1、标题STRATEGICMARKETINGINFINANCIALSERVICESRETROSPECTANDPROSPECT原文THECONCEPTOFMARKETINGASANINTEGRATEDMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONPROBABLYONLYGAINEDACCEPTANCEWITHINTHEFINANCIALSERVICESSECTORDURINGTHECOURSEOFTHE1980SPRIORTOTHATTIME,MARKETINGWASCONCERNEDPRIMARILYWITHADVERTISINGANDSELLINGEXISTINGPRODUCTRANGESINTHESAM
2、EPERIOD,THEMARKETINGOFFINANCIALSERVICESCAMEOFAGEACADEMICALLYWITHTHELAUNCHOFTHEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBANKMARKETINGIN1983ANDTHEAPPEARANCEOFAGROWINGNUMBEROFTEXTSONTHESUBJECTSEEFOREXAMPLE,DONNELLYETAL,1985ENNEWETAL,1990MCLVERANDNAYLOR,1987MARSH,1988WATKINSANDWRIGHT,1986ASMICHAELBAKERARGUESINTHISISSUE,TH
3、EREISCONSIDERABLEPROGRESSTOBEMADEBEFORETHETRULYMARKETINGLEDPROVIDEROFFINANCIALSERVICESAPPEARSNEVERTHELESS,THEEVIDENCEOFTHEPASTDECADESUGGESTSTHATTHEEXTENTTOWHICHFINANCIALSERVICESORGANIZATIONSCANBECONSIDEREDTOBEMARKETINGORIENTEDHASINCREASEDTHISARTICLEEXAMINESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETINGINFINANCIALSERVICE
4、S,WITHAPARTICULARFOCUSONMARKETINGSTRATEGIESANDSTRATEGICMARKETINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETINGINFINANCIALSERVICESTRADITIONALLY,MARKETINGINMOSTFINANCIALSERVICESORGANIZATIONSWASSYNONYMOUSWITHSELLING,ADVERTISINGANDPUBLICRELATIONS,ANDITWASNOTUNTILTHE1970STHATMARKETINGDEPARTMENTSWEREFORMEDONANYSCALENEWMAN,198
5、4APERIODOFRAPIDENVIRONMENTALCHANGEINTHE1970SAND1980SLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETINGASAMOREINTEGRATEDFUNCTIONWITHINFINANCIALSERVICESORGANIZATIONS,WITHASTRATEGICASWELLASATACTICALROLETOPLAYINBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTTHISPATTERNOFCHANGEISWELLDOCUMENTEDNEWMAN1984,PRESENTSACOMPREHENSIVEANALYSISOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOF
6、THEMARKETINGFUNCTIONWITHINFINANCIALSERVICESDURINGTHE1960S,1970SANDEARLY1980SWHICHEMPHASIZESTHEMOVEFROMMARKETINGASAPASSIVE,TACTICALACTIVITYTOWARDSAMOREINTEGRATEDSTRATEGICACTIVITYTHISTRENDISSUPPORTEDBYEVIDENCEFROMLATERSURVEYSWHICHDOCUMENTTHECHANGEINSTRATEGICEMPHASISASFSOSMOVEDAWAYFROMAFINANCE/OPERATIO
7、NSORIENTATIONTOWARDSAMARKETINGORIENTATIONHOOLEYANDMANN,1988HOWEVER,THESAMESTUDYNOTESTHERELATIVELYLOWLEVELOFAWARENESSOFSTRATEGICMARKETINGPLANNINGTOOLSAMONGMARKETINGEXECUTIVESINFSOSANDTHETENDENCYFORMARKETINGTOBEREGARDEDASARELATIVELYLOWSTATUSACTIVITYSIMILARLY,MORGANANDPIERCY1990ARGUETHATMARKETINGISSTIL
8、LARELATIVELYNEWMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONWITHINFINANCIALSERVICESALTHOUGHARGUABLYTHEREAREFEWFSOSTHATCOULDBECITEDASEXEMPLARSOFMARKETINGEXCELLENCE,THEPASTDECADEHADSEENACLEARMOVETOWARDSMARKETINGASAMOREINTEGRATEDMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONINFINANCIALSERVICESTHEREISCONSIDERABLEEVIDENCEFORTHISTRENDINTHEUKENNEWETAL,1989THWA
9、ITESANDLYNCH,1992ANDTHEUSABROOKS,1987ASMIGHTBEEXPECTED,BUTSIMILARPATTERNSAPPEARACROSSAVARIETYOFMARKETSINCLUDINGHONGKONGYEEKWONG,1992,AUSTRALIAADLER,1991,KUWAITYAVASETAL,1990ANDMALAYSIASHANMUGAM,1989WHILETHETACTICALIMPORTANCEOFMARKETINGAPPEARSTOBEWELLESTABLISHED,THENOTIONTHATMARKETINGHASASTRATEGICDIM
10、ENSIONISCOMPARATIVELYNEWINTHEFINANCIALSERVICESSECTORANDHASDEVELOPEDPRIMARILYASACONSEQUENCEOFAPERIODOFRAPIDENVIRONMENTALCHANGEINTHE1970SAND1980SCLARKEETAL,1988THWAITES,1989THEFINANCIALMARKETPLACEHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYGLOBAL,TECHNOLOGYHASDEVELOPEDTOIMPROVETHESPEEDANDVARIETYOFSERVICEPROVISIONANDATRENDTO
11、WARDSDEREGULATIONHASWIDENEDTHEPOTENTIALPRODUCTRANGEFORTHEMAJORITYOFSUPPLIERSWRIGHT,1990THETWINPROCESSESOFDEREGULATIONANDTECHNICALCHANGEHAVELOWEREDTHEBARRIERSWHICHHADTRADITIONALLYEXISTEDBETWEENDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALORSTRATEGICGROUPSTHENATURALCONSEQUENCEOFLOWERINGTHESEBARRIERSHASBEENAREDEFINITIONOFTHE
12、MARKETPLACEFINANCIALSERVICESRATHERTHANBANKINGORINSURANCEANDANINCREASEINTHEINTENSITYOFCOMPETITIONBALLARIN,1986ENNEWETAL,1990WHILETHELATTERHASREPRESENTEDASIGNIFICANTTHREATTOMANYPROVIDERSOFFINANCIALSERVICES,THEFORMERHASCREATEDTHEOPPORTUNITYFOROTHERSTOOFFERTHEIRCONSUMERSAMOREINTEGRATEDRANGEOFFINANCIALSE
13、RVICESTHWAITES,1991REGULATORYDEVELOPMENTSHAVEALSOHADAMARKEDIMPACTONTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALSERVICESENNEWETAL,1989SHELTON,1990INPARTICULAR,THEPOLARIZATIONREQUIREMENTSOFTHEFINANCIALSERVICESACTINTHEUKFORCEDPROVIDERSOFSAVINGSANDINVESTMENTPRODUCTSTOADDRESSTHESTRATEGICISSUESRELATINGTOTIEDORINDEPENDENTST
14、ATUSAND,WHERETHEFORMERWASCHOSEN,RAISEDTHEADDITIONALISSUEOFCHOICEOFPARTNERDEVELOPMENTSONTHEDEMANDSIDE,INCLUDINGRISINGINCOMES,ANDAHIGHERDEGREEOFCONSUMERSOPHISTICATIONANDFINANCIALAWARENESSINMANYSEGMENTSOFTHEMARKETWATKINS,1990REINFORCEDTHEEFFECTSOFSUPPLYSIDECHANGESANDCREATEDADDITIONALOPPORTUNITIESINTHEF
15、ORMOFINCREASEDDEMANDINCREASEDTHREATSHAVEARISENINTHEFORMOFAGROWINGLEVELOFCONSUMERISM,INCREASEDCOMPETITIONANDTHENEEDTOREBUILDBALANCESHEETSWHICHWERESEVERELYDAMAGEDBYPOORLENDINGDECISIONSFARRANCE,1993THEFINANCIALSERVICESSECTORISPRESENTEDWITHAFURTHERSETOFTHREATSANDOPPORTUNITIESASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEPROCESSOF
16、LIBERALIZINGFINANCIALMARKETSWITHINTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITYWRIGHTANDENNEW,1990INPRINCIPLE,THESINGLEMARKETPROGRAMMEWILLAFFECTALLFINANCIALSERVICES,BOTHPERSONALANDCORPORATE,BUTINPRACTICE,ITSEEMSLIKELYTHATTHEIMPACTWILLINITIALLYBEGREATESTINTHECORPORATESECTORWHILETHISISWIDELYRECOGNIZEDBYFIRMSINTHEINDUSTRY,ASUR
17、VEYCONDUCTEDBYTHEBANKOFENGLANDBANKOFENGLAND,1989SUGGESTEDTHATINTHEUKATLEAST,THEOPPORTUNITIESWEREPERCEIVEDTOBEMUCHGREATERTHANTHETHREATSACROSSEUROPE,MANYFSOSAREREEXAMININGTHEIROPERATINGENVIRONMENTANDCONSIDERINGWHETHERITISAPPROPRIATETOMOVEINTONONDOMESTICMARKETS,HOWTOENTERTHESEMARKETSANDTHEPOSITIONSTOAD
18、OPTINTHEMGREENFIELDENTRYISGENERALLYVIEWEDASIMPRACTICAL,PARTICULARLYINRELATIONTOPERSONALMARKETSBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHESTABLISHINGAPHYSICALPRESENCECLEARLYTHESECOSTSDONOTAUTOMATICALLYPRECLUDETHEUSEOFTHISMETHODOFMARKETENTRY,ASTHEHALIFAXHAVERECENTLYANNOUNCEDTHEIRINTENTIONTOAPPLYFORALICENCETO
19、ESTABLISHASUBSIDIARYINSPAINTOPROVIDESAVINGSANDMORTGAGESPRODUCTSTOTHEPERSONALMARKETHOWEVER,SUCHANAPPROACHTONEWMARKETENTRYMAYWELLBETHEEXCEPTIONRATHERTHANTHERULEANDACQUISITIONANDJOINTVENTURESSEEMLIKELYTOREMAINTHEPREFERREDSTRATEGIESTHEEXTENTOFCROSSBORDERMERGERANDACQUISITIONACTIVITYAPPEAREDTOINCREASEDURI
20、NGTHELATE1980SANDAPPEARSLIKELYTOCONTINUEINTOTHE1990S,ATLEASTAMONGINSURANCECOMPANIESWHITMORE,1993HOWEVER,SUCHANAPPROACHISCOSTLYANDPRESENTSPROBLEMSOFINTEGRATIONSIMILARLY,THEREISEVIDENCEOFGROWINGINTERESTINJOINTVENTURESANDOTHERFORMSOFCOLLABORATION,ALTHOUGHTHESEAPPROACHESALSOPRESENTPROBLEMSGLAISTERANDTHW
21、AITES,1992,INCLUDINGCONTROL,MANAGEMENTOFTHEVENTUREANDSTRENGTHOFCOMMITMENTATTHESAMETIMEASLOOKINGFOROPPORTUNITIESTOEXPLOITNEWMARKETS,THESESAMEORGANIZATIONSHAVETOPREPARESTRATEGIESTODEALWITHTHETHREATOFINCREASEDCOMPETITIONFROMNONDOMESTICSUPPLIERSALREADY,DEUTSCHEBANKANDCREDITLYONNAISHAVEINDICATEDTHEIRINTE
22、RESTINGAININGMEMBERSHIPOFTHEUKCLEARINGHOUSEAUTOMATEDPAYMENTSSYSTEMCHAPSASTHEENVIRONMENTFACINGSUPPLIERSOFFINANCIALSERVICESHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYCOMPETITIVEANDTURBULENTTHWAITES,1989,THEIMPORTANCEOFMARKETINGINGUIDINGBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTHASINCREASEDENNEWETAL,1989DEREGULATIONREMOVEDTHETRADITIONALRESTRICTIO
23、NSONTHETYPESOFPRODUCTWHICHPARTICULARINSTITUTIONSCOULDSUPPLY,ANDTHUSCREATEDTHEOPPORTUNITYFOREXPANSIONINTONEWMARKETSITALSOPRESENTEDTHETHREATOFANINCREASEINTHENUMBERANDVARIETYOFCOMPETITORSINASPECIFICMARKETINTHISSITUATION,TACTICALMARKETINGWASNOLONGERAPPROPRIATENOFINANCIALSERVICESORGANIZATIONSCOULDAFFORDS
24、IMPLYTOCONTINUESUPPLYINGTHESAMEPRODUCTSTOTHESAMEMARKETSWITHOUTSOMECONSIDERATIONOFTHEIRPOSSIBLEREACTIONSTOTHECHANGINGOPPORTUNITIESANDTHREATSWHICHNOWCONFRONTEDTHEMRATHER,THEAIMOFFSOSSHOULDBETOSELECTAMODEOFSTRATEGICBEHAVIOURWHICHISAPPROPRIATETOTHELEVELSOFENVIRONMENTALTURBULENCEANDCONFIGURETHEORGANIZATI
25、ONINAMANNERWHICHISCONSISTENTWITHTHECHOSENMODERESEARCHBYTHWAITESANDGLAISTER1992SUGGESTSTHATANUMBEROFUKBUILDINGSOCIETIESHAVEFAILEDTOACHIEVETHEMINIMUMLEVELSOFAGGRESSIONNECESSARYTOCOMPETEINTHEMORETURBULENTFINANCIALSERVICESMARKETPLACEOFTHE1990SOTHERSHAVECHOSENANAPPROPRIATELEVELOFAGGRESSIONBUTHAVENOTSECUR
26、EDARESOURCEMATCHCONSISTENTWITHTHESESTRATEGIESANDASSUCHHAVEFAILEDTOACHIEVETHELINEOFBALANCEDBEHAVIOURNECESSARYFORSUCCESSALTHOUGHDIFFERENTIATIONISWIDELYRECOGNIZEDASAROUTETOINCREASINGCOMPETITIVEEFFECTIVENESS,THEFUNDAMENTALPROBLEMFACINGPROVIDERSOFFINANCIALSERVICESWASTHATOFIDENTIFYINGABASISFORDIFFERENTIAT
27、IONSERVICESCANNOTBEPATENTEDSOPRODUCTTYPESANDFEATURESCANGENERALLYBECOPIEDWITHEASEDAVISONETAL,1990ANDCONSEQUENTLYDONOTPROVIDEACLEARBASISFORBUILDINGACOMPETITIVEPOSITIONACCORDINGLY,THESEARCHFORCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEHASTENDEDTOFOCUSONTHEPROCESSOFSERVICEDELIVERYRATHERTHANTHESERVICEITSELFTWOPARTICULARAREASPR
28、ESENTTHEMSELVESASPROVIDINGABASISFORSERVICEDIFFERENTIATION,NAMELYTECHNOLOGYANDSERVICEQUALITY,ALTHOUGHBRANDINGHASALSOBEENIDENTIFIEDASASIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTORTOTHEPROCESSOFDIFFERENTIATION,ASARGUEDBYSAUNDERSANDWATTERSINTHISISSUEHOWCROFTANDLAVIS1987SUGGESTTHATTHEORGANIZATIONALIMAGEISPERHAPSONEOFTHEMOSTIMP
29、ORTANTFORMSOFBRANDINGAVAILABLEINFINANCIALSERVICESBECAUSEOFTHESIGNIFICANCEOFCONSUMERTRUSTINTHESERVICEPROVIDERHOWEVER,ASSTEWART1991NOTES,ANYCORPORATEIDENTITYANDIMAGEMUSTREFLECTANORGANIZATIONALREALITYOTHERWISETHEEFFECTWILLBENEGATIVECLEARLY,THEREISSTILLSOMEPROGRESSTOBEMADEINTHISAREAANDRECENTWORKSUGGESTS
30、THATALTHOUGHSOMEFSOSHAVEMANAGEDTOCREATEADISTINCTVISUALIMAGETHEYHAVEBEENLESSSUCCESSFULINRELATIONTOTHECREATIONOFAGENUINECORPORATEIDENTITYBALMERANDWILKINSON,1991THEAPPLICATIONOFTECHNOLOGYTOSERVICEPRODUCTIONANDDELIVERYPROVIDESAMEANSOFREDUCINGCOSTSORINCREASINGTHEVALUEASSOCIATEDWITHAPARTICULARSERVICEDEVEL
31、OPMENTSINARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEASDESCRIBEDBYCURRYANDMOUTINHOLATERINTHISISSUECANBEAPPLIEDTOTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSITSELFASWELLASENABLINGSOMEOFTHEMORECOMPLEXELEMENTSOFFINANCIALSERVICESTOBEMECHANIZEDLOANAPPLICATIONS,FINANCIALADVICE,THUSREDUCINGTHECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHAPARTICULARSERVICESIMILARLY,THEGENERALTR
32、ENDTOWARDSCUSTOMERBASEDRATHERTHANACCOUNTBASEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPROVIDESTHEFOUNDATIONFORMOREEFFICIENTTARGETMARKETINGANDTHEPOTENTIALTOOFFERADDITIONALPRODUCTBENEFITSASISTHECASEWITHTSBSFAMILYBONUSSCHEMETHEAPPLICATIONOFITINSERVICEDELIVERYHASTHEPOTENTIALTOPROVIDEATLEASTASHORTTERMCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEFOREXA
33、MPLE,FIRSTDIRECTAPPEARTOHAVEBUILTASTRONGCOMPETITIVEPOSITIONINAPARTICULARTARGETMARKETONTHEBASISOFAUNIQUEDELIVERYSYSTEMTHATDELIVERYSYSTEMDOESNOTINVOLVELEADINGEDGETECHNOLOGYANDCANBECOPIEDBYTHECOMPETITIONBUT,BECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHESYSTEM,ANYCOPYINGISLIKELYTOTAKETIMEANDINTHEINTERIM,FIRSTDIRECTCANBENE
34、FITFROMSIGNIFICANTFIRSTMOVERADVANTAGESSERVICEQUALITY,ASDISCUSSEDBYLEWISINTHISISSUE,HASBEENWIDELYIDENTIFIEDASAMUCHMOREREALISTICBASISFORESTABLISHINGACOMPETITIVEPOSITIONWHEREANFSOCANDEVELOPANDIMPLEMENTEFFECTIVEPROGRAMMESFORSERVICEQUALITY,SUCHPROGRAMMESCANPROVIDEAREALCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEBECAUSEOFTHEDIFF
35、ICULTIESASSOCIATEDWITHCOPYINGCONSEQUENTLYSERVICEQUALITYANDCUSTOMERCAREARESEENASINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTASABASISFORDIFFERENTIATIONINTHEFINANCIALSERVICESMARKETPLACELEWIS,1989A,1989BPRECISEDEFINITIONSOFTHESETERMSAREELUSIVE,ALTHOUGHITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATTHEREARESIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETWOCONCEPTSG
36、IBBS,1993LEWISANDSMITH,1989CUSTOMERCARETENDSTOBETHEBROADERCONCEPTANDONEWHICHRELATESTOTHEOVERALLATTITUDEANDPHILOSOPHYOFTHEORGANIZATION,WHILESERVICEQUALITYFOCUSESMORESPECIFICALLYONTHEPROCESSOFSERVICEDELIVERYWITHINTHECONCEPTOFSERVICEQUALITY,FURTHERDISTINCTIONSARERELEVANTOFPARTICULARIMPORTANCEISTHEDISTI
37、NCTIONBETWEENTECHNICALANDFUNCTIONALQUALITYRICHARDSONANDROBINSON,1985THEFORMERDEALSWITHSPECIFICDIMENSIONSOFTHESERVICEPRODUCTANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHATPRODUCTWHILETHELATTERISMORECONCERNEDWITHTHEDELIVERYOFTHESERVICESIMILARDISTINCTIONSAREPROPOSEDBYGRNROOS1984ANDLEHTINENANDLEHTINEN1991WITHTHESUGGESTIONTHATA
38、THIRDDIMENSIONMAYBEAPPROPRIATE,NAMELYCORPORATEQUALITYIRRESPECTIVEOFTHEPRECISEFRAMEWORKCHOSEN,ANIMPORTANTPOINTTONOTEISTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENPROCESSANDOUTCOMEANDITISGENERALLYTHOUGHTTHATTHEPROCESSCOMPONENTISOFMOSTSIGNIFICANCEINCONSUMERASSESSMENTSZEITHAML,1981出处CHRISTINETENNEW,MIKEWRIGHTSTRATEGICMARKETIN
39、GINFINANCIALSERVICESRETROSPECTANDPROSPECTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBANKMARKETING116P12P18标题金融服务的战略营销回顾与展望译文以市场营销为一体的综合管理职能的概念可能只在20世纪80年代中在金融服务部门获得了验收。在此之前,市场关心的主要是宣传和销售现有的产品范围。在同一时期,随着金融服务营销时代的来临以及与1993年推出的银行市场国际杂志和关于这个问题的文章越来越多的现象(例如,唐纳利等,1985;ENNEW等,1990;MCLVER和奈洛尔,1987;马师,1988年;沃特斯金和赖特,1986)。正如迈克尔贝克
40、认为在这个问题上,在真正的金融服务市场为主导的提供者出现之前有相当大的进展。然而,过去十年的证据表明,在某种程度上并有所增加的金融服务机构可以被认为是市场导向。本文探讨了在金融服务市场对营销策略和营销战略的发展。金融服务市场的发展传统上,营销在大多数金融服务机构只是销售,广告和公共关系的代名词,直到20世纪70年代它才在营销部门形成了一些规模(纽曼,1984年)。20世纪70年代和80年代是周围环境快速变化的时期,导致市场营销作为一种能够使金融服务机构更完整的功能与战略和战术发挥作用,从而促进企业发展。这种格局的变化是有据可查的。纽曼(1984年),在60年代,70年代和80年代初,对营销在金
41、融服务方面的功能做了全面的分析,强调了市场营销作为一种被动的活动转变为一种作为战术的更完整的战略活动。这种趋势是后来调查中作为战略重点的改变使FSOS摆脱融资/运营,实现向营销方向转变结果的支持。然而,同样的研究中表明,在FSOS营销人员间相对较低水平的一些策划工具的战略意识和市场营销的趋势将被视为一个相对较低地位的活动。同样,摩根和皮尔西(1990)认为,营销在金融服务方面还是一个相对较新的管理功能。尽管说只有很少的FSOS被认为是卓越的营销典范,但是在过去的十年中已经清晰的看到了营销已成为金融服务综合管理功能的明确走向。有相当多的证据表明这一趋势在英国(ENNEW等,1989。斯韦茨和林奇
42、,1992年)和美国(布鲁克斯,1987)可以预料,但类似的模式出现在包括香港(宜广,1992年),澳大利亚(阿德勒,1991年),科威特(YAVAS等,1990年)和马来西亚(尚穆根,1989年)在内的各种市场。虽然对营销战术和市场营销概念上的重视似乎是非常成熟的,市场有一个战略层面上比较新的金融服务业,并迅速发展成为一个在70年代和80年代期间环境变化的结果(克拉克等,1988。斯韦茨,1989)。金融市场日益全球化,技术已经发展到提高速度和提供各种服务,并朝着放松管制的趋势发展,拓宽了广大供应商(赖特,1990)的潜在的产品范围。放松管制和技术变革的双重进程已经降低了它在传统上不同的制度
43、之间存在的障碍或战略问题。降低这些障碍的自然后果是在市场上(而不是银行和保险金融服务)和在增加的竞争强度上的重新定义(BALLARIN,1986ENNEW等,1990)。而后者对许多金融服务供应商来讲是一项重大的威胁,前者为他人创造了机会,向他们的消费者提供更加完整的金融服务(斯韦茨,1991)。监管事态的发展对金融服务的分布有着显著的影响(ENNEW等,1989。谢尔顿,1990)。特别是,金融服务法,在英国的极化要求下强迫储蓄和投资产品供应商,解决有关捆绑或独立地位的战略问题,并在前者选择,提出了对合作伙伴选择更多的问题。在需求方面的发展,包括收入上升,消费者成熟的金融意识和许多市场细分的
44、金融意识增强供应方变化的影响,并创造了在需求增加时形成了更多的机会。增长的消费水平,增加的竞争水平对需要重建的受到严重破坏的贫穷贷款决策表存在着越来越多的威胁(FARRANCE,1993年)。金融服务业作为在欧洲共同体内的开放金融市场提交了一份威胁和机遇。(赖特和ENNEW,1990)。原则上,单一市场计划将影响所有的金融服务,包括个人和公司,但实际上,其影响最大的很可能将首先是在企业部门。虽然这得到业界的广泛认可,由英格兰银行进行的一项调查表明,至少在英国,认为机会比威胁更大的。在整个欧洲,许多FSOS正在重新审视其经营环境,并考虑是否合适进入非住宅市场,如何进入和采取什么立场。格林菲尔德条
45、目通常被视为不切实际的,特别是建立一个与实际存在带来高成本有关的个人市场。显然,这些费用不自动排除这种市场的输入方法的使用,因为哈利法克斯最近宣布,他们有意申请牌照,在西班牙设立子公司,以提供储蓄和抵押贷款产品的个人市场。然而,这种做法对新进入市场的可能是例外而不是规则,收购和合资企业似乎有可能仍是首选策略。对跨国合并和收购活动的程度在80年代末似乎会增加,而且可能持续到20世纪90年代,至少在保险公司(惠特莫尔,1993年)。然而,这种方法成本高昂和呈现出了一系列的问题。同样,有出现在合资企业和其他合作形式的利益的证据,虽然这些方法也存在问题(GLAISTER和斯韦茨,1992),包括控制,
46、管理该合资企业的实力和承诺。在寻找机会,开拓市场的同时,这些相同组织开始准备战略以处理非国内供应商之间竞争加剧的威胁。目前。德意志银行和法国里昂信贷银行已表示获得了英国结算所自动支付系统会员国的利益。由于所面临的金融服务供应商环境的竞争日趋激烈动荡(斯韦茨,1989),市场营销在指导企业发展的重要性已经增加(ENNEW等,1989)。放松管制对产品种类取消了传统限制,特别是机构可以供应,从而为市场扩张创造了机会。它也介绍了竞争对手的数量和品种在特定市场增长的威胁。在这种情况下,战术营销已不再适当,没有金融服务机构有能力继续提供同样的产品在相同的市场,如果没有某种不断变化的机遇,他们现在面临的威
47、胁及其可能的反应的考虑。更确切地说,FSOS目标应该是一个战略选择行为模式,是适当的环境动荡的水平和配置的方式与所选择的模式相一致的组织。由斯韦茨和GLAISTER研究(1992)认为,在较为动荡的金融服务市场上世纪90年代,英国房屋建筑协会的数据表示一些未能达到侵略所必需的竞争。另一些人选择了一个适当水平的侵略,但没有保护的资源匹配与这些战略相一致,因此未能达到平衡线成功的必要行为。虽然分化是目前公认的确认增加竞争成效的路线,面临的根本问题是,金融服务供应商寻求一个差异化的基础。服务不能像产品的类型和特征申请专利,一般都可以轻松复制(戴维森等,1990),因此没有为竞争优势建立明显的基础。因
48、此,寻找竞争优势往往侧重于提供服务的过程,而不是服务本身。作为两个领域提出了提供服务差异化,即技术和服务质量,尽管存在争论的桑德斯和沃特斯在这个问题上提出品牌被视为一个差异化过程中的重大贡献。豪克罗夫特和拉维斯(1987)认为组织形象也许是对品牌,尤其是因为消费者对服务提供者提供金融服务的重要性信任的最重要形式之一。然而,正如斯图尔特(1991)指出,任何企业的身份和形象必须反映现实,否则效果必然是负数。显然,在这一领域仍然需要取得一些进展,最近的工作表明,虽然一些FSOS已成功地创造出一个独特的视觉形象,相对于一个真正的企业形象创造他们一直不太成功(巴尔默和WILFINSON1991年)。应
49、用技术服务为生产和交货提供了降低成本或增加与特定服务相关联的值表示。人工智能中所描述的咖喱MOUTINHO后来在这个问题上的发展可以应用到管理过程本身以及有利的金融服务更复杂的元素被机械化(贷款申请,财务咨询),从而减少相关的成本与特定服务。同样,在对客户的普遍趋势,而不是账户为基础的信息系统,为更有效的目标市场和潜力提供额外的产品利益与TSB的家庭奖赏计划案的基础。资讯科技在提供服务的应用有可能提供至少一个短期的竞争优势。例如,第一个直接似乎已经在一个特定以独特的输送系统为基础的目标市场建立了强大的竞争地位。这种传递系统并不涉及尖端技术,通过竞争可以复制,但由于系统的复杂性,任何复制可能需要时间,在此期间,是直接受益于显著的先发优势。服务质量,由刘易斯在讨论这个问题,已被广泛的认定为一个建立有竞争力地位的更为现实的基础。凡统筹科可以制定和实施服务质量的有效方案,这些方案可提供真正的竞争优势,因为它与复制的困难有关。因此服务质量和客户服务越来越多的被视为一种分化金融服务市场的重要基础(刘易斯,1989)。这些术语的准确定义是难以捉摸的,但重要的是要注意两个概念之间的显著差异。客户关怀往往是较广泛的概念,一个整体,涉及到该组织的态度和理念,而服务质量更注重具体的服务流程。在服务质量观,进一步区分。尤其重要的是技术和功能之间的质量区别(RICHARDSON和罗宾逊)。前者涉及