1、Unit 11.主观题2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期） from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, F
2、rench was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴） brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的
3、） study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介） of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 45)3.Enumera
4、te the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms（新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/ 使用者） after World War . Give four examples for each cause. marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example: rolle
5、r-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignated hitter the influence from other cultures and languages（page67）Example: cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman（调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock（词库） of the English vocabulary ?(1). National
6、character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped
7、out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form hab
8、itual expressions and phrases.Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a resu
9、lt of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?F
10、irst, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary. So we say that
11、native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great majority
12、of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books wr
13、itten in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的） style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a. Morphemic 形位b. Allomorph 形位变体c. free and bound morphemic d. hybri
14、d 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragrap
15、h 3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read， faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 )Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance 表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)Hybrid:
16、 a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes? P26 页第 4 段开头 P29 页第 4 自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes
17、（派生词缀） are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀 and suffixes 后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what
18、two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀 classified? p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀 and suffixes 后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的） level? P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter III Ex
19、plain1、 (p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words 2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem.Denationalized Root ：nationstem： denationalizebase：nationalized Compounding1
20、、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)Orthographic criterion Phonological criterion Semantic criterion Derivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word. 2
21、、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to the
22、ir meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes cla
23、ssified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind.（P44） The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefi
24、xes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent h
25、yperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative 5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter - , antic - , pro - ) eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart 6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode 7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre -
26、, post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer ：1）d
27、everbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun noun suffixes , such as hood in boyhood , - ship in scholarship , - let in booklet , and dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes
28、: adjective verb suffixes , such as ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and en in quicken 4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun adjective suffixes, such as full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51） answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives 2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering 3) a gardener means a person who garden 4) a New Yorker means a person from New York 5) a villager means inhabitant of village
