1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目A企业薪酬体系再设计学院商学院专业人力资源管理班级学号学生姓名指导教师外文题目THEDETERMINANTSOFPAYLEVELSANDFRINGEBENEFITPROVISIONINBRITAIN外文出处NATIONALINSTITUTEOFECONOMICANDSOCIALRESEARCH,200011外文作者JOHNFORTHANDNEILMILLWARD原文THEDETERMINANTSOFPAYLEVELSANDFRINGEBENEFITPROVISIONINBRITAINJOHNFORTHANDNEILMILLWARDTHEABILITYOFTRAD
2、EUNIONSTORAISEPAYLEVELSISWELLESTABLISHED,BUTTHECONTRACTIONOFTHEUNIONSECTORINBRITAINCALLSTHISINTOQUESTIONANALYSISOFTHE1998WORKPLACEEMPLOYEERELATIONSSURVEYSHOWSTHATTHEREISSTILLAUNIONPREMIUMFORSOMEEMPLOYEESCOVEREDBYCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGANDTHATTHISEFFECTSPILLSOVERTOOTHEREMPLOYEESINTHESAMEWORKPLACESEMPLOY
3、ERANDWORKPLACECHARACTERISTICSGENERALLYHAVEAGREATERIMPACTONPAYTHANUNIONBARGAININGCIRCUMSTANCESWHERETHEUNIONEFFECTSARESTRONGESTAREIDENTIFIEDSOMESIMILAREFFECTSARESHOWNFORTHEPROVISIONOFFRINGEBENEFITSWITHINTHELASTTWENTYYEARSTHEBRITISHLABOURMARKETHASCHANGEDFROMONEWHEREPAYSETTINGWASLARGELYAJOINTAFFAIRBETWE
4、ENEMPLOYERSANDTRADEUNIONSTOONEWHEREEMPLOYERSMOSTLYACTONTHEIROWNACCORDINTHEERAWHENCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGWASTHENORM,MANYOTHEREMPLOYMENTCONDITIONSBESIDESPAYWEREJOINTLYREGULATEDHOURS,OVERTIME,HOLIDAYSANDSOFORTHWITHTHECONTINUOUSDECLINEINCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGOVERPAYSINCETHE1970S,THESEAREALSONOWMORECOMMONLYAM
5、ATTERFORMANAGEMENTDECISIONTHISMAJORSHIFTINTHEINSTITUTIONALSTRUCTURESTHROUGHWHICHPAYANDOTHEREMPLOYMENTCONDITIONSAREDETERMINEDRAISESANUMBEROFQUESTIONSTHATRESEARCHCANUSEFULLYADDRESSINTHEPAST,MUCHWORKFOCUSEDUPONTHESIZEOFTHEUNIONWAGEPREMIUM,BUTINCURRENTCIRCUMSTANCESITSEEMSMORERELEVANTTOLOOKMOREBROADLYATT
6、HESTRUCTURESANDPROCESSESBYWHICHEMPLOYERSSETTHEPAYANDOTHERCONDITIONSOFTHEIREMPLOYEESITMAYBETHATTRADEUNIONSSTILLHAVEANIMPORTANTROLEFORTHEMINORITYOFEMPLOYEESTHATTHEYREPRESENTORPERHAPSOTHERFORMSOFEMPLOYEEVOICEHAVEBECOMESALIENTANDWHATCANBESAIDABOUTHOWOTHEREMPLOYMENTTERMSARESETTLEDIN1998,THEPAYOFAROUNDTWO
7、FIFTHS42PERCENTOFALLEMPLOYEESINESTABLISHMENTSWITH10ORMOREWORKERSWASDETERMINEDBYNEGOTIATIONBETWEENMANAGERSANDTRADEUNIONSTHREEINTENPRIVATESECTOREMPLOYEES30PERCENTWERECOVEREDBYSUCHAPROCESSOFCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING,ALTHOUGHTHEPROPORTIONWASMUCHHIGHERINMANUFACTURING47PERCENTTHANINSERVICES22PERCENTCOLLECTIVEB
8、ARGAININGCOVERAGEWASCONSIDERABLYHIGHERAT68PERCENTINTHEPUBLICSECTORFORMOSTOTHEREMPLOYEES,CHANGESINTHEIRBASICPAYWEREULTIMATELYDETERMINEDONAUNILATERALBASISBYTHEIREMPLOYERALTHOUGH,INANUMBEROFPUBLICSECTOROCCUPATIONSSUCHASTEACHINGANDNURSING,THISDECISIONWASOFTENMADEBYCENTRALGOVERNMENTFOLLOWINGRECOMMENDATIO
9、NSFROMPAYREVIEWBODIESINPRIVATESECTORSERVICES,THEMOSTCOMMONCONFIGURATIONAMONGSTWORKPLACESWAS,AGAIN,FORTHEPAYOFALLEMPLOYEESTOBESETTHROUGHUNILATERALMANAGEMENTDECISIONATWORKPLACELEVELALMOSTONETHIRD30PERCENTOFWORKPLACESHADTHISTYPEOFARRANGEMENTINAFURTHER27PERCENTOFESTABLISHMENTS,THEPAYOFALLEMPLOYEESWASSET
10、BYUNILATERALMANAGEMENTDECISIONATAHIGHERLEVELWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONNOOTHERCONFIGURATIONACCOUNTEDFORMORETHANONEINTENESTABLISHMENTSINTHEPUBLICSECTOR,WORKPLACESWEREMOSTLIKELYTOSETPAYSOLELYTHROUGHMULTIEMPLOYERCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING28PERCENTORTHROUGHTHECOMBINEDUSEOFCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGANDEXTERNALMETHODSSUCHA
11、SPAYREVIEWBODIES27PERCENTHEALTHANDEDUCATIONARETWOPRIMARYEXAMPLESOFPUBLICSECTORACTIVITIESINWHICHTHISLATTERCOMBINATIONOFSTATUTORYPAYREVIEWANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGISPREVALENTTHISFOLLOWSTHETRANSFEROFPAYSETTINGFORCERTAINMEDICALPROFESSIONALSANDSCHOOLTEACHERSTOPAYREVIEWBODIESINTHELATE1980SANDEARLY1990S,WHIL
12、STOTHERSTAFFREMAINEDCOVEREDBYCOLLECTIVEAGREEMENTSKESSLERANDBAYLISS,199813847WHATISALSOCLEARFROMTHETABLEISTHATTHECONFIGURATIONSOFPAYDETERMINATIONARRANGEMENTSTHATWEREPOPULARINTHEPRIVATESECTORWERECOMPARATIVELYRAREAMONGPUBLICSECTORWORKPLACESOURANALYSISOFPAYLEVELSANDFRINGEBENEFITPROVISIONHASREVEALEDMUCHA
13、BOUTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFEMPLOYERSANDTRADEUNIONSTHATPROVIDEBETTEROUTCOMESFOREMPLOYEESTHEANALYSISISMOREILLUMINATINGFORPRIVATESECTOREMPLOYEESTHANFORTHEPUBLICSECTOR,ASMIGHTBEEXPECTEDWHENALLOWANCEISMADEFORAWIDERANGEOFINDIVIDUALEMPLOYEECHARACTERISTICS,INDICATIVEOFTHEIRHUMANCAPITAL,WEFINDTHATDIFFERENTTYPES
14、OFEMPLOYERANDDIFFERENTTYPESOFEMPLOYEEVOICEHAVEANIMPORTANTBEARINGONHOURLYPAYLEVELSFORCOMPARABLEEMPLOYEESSOMEOFTHERELATIONSHIPSARECONSISTENTWITHOTHEREMPIRICALRESEARCH,SOMEAREATODDSWITHPREVIOUSFINDINGSANDSOMEAREQUITENOVELINPART,THENOVELTYOFSOMEOFOURRESULTSSTEMSFROMTHESIZEANDRICHNESSOFOURDATASOURCE,PART
15、ICULARLYITSCOMBINATIONOFEMPLOYERANDEMPLOYEEDATAWEFINDTHATJOBCHARACTERISTICSHAVEANIMPORTANTBEARINGONPAYLEVELSEMPLOYERSPAYHIGHERWAGESORSALARIESFORPERMANENTJOBSTHANTHEYDOFORSIMILARTEMPORARYJOBSTHEYDONOTFULLYCOMPENSATEEMPLOYEESWHOWORKOVERTIMEONAVOLUNTARYBASIS,SINCETHESEHAVEALOWERHOURLYRATEOFPAYTHANEMPLO
16、YEESWHODONOTWORKOVERTIMEHOURSEMPLOYEESWHOWORKCOMPULSORYOVERTIMEDONOT,ONAVERAGE,GETPAIDATAHIGHERHOURLYRATETHANEMPLOYEESWORKINGONLYSTANDARDHOURSTHESEDIFFERENCESINHOURLYPAYMAYREFLECTDELIBERATECHOICESBYEMPLOYERSORTHEYMAYBETHEUNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCESOFEMPLOYERSDECISIONSABOUTTHEDIVISIONOFLABOURANDOFTHESELEC
17、TIONANDSELFSELECTIONOFEMPLOYEESINTOTHEDIFFERENTTYPESOFJOBSHOWEVER,INACAPITALISTECONOMYITISPRIMARILYEMPLOYERSANDMANAGERSWHODESIGNTHEDIVISIONOFLABOURWITHINENTERPRISESANDINDIVIDUALWORKPLACESANDSOARELARGELYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEDESIGNOFJOBSITISLARGELYTHEYWHODECIDEWHETHERJOBSSHOULDBEPERMANENTORTEMPORARY,FULLO
18、RPARTTIME,INCLUDEPAYFOROVERTIMEWORKINGANDSOONHENCEWEREGARDASSOCIATIONSBETWEENTHESEJOBCHARACTERISTICSANDLEVELSOFPAYASLARGELYTHECONSEQUENCESOFEMPLOYERSBEHAVIOURANOTHERSETOFJOBCHARACTERISTICSASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERHOURLYPAYISTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHEEMPLOYEERECEIVESOTHERREWARDSORINDUCEMENTSTOLOYALTYOREFFORTEMPL
19、OYEESPROVIDEDWITHFRINGEBENEFITSSUCHASPENSIONS,ENHANCEDSICKPAY,JOBSECURITYGUARANTEESANDPERFORMANCERELATEDPAYGENERALLYALSOHAVEHIGHERHOURLYEARNINGSFROMTHEIRJOBTHISADDSSUPPORTTOMANYSTUDIESWHICHHAVESHOWNHOWEMPLOYERSSUPPLEMENTPAYWITHOTHERREWARDSINANATTEMPTTOINCREASEWORKERPRODUCTIVITYONEPARTICULARJOBCHARAC
20、TERISTICSTANDSOUTASHAVINGANESPECIALLYLARGEEFFECTUPONPAYLEVELSTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEJOBISORGANISEDTOBEWITHINAGROUPOFJOBSTHATAREGENERALLYDONEBYMENORGENERALLYDONEBYWOMENOFCOURSE,ITHASBEENUNLAWFULFORSOMETIMEFOREMPLOYERSTOADVERTISEJOBSASONLYAVAILABLETOMENORTOWOMENANDSIMILARLYITISUNLAWFULTODISCRIMINATEAGAINS
21、TEITHERWOMENORMENINSELECTINGTHEMFORAJOBANDINSETTINGTHEIRLEVELOFPAYNEVERTHELESS,JOBGROUPSWITHINWORKPLACESAREHIGHLYSEGREGATEDBYGENDERNEARLYAQUARTEROFJOBSARESUCHTHATEITHERONLYMENORONLYWOMENAREDOINGTHEMWITHINPARTICULARWORKPLACESMAKINGDUEALLOWANCEFORTHEIRHUMANCAPITALANDFOROTHERJOBCHARACTERISTICS,WEFINDTH
22、ATEMPLOYEESAREPAIDVERYMUCHMOREIFTHEYAREDOINGAJOBONLYDONEBYMENATTHEIRWORKPLACETHANIFTHEYAREDOINGAJOBONLYDONEBYWOMENTHEDIFFERENCEISAROUND17PERCENTOFHOURLYPAYINTHEPRIVATESECTORANDISONLYSLIGHTLYSMALLERWHENWEMAKEADDITIONALALLOWANCEFORTHEIMPACTOFDIFFERENTPAYDETERMINATIONARRANGEMENTSANDFORTHEIMPACTOFTRADEU
23、NIONSTHEREISANADDITIONALEFFECTATWORKPLACELEVELPAYISGENERALLYLOWERWHERETHEWORKFORCEISPREDOMINANTLYFEMALENEEDLESSTOSAY,PARTOFTHEGENDERSEGREGATIONAPPARENTFORGROUPSOFJOBSANDFORWORKPLACESISDUETOEMPLOYEESPREFERENCESABOUTWHOMTHEYWISHTOWORKWITHBUTTHATLEAVESCONSIDERABLEROOMFORMANOEUVREFOREMPLOYERSINHOWTHEYLO
24、CATETHEIRESTABLISHMENTS,DESIGNTHEJOBSWITHINTHEMANDSETTHETERMSOFCONDITIONSATTACHEDTOTHEMWECANNOTSAYFROMOURANALYSISHOWMUCHTHOSEDECISIONSAREINFLUENCEDBYTHEFACTTHATJOBSOCCUPIEDBYWOMENAREGENERALLYPAIDSUBSTANTIALLYLESSTHANTHOSEOCCUPIEDBYMENBUTITSEEMSLIKELYTHATITISAFACTORTHATMANYEMPLOYERSDONOTIGNOREEXTENDI
25、NGOURFOCUSBEYONDTHEINDIVIDUALJOBANDITSIMMEDIATESURROUNDINGSTOTHEWORKPLACEASAWHOLEANDTHEWIDERENTERPRISE,WEFINDAFURTHERRANGEOFINFLUENCESUPONPAYASMANYHAVESHOWNBEFORE,LARGERWORKPLACESPAYHIGHERWAGESANDSALARIES,ALTHOUGHOURRESULTSSUGGESTTHATTHISISNOTSOACROSSTHEWHOLERANGEOFSIZESENCOMPASSEDBYOURRESULTS,WHENO
26、THERFACTORSARETAKENINTOACCOUNTONLYTHELARGESTWORKPLACESINTHEPRIVATESECTORTHOSEWITH200ORMOREEMPLOYEESPAYADEMONSTRABLEPREMIUMOVERTHEPAYOFTHESMALLESTWORKPLACESBUTINCONTRASTTOANUMBEROFINFLUENTIALSTUDIES,WEFINDNODIFFERENCESACCORDINGTOTHESIZEOFTHEENTERPRISEINWHICHTHEEMPLOYEEWORKSFOREIGNOWNEDFIRMSPAYMORE,EV
27、ENCONTROLLINGFORTHEINDUSTRYTHATTHEYAREINANDTHECOMPETITIVENESSANDGROWTHTRENDOFTHEPRODUCTMARKETPRIVATESECTOREMPLOYERSINTIGHTLABOURMARKETSPAYHIGHERWAGESANDSALARIES,ADDINGTOTHEWEALTHOFEVIDENCEONTHISRELATIONSHIPPUTFORWARDBYBLANCHFLOWERANDOSWALD1994OURMOSTNOVELFINDINGSARETHOSETHATEXAMINEHOWEMPLOYERSBEHAVI
28、OURINSETTINGPAYISMODIFIEDBYTHEINFLUENCEOFEMPLOYEEVOICETRADEUNIONSHAVELONGBEENSHOWNTORAISEPAYLEVELSABOVETHOSEINCOMPARABLENONUNIONSITUATIONS,BUTTHEGENERALDECLINEINTHEEXTENTOFUNIONREPRESENTATIONANDINTHEINFLUENCEOFUNIONSRAISEDTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATTHISWASNOLONGERTHECASEINTHEPRIVATESECTORWESHOWEDTHATTHEREISN
29、OGENERALPREMIUMFOREMPLOYEESCOVEREDBYUNIONBARGAININGARRANGEMENTS,ASINDEEDWASSUGGESTEDBYANALYSISOFWORKPLACELEVELDATAFOR1990STEWART,1995BUTSPECIFICTYPESOFEMPLOYERUNIONARRANGEMENTSDOSHOWASUBSTANTIALPREMIUMCOMPAREDWITHCASESWHERETHEEMPLOYEESPAYISNOTCOVEREDBYUNIONNEGOTIATIONSITMAKESNOCLEARDIFFERENCEWHETHER
30、THEEMPLOYERNEGOTIATESWITHTHEUNIONATWORKPLACELEVEL,ENTERPRISELEVELORINAMULTIEMPLOYERSETTINGBUTITDOESMATTERHOWEXTENSIVETHECOLLECTIVEBARGAININGISINTERMSOFTHEPROPORTIONOFTHEWORKFORCETHATITAPPLIESTOONLYWHEREBARGAININGCOVERSBETWEEN70AND99PERCENTOFEMPLOYEESISTHEREADEMONSTRABLEPAYPREMIUMOVERSIMILAREMPLOYEES
31、INSIMILARNONUNIONWORKPLACESWEESTIMATETHEPREMIUMINTHOSECIRCUMSTANCESTOBEAROUND8PERCENTOFHOURLYPAYANDITAPPLIESTO14PERCENTOFALLEMPLOYEESINTHEPRIVATESECTORHOWEVER,ANOTHERSMALLERGROUPOFEMPLOYEESALSOBENEFITSFROMTHEUNIONACTIVITYINTHESEWORKPLACESTHEYAREMOSTLYMANAGERSANDPROFESSIONALWORKERSANDTHEYMAYEVENBENEF
32、ITTOAGREATERDEGREETHANTHEMAJORITYOFTHEWORKFORCEINTHEIRESTABLISHMENTWHOAREDIRECTLYCOVEREDBYTHEUNIONBARGAININGARRANGEMENTSANOTHERWAYOFIDENTIFYINGTHEGROUPOFEMPLOYEESWHOMOSTCLEARLYBENEFITFROMUNIONBARGAININGISBYTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEIRREPRESENTATIONARRANGEMENTSMULTIPLEUNIONSATWORKPLACELEVELACHIEVEADEMONSTRAB
33、LEWAGEPREMIUMOFAROUND11PERCENT,WHEREASSINGLEUNIONARRANGEMENTSSHOWNOADVANTAGEFOREMPLOYEESOVERHAVINGNOUNIONREPRESENTATIONFORPAYBARGAININGAGAINTHEUNCOVEREDEMPLOYEESINTHESAMEWORKPLACESSHAREINTHEGAINSACHIEVEDBYTHEUNIONSTHEINEFFECTIVENESSOFSINGLEUNIONREPRESENTATIONINACHIEVINGAPAYPREMIUMISMATCHEDBYTHEINEFF
34、ECTIVENESSOFVOICEARRANGEMENTSTHATDONOTINVOLVECOLLECTIVEBARGAININGWHEREMANAGERSCONSULTWITHEMPLOYEES,EITHERTHROUGHACONSULTATIVECOMMITTEEORWITHINDIVIDUALNONUNIONREPRESENTATIVES,PAYLEVELSAREUNAFFECTEDWEFINDTHATUNIONSCONTINUETOHAVEAROLEININDUCINGEMPLOYERSINTHEPRIVATESECTORTOOFFERENHANCEDFRINGEBENEFITS,BU
35、TONLYINPARTICULARCIRCUMSTANCESCONTROLLINGFOROTHERFACTORS,PENSIONSCHEMESAREMORECOMMONWHEREUNIONSNEGOTIATEATWORKPLACEORENTERPRISELEVEL,BUTNOTWHERETHEREISMULTIEMPLOYERBARGAININGOVERPAYUNLIKEPAY,PENSIONPROVISIONISMORECOMMONWHERESINGLEUNIONSARERECOGNISEDBUTASWITHPAY,NONEOFTHEFORMSOFEMPLOYEEVOICEOUTSIDEBA
36、RGAININGMAKEANYDIFFERENCEASTOWHETHEREMPLOYERSPROVIDEPENSIONSSICKPAYPROVISIONCLOSELYFOLLOWSTHEPATTERNOFHIGHERPAY,WITHTHESAMETYPESOFWORKPLACEANDUNIONREPRESENTATIONHAVINGANINCREASEDLIKELIHOODOFPROVIDINGTHEBENEFITINBROADTERMS,WEFINDTHATTHEPAYOFCOMPARABLEEMPLOYEESISMODIFIEDSUBSTANTIALLYBYTHETYPEOFEMPLOYE
37、RWHOEMPLOYSTHEMINAMINORITYOFWORKPLACESTHEEMPLOYERSBEHAVIOURISMODIFIEDBYCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGOVERPAYWITHTRADEUNIONSTHISEFFECTSPILLSOVERTOOTHEREMPLOYEESINTHESAMEWORKPLACEANDMAYALSOINCREASETHELIKELIHOODOFTHEEMPLOYERPROVIDINGFRINGEBENEFITSSOURCENATIONALINSTITUTEOFECONOMICANDSOCIALRESEARCH,200011译文英国薪酬水平和
38、福利补贴规定的决定因素约翰和尼尔工会提高薪资水平的能力被很好地公认,但英国联合部门的收缩使这成了问题。1998年的分析工作场所员工关系的一项调查显示,仍有一些员工通过集体谈判得到工会保费且这种效果溢出给在同一工作场所的其他雇员。雇主和工作特性比联盟的讨价还价对支付工资的影响更大。工会效果最强的环境得以辨识。福利提供显示了一些类似的效果。在过去的20年中,英国的劳动力市场的工资定价由雇主和工会共同商讨变成由雇主自行决定。在集体谈判为基准的时代,除了收入外的许多其他就业条件是一起规定的小时、加班、假期等等。20世纪70年代以来,工资集体协商持续下降,现在也更普遍成为管理层决策的问题。决定薪酬和其它
39、聘用条件的制度结构的主要改变引起了一些研究能够有效处理的问题。在过去,许多工作聚焦在工会工资保险费的大小,但在现行条件下,更广泛地关注雇主为雇员设置工资和其他条件的结构和过程似乎更加适合。也许对他们所代表的少数员工来说,工会仍然拥有一个重要角色。或者代表雇员“心声”的其他形式已经引人注目了关于其他就业的条件是如何解决的能说些什么在1998年,在十个或以上的机构了,大概有五分之二的工资是有管理者和工会协商决定的。有十分之三的私营部门中的员工都有机体谈判,尽管工业部门的比例(47)比服务部门的比例(22)高。在公共部门的劳资谈判高达68。虽然对许多其他员工来说,他们的工资变动有雇主单方面决定,在许
40、多公共部门的一些职业如教学和护理,通常有中央政府根据工资支付审核机构的建议而做出决定。在私营部门,车间最常见的配置是通过车间的同一管理水平的设置来提供给员工的。几乎有三分之一(30)的车间是这种配置。在27的公司里,员工的工资由组织里更高层级的管理单方面决定的。在公共部门,车间的工资设置很可能只通过多数雇主的集体谈判(28)或者通过劳资谈判和其他外部手段(如支付审查机构)的联合来设置。在公共部门中,法定支付审查和劳资谈判非常流行,医疗和教育成为公共部门活动的两个最基本的例子。这是继二十世纪八十年代和九十年代一些医疗专业和教学专业从支付设置都支付审查的转变之后,而其他员工依然是通过劳资谈判而定的
41、KESSLERANDBAYLISS,199813847。表格清楚的表明在私营部门很流行的工资结构的决心安排在公共部门显得稀少。我们对薪资水平和附加福利提供的分析已揭露了许多雇主和工会为员工提供一个更好的结果这一特点。不出所料,对私营部门的分析比公共部门的更加明显。他们的人力资本表明,津贴是根据不同员工的特点而定的,我们发现不同类型的雇主和不同类型的员工“心声”对比较的员工的支付水平有重要影响。有些关系和其他经验研究是一致的,而有些与先前的发现有差异,有些非常离奇。一部分,我们结果的新奇源于我们数据的庞大和丰富,尤其是雇主和雇员数据的结合。我们发现工作特性对支付水平有重要影响。E雇主支付给永久性
42、工作的工资或薪水要高于给临时工的工资。他们不愿意补偿自愿超时工作的员工,因为这些人的一小时工作效率比不超时工作的人的效率要低。一般来说,那些必须超时工作的员工得到的工资不会比按标准时间工作的员工高。计时工资的差异可能反映了雇主的故意挑选或者是雇主决定劳动分工和将员工划分为不同工作的选择与自我选择而导致的结果。然而,在资本主义经济,首先是由雇主和经理在企业和个人车间里设计分工,所以主要由他们为工作设计负责。主要由他们决定工作是否是长期或者短期,全职或者兼职,包括加班时间的工资支付等等。因此,我们将工作特性和支付水平之间的联系看作大部分是由于雇主行为的结果。另一组与高计时工资相关的工作特性在某种程
43、度上与员工所得的使他们忠诚,努力的其他报酬和诱因有关。得到附近福利如养老金,提高的病假工资,工资安全保障和绩效工资等的员工,他们在工作中的单位收入会更高。这支持了其他研究,这些研究表明了雇主是如何通过支付补偿报酬来提高员工生产力的。一个对支付水平有重要影响的特定的工作特性非常突出在某一程度上,工作有女性或者男性的一群工作组织。薪酬水平产生影响的程度工作是有组织的存在于阶层的工作,通常由男人们做的事或一般由妇女当然。雇主的招聘广告中只招男性或者只招女性是不合法的,同样的,在甄选和设置支付水平是有歧视也是不合法的。然而,车间里的工作群高度按性别划分几乎有四分之一的工作只由男性或者女性在他们(她们)
44、的特殊车间里进行。为他们的人力资本和其他工作特性支付适当的津贴,我们发现,员工从事的工作只由男性完成比只由女性单独完成而得到的收入会更高。在私营部门这个差异大概是17,当我们为不同支付安排和工会的影响而做额外的补贴时,这个差异稍微小了一点点。对车间水平还有另一影响有女性主导的车间工资比较低。毋庸置疑,对于一些工作和车间进行性别分隔是是由于员工偏好和某些人工作。但这为雇主定位他们的公司,在他们之间设计工作和设置与他们有关的条件提高了广阔的空间。不能从我们的分析中得出这些决定是如何由女性从事的工作所得的工资比男性低这一事实影响,但它似乎可能是许多雇主无法忽略的一个因素。延伸我们的关注点不仅局限在个
45、人工作和它对车间的直接影响,而是把它看成一个整体以及更广阔的其他,我们发现了对支付水平更多的影响。正如前面已经表明,当考虑其他因素时,尽管我们的结果表明我们的结果不包括所以的结果,但是更大的车间意味着更高的工资和薪水。私营部门(有200或以上的员工)中只有最大的车间支付一些超过最小车间可论证的额外金。与一些有影响力的研究相反,我们没有发现员工所在企业规模的大小有什么差异。外企支付更多,几遍他们所在的行业得到控制以及产品的竞争力和增长趋势。加上由BLANCHFLOWERANDOSWALD提出的关于这一关系的丰富证据,在劳动力紧张的市场,私营部门的雇主支付更高的工资。我们最新奇的发现是那些验证雇员
46、设置支付水平是如何受到员工“心声”的影响。长期表明,有工会比没工会时的工资水平更高,但是工会代表和工会影响力整体下降可能使情况发现变化。在私营部门,我们表明了,员工并没有因为工会的劳资谈判而获得额外金,STEWART的车间水平数据分析也表明没有。但是特殊的雇主和工会安排与那些没有工会协商的情况相比,员工有许多额外金。是否雇主和车间的,企业的或者更多雇主的协商有什么不同,这一点还不明确。但重要的是,就它使用的劳动力的比例而言,劳资谈判是多么广泛。只有覆盖了7090的员工的劳资谈判,员工才有比在相似的没有工会的情况下会获得更明显的额外金。我们估计在这种情况下的额外金大约是18,覆盖了私人部门14的
47、员工。然而,在同一车间里的其他员工群体小组也会从工会活动中受益。他们大部分是经理和专业人员,他们比公司里那些直接由工会谈判而得到的受益更大。另一识别从工会谈判受益的员工组是通过他们的代表安排的复杂程度。在车间水平的需要工会获得的可论证的工资补贴大约是11,而由单一的工会组织代表的员工与那些没有工会代表谈判的人员相比,并没有什么优势。而在同一车间里的那些没有被覆盖的员工也能分享到工会所得的利益。由单一工会代表而获得额外金跟没有劳资谈判而进行申诉一样,同样是无效的。无论经理是通过咨询委员会或者通过没有工会的个人代表来咨询员工,支付水平都不会受到影响。我们发现工会仍然在引导私人部门的老板体统更好的附
48、加福利方面发挥着作用,但仅限于个别环境。不考虑其他因素,在工会谈判处于车间或企业水平的时候,养老金计划就更普遍,但是在多个老板进行谈判的工资的企业就不是这种情况。不像工资,在那些只有工会认可的企业里养老金提供更为普遍。但跟工资一样,没有讨价还价而进行任何形式的员工抱怨,对老板是否提供养老金来说都没有什么不同。与那种更有可能提供福利的车间和工会代表一样,医疗费用提供也更高。更泛一点,我们发现进行比较的员工们的工资因雇佣他们的老板的类型而有很多变化。在少数车间,老板的行为因为工会进行工资谈判而发生变化。这种效果影响到同一企业的其他员工,也许更有可能是老板提供福利。出处NATIONALINSTITUTEOFECONOMICANDSOCIALRESEARCH,200011