1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目企业绿色产品的消费者行为分析一、外文原文标题ENVIRONMENTALSEGMENTATIONALTERNATIVESALOOKATGREENCONSUMERBEHAVIORINTHENEWMILLENNIUM原文DEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSANUMBEROFPASTSTUDIESHAVEMADEATTEMPTSTOIDENTIFYDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESTHATCORRELATEWITHECOLOGICALLYCONSCIOUSATTITUDESAND/ORCONSUMPTIONSUCHVARIABLES,IFSIGNIFI
2、CANT,OFFEREASYANDEFFICIENTWAYSFORMARKETERSTOSEGMENTTHEMARKETANDCAPITALIZEONGREENATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORAGEGOINGBACKTOTHEEARLYSTUDIESOFECOLOGYANDGREENMARKETING,AGEHASBEENEXPLOREDBYANUMBEROFRESEARCHERSEGAAKERANDBAGOZZI,1982ANDERSONANDCUNNINGHAM,1972ANDERSONETAL,1974HUMEETAL,1989KINNEARETAL,1974LEONARDBAR
3、TON,1981MCEVOY,1972MURPHYETAL,1978ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTSANDBACON,1997ROPER,19901992SAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989TOGNACCIETAL,1972VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981ZIMMERETAL,1994THEGENERALBELIEFISTHATYOUNGERINDIVIDUALSARELIKELYTOBEMORESENSITIVETOENVIRONMENTALISSUESTHEREAREANUMBEROFTHEORIESOFFEREDINSUPPORTOFTHISBEL
4、IEF,BUTTHEMOSTCOMMONARGUMENTISTHATTHOSEWHOHAVEGROWNUPINATIMEPERIODINWHICHENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSHAVEBEENASALIENTISSUEATSOMELEVEL,AREMORELIKELYTOBESENSITIVETOTHESEISSUESASWITHMANYOFTHEDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLES,HOWEVER,THEFINDINGSHAVEBEENSOMEWHATEQUIVOCALSOMEOFTHERESEARCHERSTOEXPLOREAGEASACORRELATETOGREENATT
5、ITUDESANDBEHAVIORHAVEFOUNDNONSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPSEGKINNEARETAL,1974MCEVOY,1972ROPER,19901992OTHERSHAVEFOUNDTHERELATIONSHIPTOBESIGNIFICANTANDNEGATIVELYCORRELATEDWITHENVIRONMENTALSENSITIVITYAND/ORBEHAVIORASPREDICTEDEGANDERSONETAL,1974TOGNACCIETAL,1972VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981ZIMMERETAL,1994STILLOTHER
6、SHAVEFOUNDTHERELATIONSHIPTOBESIGNIFICANT,BUTPOSITIVELYCORRELATEDEGROBERTS,1996BSAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989EXPLANATIONSFORTHISPOSITIVECORRELATIONINCLUDEATTITUDESFORMEDASARESULTOFDEPRESSIONERACONSERVATIONROBERTS,1996BSAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989AND/ORBEHAVIORSSTEMMINGFROMAGENERALINCREASEINSOCIALANDCHARITABLE
7、ACTIVITIESAMONGTHEMIDDLEAGEDDYCHTWALDANDGABLE,1990ROBERTS,1996BSEXASECONDDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLETOBEEXAMINEDISSEXEGARBUTHNOT,1977BROOKER,1976HOUNSHELLANDLIGGETT,1973MACDONALDANDHARA,1994MCEVOY,1972ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTSANDBACON,1997ROPER,19901992SAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989STERNETAL,1993TOGNACCIETAL,1972V
8、ANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981THEDEVELOPMENTOFUNIQUESEXROLES,SKILLS,ANDATTITUDESHASLEDMOSTRESEARCHERSTOARGUETHATWOMENAREMORELIKELYTHANMENTOHOLDATTITUDESCONSISTENTWITHTHEGREENMOVEMENTTHEORETICALJUSTIFICATIONFORTHISCOMESFROMEAGLY1987,WHOHOLDSTHATWOMENWILL,ASARESULTOFSOCIALDEVELOPMENTANDSEXROLEDIFFERENCES,MOREC
9、AREFULLYCONSIDERTHEIMPACTOFTHEIRACTIONSONOTHERSASISTHECASEWITHAGEBASEDGREENRESEARCH,THERESULTSOFGENDERBASEDINVESTIGATIONSARESTILLFARFROMCONCLUSIVESEVERALSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDTHERELATIONSHIPNOTTOBESIGNIFICANTEGARBUTHNOT,1977BROOKER,1976SAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989TOGNACCIETAL,1972OTHERSHAVEFOUNDSUPPORTFORTHET
10、HEORETICALJUSTIFICATIONGIVENEGHOUNSHELLANDLIGGETT,1973ROBERTS,1996BROPER,19901992STERNETAL,1993VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981STILLOTHERSHAVEFOUNDTHEOPPOSITEOFTHEPREDICTEDRELATIONSHIPEGMACDONALDANDHARA,1994MCEVOY,1972INCOMEINCOMEISGENERALLYTHOUGHTTOBEPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOENVIRONMENTALSENSITIVITYTHEMOSTCOMMONJU
11、STIFICATIONFORTHISBELIEFISTHATINDIVIDUALSCAN,ATHIGHERINCOMELEVELS,BEARTHEMARGINALINCREASEINCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHSUPPORTINGGREENCAUSESANDFAVORINGGREENPRODUCTOFFERINGSNUMEROUSSTUDIESHAVEADDRESSEDTHEROLEOFINCOMEASAPREDICTOROFECCBORARELATEDCONSTRUCTEGANDERSONANDCUNNINGHAM,1972ANDERSONETAL,1974ANTIL,1978KA
12、SARJIAN,1971KINNEARETAL,1974MCEVOY,1972NEWELLANDGREEN,1997ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTSANDBACON,1997ROPER,19901992SAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981ZIMMERETAL,1994ONEOFTHEMOREINTERESTINGHYPOTHESESINVOLVINGINCOMESTEMSFROMASTUDYCONDUCTEDBYNEWELLANDGREEN1997THEYCONTENDTHATINCOMEANDEDUCATIONMODER
13、ATETHEEFFECTTHATRACEPLAYSONSHAPINGENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSPECIFICALLY,THEYFOUNDTHATDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEPERCEPTIONSOFBLACKANDWHITECONSUMERSWITHRESPECTTOENVIRONMENTALISSUESDECREASEASBOTHINCOMEANDEDUCATIONGOUPOTHERSTUDIESHAVESHOWNANONSIGNIFICANTDIRECTEFFECTOFINCOMEONENVIRONMENTALAWARENESSEGANDERSONETAL,1
14、974ANTIL,1978KASSARJIAN,1971VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981SEVERALSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHEPREVIOUSLYMENTIONEDPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINCOMEANDENVIRONMENTALATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORSEGKINNEARETAL,1974MCEVOY,1972ROPER,19901992ZIMMERETAL,1994FINALLY,AFEWSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDTHEOPPOSITE,ANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINCOMEAND
15、ENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSEGROBERTS,1996BSAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989INHISSTUDY,ROBERTS1996BTHEORIZESTHATTHEDIFFERENCESSHOWNINEARLYSTUDIESMAYHAVEBEENWASHEDOUTBYTHEOVERALLGROWTHINENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSACROSSALLINCOMELEVELSHEALSOCAUTIONSTHATALTHOUGHTHERELATIONSHIPINHISSTUDYWASSIGNIFICANT,THEAMOUNTOFVARIANCEEXPL
16、AINEDWASSMALLEDUCATIONLEVELOFEDUCATIONISANOTHERDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLETHATHASBEENLINKEDTOENVIRONMENTALATTITUDESANDBEHAVIOREGAAKERANDBAGOZZI,1982ANDERSONETAL,1974KINNEARETAL,1974LEONARDBARTON,1981MCEVOY,1972MURPHYETAL,1978NEWELLANDGREEN,1997ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTSANDBACON,1997ROPER,19901992SAMDAHLANDROB
17、ERTSON,1989SCHWARTZANDMILLER,1991TOGNACCIETAL,1972VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981ZIMMERETAL,1994THEHYPOTHESIZEDRELATIONSHIPHASBEENFAIRLYCONSISTENTACROSSTHESESTUDIESSPECIFICALLY,EDUCATIONISEXPECTEDTOBEPOSITIVELYCORRELATEDWITHENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSANDBEHAVIORALTHOUGHTHERESULTSOFSTUDIESEXAMININGEDUCATIONANDENVIR
18、ONMENTALISSUESARESOMEWHATMORECONSISTENTTHANTHEOTHERDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESDISCUSSEDTOTHISPOINT,ADEFINITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETWOVARIABLESHASNOTBEENESTABLISHEDTHEVASTMAJORITYOFTHESESTUDIESHAVEFOUNDTHEPREDICTEDPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPAAKERANDBAGOZZI,1982ANDERSONETAL,1974LEONARDBARTON,1981MCEVOY,1972MURPHY
19、ETAL,1978ROBERTS,1996BROPER,19901992SCHWARTZANDMILLER,1991TOGNACCIETAL,1972VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981ZIMMERETAL,1994SAMDAHLANDROBERTSON1989FOUNDTHEOPPOSITE,THATEDUCATIONWASNEGATIVELYCORRELATEDWITHENVIRONMENTALATTITUDES,ANDKINNEARETAL1974FOUNDNOSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPPLACEOFRESIDENCEPLACEOFRESIDENCEHASBE
20、ENANOTHERVARIABLEOFINTERESTSINCETHEEARLYDAYSOFGREENRESEARCH,THOUGHTHEMAJORITYOFINTERESTINTHISVARIABLEHASBEENINTHELAST15YEARSINNEARLY30YEARSOFRESEARCH,MANYSTUDIESHAVECONSIDEREDTHECORRELATIONBETWEENPLACEOFRESIDENCEANDENVIRONMENTALCONCERNOFTHESTUDIESEGANTIL,1984HOUNSHELLANDLIGGETT,1973MCEVOY,1972SAMDAH
21、LANDROBERTSON,1989SCHWARTZANDMILLER,1991VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981ZIMMERETAL,1994TOADDRESSPLACEOFRESIDENCEASACORRELATEOFGREENATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORS,ALLBUTHOUNSHELLANDLIGGETT1973HAVEFOUNDTHATTHOSELIVINGINURBANAREASARELIKELYTOSHOWMOREFAVORABLEATTITUDESTOWARDSENVIRONMENTALISSUESHOUNSHELLANDLIGGETTFOUNDNOSIG
22、NIFICANTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETWOVARIABLESPSYCHOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEATTEMPTEDTOIDENTIFYPSYCHOGRAPHICCORRELATESOFGREENATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORSTHOUGHTHESESTUDIESHAVENOTINVESTIGATEDPSYCHOGRAPHICVARIABLESINASEXHAUSTIVEAMANNERASTHERESEARCHINTODEMOGRAPHICS,THEYDOPROVIDESOMEINTERESTINGINSI
23、GHTSINTOTHENATUREOFTHEGREENCONSUMERPOLITICALORIENTATIONHINEANDGIFFORD1991INVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTOFAFEARAPPEALRELATINGTOTHEANTIPOLLUTIONMOVEMENTONSEVERALDIFFERENTPROENVIRONMENTALBEHAVIORSAMONGTHESIGNIFICANTFINDINGS,THERESEARCHERSFOUNDTHATPOLITICALORIENTATIONWASSIGNIFICANTLYCORRELATEDWITHONEOFTHELOWEROR
24、DERRESPONSES,VERBALCOMMITMENTSPECIFICALLY,THEIRFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATTHOSEWITHMORELIBERALPOLITICALBELIEFSAREMORELIKELYTOEXHIBITSTRONGVERBALCOMMITMENTTHANTHOSEWITHMORECONSERVATIVEPOLITICALVIEWSTHISISINKEEPINGWITHTHEGENERALPERCEPTIONOFPROENVIRONMENTALISSUESASBEINGAPARTOFTHELIBERALMAINSTREAMROBERTS1996BFU
25、RTHERCONFIRMEDTHISLIBERALISMEFFECTHISSTUDY,HOWEVER,ESTABLISHEDLIBERALISMASRELEVANTACROSSAGENERALRANGEOFECOLOGICALLYCONSCIOUSCONCERNSANDBEHAVIORSRATHERTHANFOCUSINGONANYSINGLECONCERNALTRUISMBASEDONSCHWARTZSNORMACTIVATIONTHEORY,STERNETAL1993EXAMINEDTHEROLETHATSOCIALALTRUISMANDEGOISMPLAYEDININFLUENCINGG
26、REENBEHAVIORSPECIFICALLY,THEIRDISCUSSIONCENTERSONWHETHERSOCIALALTRUISM,ACONCERNFORTHEWELFAREOFOTHERS,ISTHESOLEDRIVEROFENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYMARKETBEHAVIOR,ORWHETHERTHEPOSITIVEEFFECTOFSOCIALALTRUISMISCOUNTEREDBYTHENEGATIVEINFLUENCEOFEGOISM,WHICHINHIBITSWILLINGNESSTOINCUREXTRACOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHENVIR
27、ONMENTALISMTHEIRRESEARCHALSOEXPLORESBIOSPHERICALTRUISM,ACONCERNFORTHENONHUMANELEMENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEIRFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATALLTHREEOFTHESECONSTRUCTSSOCIALALTRUISM,BIOSPHERICALTRUISM,ANDEGOISMINFLUENCEWILLINGNESSTOTAKEPOLITICALACTIONHOWEVER,SOCIALALTRUISMISNOTSIGNIFICANTINPREDICTINGWILLINGNESSTOPAY
28、EITHERHIGHERINCOMETAXESORHIGHERGASOLINETAXESFURTHER,BIOSPHERICALTRUISMISNOTSIGNIFICANTINPREDICTINGWILLINGNESSTOPAYHIGHERGASOLINETAXESPERCEIVEDCONSUMEREFFECTIVENESSSEVERALSTUDIESEGANTIL,1978BERGERANDCORBIN,1992KINNEARETAL,1974ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTSANDBACON,1997WEBSTER,1975WEINERANDDOESCHER,1991HAVE
29、ADDRESSEDTHEPREMISETHATCONSUMERSATTITUDESANDRESPONSESTOENVIRONMENTALAREAFUNCTIONOFTHEIRBELIEFTHATINDIVIDUALSCANPOSITIVELYINFLUENCETHEOUTCOMETOSUCHPROBLEMSTHISATTITUDEORBELIEFISREFERREDTOASPERCEIVEDCONSUMEREFFECTIVENESSPCEFINDINGSHAVEBEENFAIRLYCONCLUSIVETHATPCEISPOSITIVELYCORRELATEDWITHECCBRECENTLY,R
30、OBERTS1996BFOUNDTHATTHISWASTHESINGLESTRONGESTPREDICTOROFECCB,SURPASSINGALLOTHERDEMOGRAPHICANDPSYCHOGRAPHICCORRELATESEXAMINEDENVIRONMENTALCONCERNTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENATTITUDESANDBEHAVIORISONETHATHASBEENEXPLOREDINAVARIETYOFCONTEXTSINTHEENVIRONMENTALLITERATURE,THEQUESTIONHASBEENADDRESSEDBYEXPLORINGTHE
31、RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEATTITUDINALCONSTRUCT,ENVIRONMENTALCONCERN,ANDVARIOUSBEHAVIORALMEASURESAND/OROBSERVATIONSTHOSESTUDIESEGANTIL,1984KINNEARETAL,1974LEPISTO,1974ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTSANDBACON,1997VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981EXAMININGENVIRONMENTALCONCERNASACORRELATEOFENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYBEHAVIORHAVEG
32、ENERALLYFOUNDAPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENTHETWOASSESSINGCURRENTSEGMENTATIONALTERNATIVESINASSESSINGTHEUSEFULNESSOFTHEAFOREMENTIONEDVARIABLESFORSEGMENTINGTHEMARKETSFORGREENPRODUCTSANDSERVICES,ONEMUSTCONSIDERTHECRITERIAOFTENUSEDTOJUDGESEGMENTATIONALTERNATIVESINGENERAL1SEGMENTSIZE,2SEGMENTACCESSIBILITY,3
33、EASEOFIDENTIFICATION,4STRATEGIC/OPERATIONALEFFECTIVENESS,AND5SEGMENTSTABILITYITHASLONGBEENHELDTHATTHEIDEALAPPROACHTOSEGMENTINGTHEMARKETFORANYPRODUCTISTHEAPPROACHTHATOPTIMIZESTHESEFIVECONSTRUCTSTHECURRENTSTATEOFECOLOGICALCONSUMERPROFILINGWILLBEEXAMINEDINLIGHTOFTHESECRITERIASEGMENTSIZEATTHISPOINTINITS
34、DEVELOPMENT,FEWDOUBTTHATTHEOVERALLMARKETFORGREENGOODSANDSERVICESISLARGEENOUGHFOR,IFPROPERLYMANAGED,AFIRMTOOPERATEPROFITABLYROBERTS,1995ASSUCH,THESIZEOFGREENMARKETSEGMENTSISNOLONGERINQUESTION,IRRESPECTIVEOFTHESEGMENTATIONAPPROACHUSEDSEGMENTACCESSIBILITYTHEACCESSIBILITYOFTHESESEGMENTS,INTERMSOFBOTHLOG
35、ISTICSANDCOMMUNICATION,ISNOTINDOUBTFIRMSHAVECLEARLYSHOWNTHEABILITYTOBOTHCOMMUNICATEWITHECOLOGICALLYCONSCIOUSCONSUMERSANDTOREACHTHEMEFFECTIVELYWITHAPPROPRIATEGOODSANDSERVICESASSUCH,THEUSEFULNESSOFTHEVARIOUSAPPROACHESTOISOLATINGECOLOGICALLYCONSCIOUSCONSUMERSFROMTHEMASSMARKETBOILSDOWNTOQUESTIONSRELATIN
36、GTOEASEOFIDENTIFICATION,USEFULNESSINSTRATEGICANDOPERATIONALPLANNING,ANDSEGMENTSTABILITYEASEOFIDENTIFICATIONASISOFTENTHECASEINMARKETING,THESIMPLESTSEGMENTSTOIDENTIFYAREBASEDONDEMOGRAPHICPROFILINGPERHAPSTHATEXPLAINSTHERELATIVELYHIGHVOLUMEOFRESEARCHDONEONDEMOGRAPHICSEGMENTATIONOFGREENCONSUMERSASMENTION
37、ED,THETYPICALPROFILEGIVENFORGREENCONSUMERSYOUNG,MIDTOHIGHINCOME,EDUCATED,URBANWOMENISTOTALLYDEPENDENTUPONDEMOGRAPHICPROFILINGTHEREISLITTLEDOUBTTHATDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESPRESENTTHEEASIESTWAYTODISCRIMINATEBETWEENTHOSECONSUMERSWHOSHAREACONCERNFORTHEENVIRONMENT,ANDTHOSEWHODONOTTHEREALQUESTIONTHATMUSTBEASK
38、EDISTHISHOWEFFECTIVEISDEMOGRAPHICPROFILINGFORGREENMARKETERS出处ROBERTDSTRAUGHAN,JAMESAROBERTENVIRONMENTALSEGMENTATIONALTERNATIVESALOOKATGREENCONSUMERBEHAVIORINTHENEWMILLENNIUMJTHEJOURNALOFCONSUMERMARKETING,1999,166558二、翻译文章标题环境细分方案在新的千年看绿色消费行为译文人口特征一些过去的研究已经尝试着把人口变量与生态意识的态度和/或消费的联系区分开来。如果这些变量显著的话，商人就可
39、以运用绿色营销的态度和行为进行简单、易行、有效地市场分割。年龄。追溯到早期关于生态环境和绿色营销的研究，年龄已经被很多研究者探究。（例如，AAKER和BAGOZZI，1982；ANDERSON和CUNNINGHAM,1972ANDERSON等其他人,1974HUME等其他人,1989KINNEAR等其他人,1974LEONARDBARTON,1981MCEVOY,1972MURPHY等其他人,1978ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTS和BACON,1997ROPER,19901992SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON,1989TOGNACCI等其他人,1972VANLIERE和D
40、UNLAP,1981ZIMMER等其他人,1994）。他们大多认为，年纪小的儿童很可能在未来对环境问题更加敏感。有许多理论支持这个观点,但是最常见的论点是,那些成长在环境问题成为与社会重要问题同等重要的那个时期内得人对于这个问题就更加敏感。然而就像许多其他人口变量一样调查结果是模棱两可的。许多研究人员研究发现年龄与绿色营销的态度和行为无显著关系（例如，KINNEAR等其他人,1974；MCEVOY,1972；ROPER,1990；1992）。另外一些人就像预测那样找到年龄与环境敏感和/或行为有着重要或者负相关的关系（例如，ANDERSON等其他人,1974；TOGNACCI等其他人,1972；
41、VANLIEREANDDUNLAP,1981；ZIMMER等其他人,1994）。还有另外一些人发现他们有着重要但是正相关地联系（例如ROBERTS,1996BSAMDAHL和ROBERTSON,1989）。这正相关的解释包括了对经济大萧条时期保护而形成的态度（ROBERTS,1996BSAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989）和/或来源于中年人不断增长的社会行为和慈善活动（DYCHTWALD和GABLE,1990；ROBERTS,1996B）。性别。第二个被调查的人口变量是性别（例如，ARBUTHNOT,1977；BROOKER,1976HOUNSHELL和LIGGETT,1973；M
42、ACDONALD和HARA,1994；MCEVOY,1972ROBERTS,1995；ROBERTS和BACON,1997；ROPER,1990；1992SAMDAHLANDROBERTSON,1989；STERN等其他人,1993；TOGNACCI等其他人,1972；VANLIERE和DUNLAP,1981）。独特的性别角色、技能和态度的发展导致许多研究人员认为女性比男性更始终如一的持有绿色运动的态度。这个理论根据来于EAGLY（1987），他认为作为社会发展和性别角色不同的结果，女性将更加仔细的考虑自己的行为对其他人的影响。与基于年龄的绿色营销研究的情形相同，基于性别的调查也远远没有结论。
43、有许多研究指出性别与绿色营销没有很大的关系（例如，ARBUTHNOT，1977BROOKER，1976；SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON，1989；TOGNACCI等其他人，1972）。另外一些人发现支持性别与绿色营销有关系的这个理论的证据（例如，EGHOUNSHELL和LIGGETT,1973；ROBERTS,1996B；ROPER,1990；1992STERN等其他人,1993；VANLIERE和DUNLAP,1981）。还有一些人发现与他们预期相反的关系（例如，MACDONALD和HARA,1994；MCEVOY,1972）。收入。一般认为收入与环境的敏感性呈正相关。相信这个最重要的理
44、由是一个人在一个高的收入水平，对于与绿色有关的和喜欢的绿色产品的消费增长都具有一定的忍受力。许多研究表明收入就像是中央银行的预测者或者一个相关的组成部分（例如，ANDERSON和CUNNINGHAM,1972ANDERSON等其他人,1974；ANTIL,1978；KASARJIAN,1971；KINNEAR等其他人,1974MCEVOY,1972NEWELL和GREEN,1997；ROBERTS,19951996BROBERTS和BACON,1997；ROPER,19901992SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON,1989；VANLIERE和DUNLAP,1981；ZIMMER等其他人,19
45、94）。最后，有少数一些研究发现收入与环保意识呈负相关的关系（例如，ROBERTS，1996B；SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON，1989）。在他的研究里，罗伯特理论是指早期的学术研究在所有的收入水平上的差异性可能通过所有的环境问题的增长所淘汰。他也注意到虽然在他的研究中关系很重要，但是关于变化的解释的总数确实很少的。教育。教育水平是另外一个与环境保护的态度和行为联系的人口变量（例如，AAKER和BAGOZZI，1982；ANDERSON等其他人，1974；KINNEAR等其他人，1974；LEONARDBARTON，1981；MCEVOY，1972；MURPHY等其他人，1978；NEWE
46、LL和GREEN,1997；ROBERTS，1995；ROBERTS和BACON，1997ROPER，1990；1992；SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON，1989；SCHWARTZ和MILLER，1991；TOGNACCI等其他人1972；VANLIERE和DUNLAP1981；ZIMMER等其他人，1994）。在这些研究中虚拟的关系一直是相对稳定的。具体来说，预计教育于环境保护的态度和行为有积极的关系。尽管研究表明教育和环境问题的关系比其他变量更牢固，但是也还没有确定他们之间决定性的关系。绝大多数的研究发现他们所预期的积极地关系（例如，AAKER和BAGOZZI，1982；ANDERSO
47、N等其他人，1974；LEONARDBARTON,1981；MCEVOY,1972；MURPHY等其他人，1978；ROBERTS,1996B；ROPER,1990；SCHWARTZ和MILLER,1991；TOGNACCI等其他人，1972；VANLIERE和DUNLAP,1981；ZIMMER等其他人，1994）。SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON1989发现他们教育与环保意识呈负相关，KINNEAR等其他人1974发现教育与环境意识没有重要的关系。居住地。居住地在早期的绿色营销就是人们研究关注的另一个变量，尽管大量的关注是从最近15年开始的。在最近30年的调查中，很多研究已经考虑到居住地
48、域环保意识的关系。除HOUNSHELL和LIGGETT（1973）发现他们居住的城市里表现出对于环保问题具有良好的态度其他人都在研究中表明居住地和绿色消费的态度和行为之间是有关系的例如，ANTIL，1984；HOUNSHELL和LIGGETT，1973；MCEVOY，1972；SAMDAHL和ROBERTSON，198；9SCHWARTZ和MILLER，1991；VANLIERE和DUNLAP，1981；ZIMMER等其他人1994。HOUNSHELLANDLIGGETT发现这两个变量之间没有重要关系。心理特征许多研究尝试着去识别心理与绿色消费的态度和行为。尽管很多研究们有彻底的调查心理这个变
49、量在人口特征中的分析，但是他们提供了很多关于消费者购买绿色产品的有趣的、深刻的见解。政治取向。HINE和GIFFORD（1991）调查了几个亲环境行为和反污染运动的效果。其中的重要发现是研究人员发现政治取向与低阶反应、口头承诺有重要的联系。具体地说，他们发现政治信仰更为自由的人更重视口头承诺。这是与把亲环境问题作为“自由”主流的一部分的看法是一致的。ROBERTS（1996）进一步证实了自由主义的影响。然而，在他的研究里并不是单一的关注而是建立一个跨越生态意识和行为关注的自由主义。利他主义。根据SCHWARTZ的标准作用理论，STERN等其他人验证社会利他主义和利我主义这个角色对绿色消费行为的作用。具体地说，他们的讨论是围绕着的是关系他人福祉的利他主义是环境营销行为的领导者，还是社会利他主义的积极作用受利己主义的负面影响，禁止为与环境保护有关的付出额外的费用。他们的调查还探讨生物圈内涉及非人类因素的环境保护的利他主义。他们调查的结果提出政治行动的意愿受社会利他主义、生物圈的利他主义、利己主义的影响。然而，社会利他主义不是他们支付高额的收入所得税和汽油税的重要因素。进一步来说，生物圈的利他主义都不是支付高额汽油税的主要原因。消费者感知效力有许多研究（例如，ANTIL，1978；BERGER和CORBIN，1992；KINNEAR等其他人，1974；ROBERTS，19
