATTITUDECHANGEINBACKGRO
21、UNDVISUALPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINVOLVEMENTWASNOTCONSIDEREDINTHISSTUDYTHEORYTHISPRESENTSTUDYFOCUSESONTHEVARIABLEOFVIEWERINVOLVEMENTWITHDIFFERENTSCENESINTHEMOVIEANDTHEACCOMPANYINGEFFECTSITHASONCONSUMERREACTIONSTOPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINHIGHVERSUSLOWINVOLVEMENTSCENESALTHOUGHVIEWERINVOLVEMENTHASNOTBEENWIDELYAPPLI
22、EDTOCINEMA,ITHASRECEIVEDATTENTIONWHENAPPLIEDTOTELEVISIONTHEFOCUSINTHISRESEARCHHASBEENHOWVIEWERINVOLVEMENTWITHPROGRAMSAFFECTSTHEADVERTISINGPLACEDDURINGTHEAIRINGOFSUCHPROGRAMSKENNEDY1971BRYANTANDCOMISKY1978LLOYDANDCLANCY1991PARKANDMCCLUNG1986MOSTOFTHESTUDIESTHATTESTEDADVERTISINGRECALLINHIGHANDLOWINVOL
23、VEMENTPROGRAMSHAVEGENERALLYFOUNDACONTRASTINGEFFECTBETWEENINVOLVEMENTANDADEFFECTIVENESSKENNEDY1971TESTEDTHESAMEADINASUSPENSETHRILLERHIGHINVOLVINGANDASITUATIONCOMEDYLOWINVOLVINGANDCONCLUDEDTHEPOORERADRECALLDURINGTHESUSPENSETHRILLERWASCAUSEDBYVIEWERSANNOYANCEATTHEINTERRUPTIONSINTHEIRDRIVEFORSTORYLINECL
24、OSURELLOYDANDCLANCY1991TESTEDADRECALLINAWAITINGROOMSHOWINGTWODIFFERENTPROGRAMSANDALSOFAILEDTOFINDHIGHLYINVOLVINGPROGRAMSLINKEDTOBETTERADPERFORMANCESIMILARRESULTSWEREFOUNDBYBRYANTANDCOMISKY1978,ALTHOUGHTHEYSUGGESTTHATTHEINCREASEDENJOYMENTEXPERIENCEDBYHIGHLYINVOLVINGPROGRAMSMAYRUBOFFONCOMMERCIALSANDAT
25、TITUDESTOWARDTHEBRANDSFEATUREDINTHEMPARKANDMCCLUNG1986MEASUREDCOMMERCIALINVOLVEMENTRATHERTHANRECALLORBRANDATTITUDESANDALSODISTINGUISHEDBETWEENCOGNITIVEANDAFFECTIVEPROGRAMINVOLVEMENTTHEIRRESULTSMIRROREDTHECONTRASTEFFECTSFOUNDINTHESTUDIESDESCRIBEDABOVEFORCOGNITIVELYINVOLVINGPROGRAMS,BUTENHANCEDADINVOL
26、VEMENTWASFOUNDFORAFFECTIVELYINVOLVINGPROGRAMMINGTHISSUGGESTSTHATLOOKINGATMULTIPLEDIMENSIONSOFVIEWERINVOLVEMENTISIMPORTANTCHO2003TESTEDTHEEFFECTSOFDIFFERENTLEVELSOFPRODUCTINVOLVEMENTINTHEACTOFCLICKINGINTERNETBANNERADSALTHOUGHCHOFOUNDBANNERADSWEREMORELIKELYTOBEACCESSEDFORMOREINVOLVINGPRODUCTS,WHENPERI
27、PHERALCUES,SUCHASADSIZEANDANIMATION,WERECONSIDERED,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINVOLVEMENTANDCLICKINGBECAMEUNCLEARANOTHERBYPRODUCTOFTHISSTUDYWASANATTEMPTTOMODELTHEROLEOFINVOLVEMENTANDCENTRAL/PERIPHERALPROCESSINGINMITIGATINGINTERNETSURFINGBEHAVIORTHISMODELWASADAPTEDTOAPPLYTOMOVIEPRODUCTPLACEMENTFORTHEPRESE
28、NTSTUDYITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATTHECONTRASTEFFECTGENERALLYFOUNDBETWEENTELEVISIONPROGRAMINVOLVEMENTANDADPERFORMANCEMAYNOTBEAPPLICABLETOPRODUCTPLACEMENTINMOVIESTELEVISIONCOMMERCIALSARECLEARLYADISTINCTMESSAGEFORMCOMPAREDTOTELEVISIONPROGRAMS,INTRODUCINGTHEEFFECTSOFINTERRUPTIONS,DRIVEFORCLOSUREANDOTHEREFFE
29、CTSNOTPARTOFTHEMOVIEPRODUCTPLACEMENTEXPERIENCEGIVENTHEGENERALLYACCEPTEDNOTIONOFLIMITEDCAPACITYOFTHEHUMANINFORMATIONPROCESSINGSYSTEMPETTYANDCACIOPPO1983,COMBININGTELEVISIONPROGRAMPROCESSINGANDCOMMERCIALSTOGETHERMAYOVERLOADTHESYSTEM,PROVIDINGACONCEPTUALEXPLANATIONFORTHEEMPIRICALFINDINGSOFMOSTTELEVISIO
30、NVIEWINGINVOLVEMENTRESEARCHHOWEVER,INMOSTMOVIEPRODUCTPLACEMENTSITUATIONS,THEPRODUCTSARESEAMLESSLYMERGEDINTOTHEMESSAGEBEINGDELIVEREDBYTHEMOVIEPROCESSINGPRODUCTPLACEMENTSBECOMESPARTOFPROCESSINGTHEMOVIECONTENTHENCE,PETTYANDCACIOPPOSWELLESTABLISHEDELABORATIONLIKELIHOODMODEL1983ONINFORMATIONPROCESSINGWOU
31、LDSUGGESTTHATPRODUCTSPLACEDINMOREHIGHLYINVOLVINGSCENESSHOULDPRODUCEMOREELABORATECOGNITIVEPROCESSING,INCREASINGTHECHANCESTHATBRANDAWARENESSANDKNOWLEDGEWOULDBEPROCESSEDCOMPAREDTOPRODUCTSINLESSINVOLVINGSCENESINTURN,MOREHIGHLYINVOLVINGSCENES/PLACEMENTSAREPREDICTEDTOLEADTODIFFERENTATTITUDEOUTCOMES,WITHMO
32、REENDURINGBRANDATTITUDESOCCURRINGINHIGHINVOLVEMENTCONDITIONSTHANINLOWERINVOLVEMENTONESALTHOUGHBRANDSCANSTILLBEENHANCEDINLOWINVOLVEMENTCONDITIONSBECAUSEPROCESSINGISSTILLOCCURRING,ALBEITAPERIPHERALTYPE,THEEFFECTISMORELIKELYTOBESHORTTERMTHELENGTHOFTHISENHANCEMENTCOULDBEASSHORTASTHEENDOFTHEMOVIE,ORASLON
33、GASTHENEXTPURCHASEDECISIONHOWEVER,LENGTHOFTERMISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISMODELGIVENTHISSTUDYISAPRELIMINARYSTEPINTHEPROCESSOFUNDERSTANDINGMOVIEVIEWINGINVOLVEMENTANDITSEFFECTSONPRODUCTPLACEMENTIMPACT,THEFOLLOWINGHYPOTHESESWEREPOSITEDH1VIEWERSEXPERIENCINGHIGHINVOLVEMENTMOVIESCENESAREMORELIKELYTORECALLAPROMI
34、NENT,ONSETPRODUCTPLACEDINAMOVIESCENETHANVIEWERSOFLESSINVOLVINGMOVIESCENESH2VIEWERSEXPERIENCINGHIGHINVOLVEMENTMOVIESCENESAREMORELIKELYTORECALLAGREATERNUMBEROFPRODUCTPLACEMENTSINAMOVIESCENETHANVIEWERSOFLESSINVOLVINGMOVIESCENESTHENUMBEROFBRANDSEXPOSEDTOTHEVIEWERMUSTBEACCOUNTEDFORINTHISASSESSMENTCONCLUS
35、IONSDELORME和REID1999,把电影用于产品投放的伦理性GUPTA,ETAL2000,展示在电影中的品牌频率和类型KARRH,1994,对不同类型风险的观众的影响DASTOUS和DCHARTIER2000GUPTA和LORD1998BRENNAN和BABIN2004SABHERWAL,POKRYWCZYNSKI和GRIFFIN1994。对摆放成效的后来研究是当前研究的重点。本研究的主要目标是为了根据摆放明显的关系来查验电影中的植入式广告的不同影响。多个电影植入式广告被测验,与早期研究有所区别。因为以往的研究显示,包括产品视觉和语言显示的植入式广告对回忆和品牌态度有最大的影响力,其次
36、只有视觉,最后只有语言显示,有理由相信与信息处理相关的其他变数也可能影响这个影响力。这里重点的变数是观众参与现场展示放置。这个研究发现的更广泛含义可能是为了更好理解在所有类型通讯方式中扮演的角色的作用字、语言、电话或面对面。文献回顾尽管植入式广告的定义在文献略有不同,一般接受KARRH1994的说法“品牌产品或品牌标识的一个付费纳入,通过音频或在大众传媒节目中的可视化方法。”是最全面的,并用于这篇研究。研究通常发现植入式广告被观众接受。放置被看作在场景中加入现实,更被虚构品牌所喜欢,被认为是制作节目和电影的成本花费的一个必要组成DELORME和REID1999GUPTA和GOULD1997。植
37、入式广告对观众的影响主要以品牌回忆和识别为重点来研究。KARRH1994发现采用增加回忆的方式,观众能正确认识和回忆被放置在电影中的品牌。GUPTA和LORD1998指出品牌被突出放置在一部电影的场景中,享有比那些没放在突出位置的品牌更高的品牌回忆。结合语言和视觉的品牌参考的摆放比在电影场景中的摆放拥有更好回忆。SABHERWAL,ETAL,1994尽管大多数的研究建立一个电影植入式广告的认知效果,品牌回忆经常不高于30,而且大多数研究没有在一些电影中作任何比较,只选择一部电影测试和操纵关于摆放的其他变量。几乎没有研究查验植入式广告对一个产品和品牌态度的影响。当他们研究时EG,KARRH199
38、4,在观众对品牌的态度中没有发现差异。这是否意味着植入式广告不能影响品牌态度或者归咎于态度影响的测量也许是被用于这些研究的测试条件有一些人质疑是否植入式广告太微妙,以至于对消费者产生影响ANDRIASOVA和WAGNER2004。这项研究集中于把产品和在银幕上使用产品的字符组合的优势联系起来。一个产品用观众认为适合特性的,使用时会在每次消费者想起那个特性时产生联想的方法来放置,而不是直接地提高品牌知名度或品牌意识。此外,ANDRIASOVA和WAGNER2004发现了介入节目的观众和与组合有关的产品之间的一个联系。不幸的是,只有一个产品特性的关联在这个研究中被测试,提供没有比较的数据来反对目前
39、研究提供的数据。植入式广告的六个变量已经被确定为在赞助商的潜在影响中起作用FISHER和WAGNER2004,而且其中的三个变量被介入的概念所代表。包含电影类型和现场气氛的特色内容对植入式广告决定是重要的,而且有助于观众对电影的介入。倾向于从认知和情感来吸引观众的悬疑惊悚片和动作冒险片一直以高介入内容被分类EG,KENNEDY1971PARK和MCCLUNG1986,然而喜剧和音乐剧被确定为很少介入的内容EG,BRYANT和COMISKY1978。特性是植入式广告和观众参与的第二个重要组成部分。由流行演员组成的组合,例如对观众而言,在电影乖仔也疯狂中带着雷朋太阳眼镜的汤姆克鲁斯使产品更具吸引力
40、,电影更动人。当然,在电影中表现的角色性格和产品得到的随后角色也对植入式广告的成效和观众介入有影响。例如在ITALIANJOB中,MINICOOPER汽车在整部电影的众多场景中显示了一个它自己的特性,提供允许通过大量危险达到安全驾驶的主要特性的灵活处理。最后处理机会,例如突出的产品如何在放置上被描述,随着产品相关的场景是否被直接展示或被提到或两者都有,都会影响放置的结果。RUSSELL2002称它们为“情节连接”和“形态”,在一个用来测试测量品牌认知度和态度变化的主要、相互作用的效果的实验。她发现了视觉上占主导地位的放置的更高品牌认知度,但是更多对背景视觉植入式广告的态度发生改变。这事没在这次
41、研究中被考虑。理论目前的研究集中于观众在电影不同场景中的介入和消费者反应对在高与低的介入场景中的植入式广告的伴随效果。尽管观众介入不是广泛适用于电影院,但适用于电视时受到关注。本次研究的重点是观众介入的节目如何影响被放置于这些节目播出时的广告KENNEDY1971BRYANT和COMISKY1978LLOYD和CLANCY1991PARK和MCCLUNG1986。大多数测试在高和低的介入节目中的广告回忆的研究,一般发现参与和广告成效之间的对比效果。KENNEDY1971在一部悬疑惊悚片(高介入)和一部情景喜剧(低介入)中试验相同的广告,推论出更少的广告被回忆当悬疑惊悚片引起观众故事线被中断的烦
42、恼。LLOYD和CLANCY1991在一间等待室里展示两种不同的节目来测试广告回忆,失败于去发现与更好的广告效果相联系的高介入节目。相似的结果被BRYANTAN和DCOMISKY1978发现,尽管他们提出被高介入节目体验的增加享受可能会在广告上擦掉,而对品牌的态度会在它们中出现。PARK和MCCLUNG1986测量商业介入而不是回忆或品牌态度,也区分认知和情感节目参与。他们的结果反应了在描述以上认知的涉及节目研究中发现的对比效果,但增强广告参与是为情感地介入节目而被发现。这表明着眼于多层面的观众参与是很重要的。CHO2003测试不同类型的介入点击互联网横幅广告行为的产品影响。尽管CHO发现横幅
43、广告更有可能被越来越多的介入产品访问,当周边线索,例如广告大小和动画被考虑时,介入和点击之间的关系变得不明显。本研究的另一个副产品是为了模拟介入和中间或周边对减轻上网行为的处理的作用。这一模型被当前的研究适用于电影植入式广告。重要的是要注意,一般在电视节目介入和广告效果之间被发现的对比效果可能不适用于电影中的植入式广告。电视广告与电视节目相比明显是一个截然不同的信息形式,介绍中断的影响,为结束和其他不属于电影植入式广告经验的影响驱动。提供通常接受限制人类信息处理系统能力的概念PETTY和CACIOPPO1983,把电视节目处理和广告结合在一起可能会超载系统,为大多数电视观众参与研究的实证调查结
44、果提供概念解释。然而,在大多数电影植入式广告情况下,产品无缝并入被电影传递的信息。处理植入式广告变成处理电影内容的一部分。HENCE,PETTY和CACIOPPOS在信息处理上良好地建立ELABORATIONLIKELIHOODMODEL1983显示在越来越多的高介入场景中放置的产品必须产生更加复杂的认知过程,增加品牌意识和知识处理与低介入场景中的产品比较的机会。反过来,越来越多的高介入场景/摆放被预测导致不同的态度结果,随着在高介入条件中发生的比在低涉入条件中发生的更多持久品牌态度。尽管品牌仍能在低介入条件中提高,因为进程仍在发生,尽管是一个周边类型,效果更可能是短期的。这个增强的长度能像电
45、影结尾一样短,或像未来的购买决策一样长。然而,任期的长度取决于这个模型的范围。提出的这个研究是理解电影观察参与过程和植入式广告成效的影响的第一步,下面的假说被断定假说1观众经历高介入植入式广告场景比几乎没有介入电影场景更有可能回忆一个在电影场景中放置的集合产品的突出点。假说2观众经历高介入植入式广告场景比几乎没有介入电影场景更有可能回忆在电影场景中更多的植入式广告。暴露给观众的品牌数量必须被本评估认定。结论和讨论本研究的结果显示考虑介入的类型,观众的介入能随着不同的电影而变化。在三分之二的参与措施中,一部电影CASTAWAY预测更多的介入,一部几乎没有观众介入的电影YOUVEGOTMAIL确实
46、发表了。CASTAWAY这段描绘对生存绝望的性格,作为经历成功的人物抓住场景。在另一个极端,YOUVEGOTMAIL是一种轻松愉快的心情,平静的段落撒上喜剧是为后来两个主角证明挑战的相遇设置情景。另外两部电影测试显示倾向作为预测被分类。无独有偶,这两种可能为缺乏必须对这些电影进行分类统计的变异做出贡献的条件有20或更少的样本量。这个对情感介入观赏措施的反向测试(尽管微不足道)显示评估介入建设的多种维度的重要性。介入是一个复杂的构造,一项研究尚未产生清晰地认识。然而,只因为一个复杂的构造不意味着研究人员必须回避调查。电影观看的应用和植入式广告成效的影响暗示着本研究的结果,尽管仍不清楚。出处POKRYWCZYNSKI,JAMESPRODUCTPLACEMENTINMOVIESAPRELIMINARYTESTOFANARGUMENTFORINVOLVEMENTJAMERICANACADEMYOFADVERTISINGCONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS200501,PP3753