1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目某公司员工关系问题研究学院商学院专业人力资源管理班级学号学生姓名指导教师外文题目TECHNOLOGYANDLABORRELATIONSINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY外文出处JOURNALOFLABORRESEARCH外文作者THIEBLOT,AJ1原文TECHNOLOGYANDLABORRELATIONSINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHIEBLOT,AJIINTRODUCTIONECONOMICANDSOCIALUPHEAVALSLITTLESHORTOFREVOLUTIONARYHAVEACCOMPANIEDSUCHT
2、ECHNOLOGICALCHANGESASTHEMECHANICALREAPERTOAGRICULTURE,THEINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINETOTRANSPORTATION,ORTHEMOVINGASSEMBLYLINESTOMANUFACTURINGBUTFUNDAMENTALCHANGESTOINDUSTRIESPRODUCTS,PURPOSES,WORKMETHODS,CAPITALIZATION,MARKETS,ANDLABORSTRUCTURESHAVEALSORESULTEDFROMLESSDRAMATICINTRODUCTIONSHEREINICONCENT
3、RATEONTHECUMULATIVEIMPACTOFSUCHLESSERTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSONONEPARTICULARINDUSTRY,CONSTRUCTION,ANDSPECIFICALLYONLABORRELATIONSINTHATINDUSTRYCONSTRUCTIONHASUNDERGONEFEWMAJORTECHNOLOGICALUPHEAVALSFURTHERMORE,THEIMPACTOFSOMEOFTHELESSERCHANGESHASUNDOUBTEDLYBEENMUTEDBYTHEDIVERSITYANDCOMPLEXITYOFBOTHT
4、HEINDUSTRYANDITSWORKFORCENEVERTHELESS,THEREARERECOGNIZABLECOMMONALITIESINMOSTCONSTRUCTIONSECTORS,TECHNOLOGYHASCREATEDDEMANDSANDOPPORTUNITIESFORNEWDIVISIONSOFWORKANDFORNEW,NONTRADITIONALAPPORTIONMENTSOFJOBOWNERSHIPAMONGVARIOUSTRADESORAMONGDIFFERENTLEVELSOFTHEWORKFORCEHIERARCHYSOMECHANGESHAVEBEENSUPPO
5、RTEDANDABSORBEDBYEXISTINGSTRUCTURES,BUTOTHERSHAVEBEENANDCONTINUETOBERESISTED,SOMETIMESFROMSURPRISINGQUARTERSTHEJOURNEYMANAPPRENTICECONSTRUCTTHATCERTAINPORTIONSOFTHEINDUSTRYHAVEALMOSTUNIQUELYRETAINEDFROMTHEMEDIAEVALARTISANGUILDSHASBEENCIRCUMVENTEDORSTRAINEDBYTHENEWJOBSREQUIRINGNONTRADITIONALSKILLSAND
6、THEGROWINGNEEDFORADDITIONALJOBLEVELSBETWEENTHEFULLYSKILLEDJOURNEYMANANDTHEUNSKILLEDLABORERTRADITIONALSYSTEMSOFTRAINING,QUALIFYING,SELECTION,JOBASSIGNMENT,ANDADVANCEMENTHAVEBEENPARTICULARLYAFFECTEDALTHOUGHTHEINDUSTRYSOLDORGANIZATIONALPARADIGMSEEMSBROKENBEYONDREPAIR,ATTEMPTSTOREPLACEITWITHAMOREMODERNM
7、ODELHAVENOTBEENEASYIIILABORORGANIZATIONINCONSTRUCTION2BETWEENTHEGREATDEPRESSIONANDABOUT1970,BUILDINGTRADESUNIONSCONTROLLEDAHUGEPORTIONOFTHEINDUSTRYSWORKFORCEBYONEESTIMATE,8287PERCENTOFALLCONSTRUCTIONWORKWASUNIONIZEDINTHEDECADEAFTERWORLDWAR11,2ANDBYANYESTIMATE,UNIONIZATIONREMAINEDALMOSTTWICEASHIGHASI
8、NOTHERPRIVATEINDUSTRIESTHROUGHTHEEARLY1960SCOLLECTIVELY,UNIONSSETTHETONEANDESTABLISHEDTHEPROCEDURALNORMSFORWORKASSIGNMENTS,PAY,ANDBENEFITSADMINISTRATION,FORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFWORKERSRIGHTSANDDUTIES,FORTRAININGANDSKILLDEVELOPMENT,ANDFOROTHERASPECTSOFPERSONNELADMINISTRATIONTHUSTHEIMPACTOFTECHNOLOGYONTH
9、EINDUSTRYSUNIONSISINMANYRESPECTSASIMPORTANTASITSIMPACTDIRECTLYONTHEINDUSTRYSWORK,MATERIALS,EQUIPMENT,ORMETHODSTHEPRECURSORSOFMOSTOFTODAYSBUILDINGUNIONSBLOSSOMEDINTHEPERIODOFGROWINGLABORSELFAWARENESSFOLLOWINGTHECIVILWAR,ANDSEVERALRIVALASSOCIATIONSAROSEAFTERTHEPANICOF1873THEKNIGHTSOFLABOR,BRIEFLYTHELA
10、RGEST,HADBEENSETUPASUNDIFFERENTIATEDBYCRAFTORCLASS,ANDWASDOMINATEDBYTHEUNSKILLEDITNUMBERED600,000MEMBERSBY1886,BUTDECLINEDRAPIDLYTHEREAFTER,SUCCUMBINGTOINTERNALADMINISTRATIVEPROBLEMSANDLACKOFCOHESIVEPURPOSEPERHAPSLEARNINGFROMTHISLESSON,THEAMERICANFEDERATIONOFLABORAFL,ESTABLISHEDIN1886,TOOKADIFFERENT
11、TACK,SETTINGITSELFUPASACONFEDERATIONOFLOCALJOURNEYMENSASSOCIATIONSTHATALREADYEXISTEDANDWHICHWOULDRETAINTHEIRIDENTITYANDUNIQUENESSITWASANORGANIZATIONOFTHESKILLEDALLIEDBYCRAFTANDWASSUCCESSFULTHENUMBEROFDIFFERENTCRAFTSUNDERTHEAFLUMBRELLAHASVARIEDOVERTIME,BUTCONSTRUCTIONUNIONSHAVEALWAYSBEENASUBSTANTIALP
12、ROPORTIONOFTHETOTALNINETEENBUILDINGTRADESHADPLACESINTHEBUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTIONTRADESCOUNCILTHEAFL,ESTABLISHEDIN1908,OUTOFATOTALOFABOUT120INTHEORGANIZATIONFOURTEENOFTHESEOFABOUT88CRAFTSPECIFICUNIONSINTOTALSTILLCHARACTERIZEDITINTHEYEAR2000THEPOINTISTHATALLACTIVE,CURRENTBUILDINGTRADESUNIONSHADTHEIRROOT
13、SINORNEARTHEORIGINALFOUNDINGPERIODACENTURYAGOCARPENTERSHADBEENONEOFTHEFIRSTTENATTHEAFLSORGANIZATIONALMEETINGINSTLOUISIN1886BOILERMAKERS,BRICKLAYERS,PLASTERERS,LATHERS,ELECTRICIANS,IRONWORKERS,PAINTERS,ANDPLUMBERSJOINEDTHEFEDERATIONBEFORE1900ASDIDSOMENOWDEFUNCTGROUPSSUCHASSTONEPOLISHERSAND3GRANITECUT
14、TERSLABORERS,ASBESTOSWORKERS,ROOFERS,ELEVATORCONSTRUCTORS,ANDTHEHOISTINGANDPORTABLELOCALSOFTHEOPERATINGENGINEERSCAMEONABITLATER,BUTWEREALLONBOARDBEFORE1908WITHONEEXCEPTION,EACHOFTHESEORIGINALUNIONSREPRESENTEDONEPARTICULARCRAFTIDENTITYANDEACHSOUGHTSUZERAINTYOVERTHESKILLEDWORKOFTHATCRAFTASITWASPRACTIC
15、EDONLYTHELABORERS,ADELIBERATEINNOVATIONOFTHEAFLTOPROVIDEAHOMEFORTHEINDUSTRYSUNSKILLED,CUTACROSSESTABLISHEDCRAFTBOUNDARIESITWASBASICALLYTHEAMALGAMATIONOFHOODCARRIERSBRICKLAYERSHELPERSANDCARPENTERSHELPERSNOBUILDINGTRADEUNIONSWEREVERTICAL,ENCOMPASSINGMORETHANTHREESKILLORWAGELEVELSJOURNEYMAN,HELPER,APPR
16、ENTICE,ANDMOSTRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOTWOLEVELSJOURNEYMANANDAPPRENTICEWHILETHEEMPHASISINTHERESTOFTHEAFLOTHERTHANRAILROADSEVENTUALLYSHIFTEDMOREANDMORETOINDUSTRIALRATHERTHANCRAFTUNIONISM,THEMEMBERSOFTHEBUILDINGTRADESGENERALLYSTROVETOMAINTAINTHEIRSEPARATEIDENTITIESWITHMINOREXCEPTIONOCCASIONALINCURSIONSIN
17、TOCONSTRUCTIONBYSUCHOUTSIDEUNIONSASDISTRICT50OFTHEMINEWORKERSORTHECHRISTIANLABORASSOCIATIONUNIONORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURESARESTILLSTRONGLYCRAFTCENTERED,ANDSTILLFOLLOWTHEDISTINCTIONSOFWHATEVERCRAFTSEXISTEDWHENTHEAFLWASESTABLISHED,ANDTHEREHAVEBEENFEWADDITIONSORSUBTRACTIONSDESPITETHEFACTTHATTECHNOLOGYHAS
18、SOMETIMESFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGEDTHEWORKNEEDEDANDTHESKILLSNECESSARYTOACCOMPLISHITFOREXAMPLE,THEREWASLITTLEROADBUILDINGWORKDURINGTHE1890SORATANYTIMEBEFOREABOUT1920OTHERTHANCITYSTREETSORRAILROADS,NEITHEROFWHICHWEREDONEBYBUILDINGTRADESMEN,SOTHEREWERENOPREEXISTINGJOURNEYMENSASSOCIATIONSOFHIGHWAYPAVERSORROAD
19、BENDERSORCONCRETESCREEDMENSIMILARLY,THEIRONANDSTEELTHATWASUSEDFORBUILDINGSANDBRIDGESWASHELDTOGETHERBYBOLTSORRIVETS,SOALTHOUGHTHEREWEREIRONWORKERS,THEREWERENOORIGINALUNIONSOFWELDERSTHEREWERENOAIRCONDITIONERSORFORCEDAIRHEATINGSYSTEMS,SOTHEREWERENODUCTMAKERSORDUCTINSTALLERSTHEREWERENODRYWALLPANELS,SOTH
20、EREWERENOUNIONSOFDRYWALLHANGERSANDTAPERSASOFTHEMID1960S,THENUMBEROFUNIONSINTHEBUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTION4TRADESDEPARTMENTOFTHEAFLHADFALLENONLYFROMTHE19OF1908TOTHE18SHOWNINTABLE1THESEWEREDOMINATEDBYFOURUNIONS,CARPENTERS27PERCENT,LABORERS18PERCENT,OPERATINGENGINEERS10PERCENT,ANDPLUMBERS10PERCENT,WHOCOMPO
21、SEDALMOSTTWOTHIRDSOFTHETOTALTHEMAINORGANIZATIONALPRINCIPLEOFTHEAFL,ASDISCUSSEDABOVE,WASTHATITWOULDBEBASEDONEXISTINGCRAFTDELINEATIONSOFJOURNEYMENANDAPPRENTICESBUTTHATWASNOTTHEONLYPRINCIPLETWOOTHERSWERETHATEVERYASPECTOFCONSTRUCTIONWORKWOULDBECOVEREDBYONESINGLEUNIONHAVINGEXCLUSIVEJURISDICTIONOVERITASAL
22、LOCATEDBYNEGOTIATIONORFORCEMAJEUREWITHINTHEAFLANDTHATJOURNEYMANOFEACHCRAFTWOULDBECONSIDEREDEQUALLYSKILLEDANDTHEREFOREEQUALLYPAIDATTHESAMECOLLECTIVELYBARGAINEDWAGERATETHEFIRSTOFTHESE,MORETHANTHESECOND,WASRESPONSIBLEORSTRIKESANDSTRIFEWITHINTHEINDUSTRY,BUTBOTHHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOTHEORGANIZEDSECTORSDIFFICU
23、LTYINRESPONDINGTOTECHNOLOGICALLYINSPIREDCHANGESVIIMPACTANDREACTIONFROMPUBLISHEDSTATISTICS,ITMIGHTAPPEARATFIRSTGLANCETHATTECHNOLOGICALANDOTHERCHANGESHAVEHADLITTLEIMPACTONTHEORGANIZATIONOFTHEINDUSTRYSINCETHE1960SINDEED,IN2000THELISTOFUNIONSINTHEBUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTIONTRADESDEPARTMENTLOOKEDLARGELYTHESA
24、MEASITHADAGENERATIONEARLIERTHEREWEREAFEWNAMECHANGESANDDIMINUTIONSRESULTING,FOREXAMPLE,FROMTHETILE,MARBLE,ANDTERRAZZOFINISHERSABSORBINGTHEDECLININGGRANITECUTTERSBEFORETHEMSELVESMERGINGWITHTHECARPENTERS,ORFROMTHESTONECUTTERSMERGINGWITHTHELABORERSBUTTHE14REMAININGMEMBERSOFTHECOUNCILTABULATEDINTABLE2WER
25、EEASILYASSOCIABLEWITHTHEIRPREDECESSORSESTIMATESOFTHEPROPORTIONOFUNIONSACTUALLYINTHEBUILDINGTRADESASOPPOSEDTOWORKINGINMANUFACTURINGOROTHERINDUSTRIESIN2000WEREUNAVAILABLE,BUTTHEMOSTRECENTONESFROM1983SHOWEDNOAPPRECIABLECHANGEFROMEARLIER,ANDTHEPROPORTIONALCOMPOSITIONOFTHEUNIONWORKFORCEWASSUBSTANTIALLYUN
26、CHANGEDTHEBIGFOURUNIONSWERESTILLABOUTTWOTHIRDSOFTHETOTALINTHEGENERATIONBETWEENTHETWOTABLES,UNIONREPRESENTATIONSEEMSTOHAVEREFLECTEDNEITHERTHERISEOFNEWLYDEVELOPINGTRADESNORTHEFRACTIONATINGOFTHEINDUSTRYINTOPREVIOUSLYUNRECOGNIZEDSUBSPECIALTIESMEMBERSHIPREPORTEDBY5BUILDINGTRADESUNIONSMAYHAVEFALLENBYAHALF
27、MILLIONFROMABOUT1,949,000TO1,435,000,ANDTHENUMBEROFCRAFTSMAYHAVEDECLINEDSLIGHTLY,BUTBASICSTRUCTUREANDPRECEPTSDIDNOTSEEMTOCHANGEITISINTERESTINGTOSPECULATEONWHYDESPITETHEREVERSALOFDOMINANCEFROM80PERCENTUNIONINTHE1960STO80PERCENTNONUNIONGENERATIONSLATERANDDESPITETHECERTAINIMPACTOFTECHNOLOGYONJOBREQUIRE
28、MENTS,VERYLITTLECHANGEWASAPPARENTNOTONLYINTHESEUNIONSTATISTICS,BUTALSOINAPPRENTICESHIPPROGRAMSANDMANYSTANDARDJOBDESCRIPTIONS,THEINDUSTRYCONTINUESTOREFLECTUNIONCONSTRUCTSOFJOBOWNERSHIPANDSKILLDIVISIONSALIKELYREASONISFOUNDINTHERELUCTANCETOCHANGENOTSOMUCHBYINDUSTRYPARTICIPANTSASBYGOVERNMENTAGENCIES,AND
29、THEIMPEDIMENTSTOCREATINGVIABLEALTERNATIVETRAININGANDPERSONNELSTRUCTURESBYPERHAPSWELLMEANINGGOVERNMENTAGENCIESASMUCHASONETHIRDOFDOMESTICCONSTRUCTIONWORKISDONEUNDERCONTRACTFORFEDERAL,STATE,ORLOCALGOVERNMENTS,ANDMUCHOFTHATISSUBJECTTOPREVAILINGWAGELAWREQUIREMENTSATTHEFEDERALLEVEL,THEDAVISBACONACTSETSTHE
30、PREVAILINGWAGERATESITISADEPRESSIONERASTATUTEWHOSEANTECEDENTSGOBACKTOTHETURNOFTHEPREVIOUSCENTURY,ANDITHASREMAINEDLARGELYUNCHANGEDSINCEITSPRECEPTSWEREESTABLISHEDDURINGNEWDEALIFONEWERETOLOOKATATYPICALPREVAILINGWAGEDETERMINATIONFORGOVERNMENTSPONSOREDCONSTRUCTIONFROMANYWHEREINTHEPERIODFROM,SAY,1965TOTHEP
31、RESENT,EXCEPTFORTHEDOLLARAMOUNTSOFTHEWAGERATESPECIFIED,ITWOULDBEHARDTODIFFERENTIATETHEMONEFROMTHEOTHERCURRENTDETERMINATIONSSTILLASSUMETHATUNIONWAGERATESPREDOMINATEOUTSIDEOFTHESOUTHUNLESSANACTUALWAGESURVEYHASDEMONSTRATEDOTHERWISETHEYSTILLASSUMETHEWORKOFTHEINDUSTRYTOBEPERFORMEDBYADISCRETETHOUGHVARIABL
32、EFROMPLACETOPLACEANDRELATIVELYSMALLNUMBEROFDIFFERENTCRAFTSOFJOURNEYMENALLOFWHOMAREORSHOULDBEPAIDTHESAMEWAGERATEANDTHEYSTILLASSUMETHATALLCONSTRUCTIONWORKISPERFORMEDONLYBYEQUALLYSKILLEDJOURNEYMENSUPPORTEDBYALIMITEDNUMBEROFTHEIRAPPRENTICESINTRAININGANDBYUNSKILLEDLABORERSALTHOUGHTHESEASSUMPTIONSHAVEBECO
33、MEFAROUTOFSTEPWITHEVENUNIONORGANIZATIONALANDWORKPATTERNSOFTHEPRESENTDAY,THEYCONTINUETOBEMADEANDTOIMPEDECHANGESMANYFEELTHEINDUSTRYNEEDSDESPERATELY6HEREISANEXAMPLEFROMARANDOMLYSELECTEDFEDERALPREVAILINGRATEDETERMINATIONFORBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONIN24COUNTIESOFTEXAS92TX002IN1992THISWASONEOFABOUT40SURVEYSACT
34、UALLYPERFORMEDINTHATYEARWHICHINTOTALCOVEREDONLYABOUT3PERCENTOFTHECOUNTIESOFTHECOUNTRY,ROUGHLYTHESAMENUMBERASINOTHERRECENTYEARSABOUT40PERCENTOFCOUNTIESHAVENEVERHADASURVEYPERFORMED,BECAUSETHEDEPARTMENTOFLABORHASALWAYSASSUMEDTHATUNIONRATESPREVAILUNIVERSALLYINTHEMINTHISTEXASDETERMINATION,PREVAILINGWAGER
35、ATESWEREISSUEDFORONLY11DIFFERENTWORKERCATEGORIES,THREEOFWHICHCOVEREDDIFFERENTGRADESOFUNIONELEVATORCONSTRUCTORSCARPENTER,CEMENTMASON,ELECTRICIAN,ELEVATORCONSTRUCTORMECHANIC,ELEVATORCONSTRUCTORHELPER,ELEVATORCONSTRUCTORPROBATIONARYHELPER,STRUCTURALIRONWORKER,COMMONLABORER,PAINTER,PLUMBER/PIPEFITTER,SH
36、EETMETALWORKER,ANDROOFERTHUSACONTRACTORBUILDINGSOMETHINGFORTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTINTHEPARTOFTEXASTOWHICHTHISDETERMINATIONAPPLIEDWOULDHAVEHADTOPAYEACHOFHISEMPLOYEESNOLESSTHANTHEWAGESANDFRINGEBENEFITSSPECIFIEDFORONEOFNINECRAFTGROUPS,ARESTRICTIONTHATMIGHTWELLHAVEIMPOSEDSUBSTANTIALRESTRICTIONSONHISOPTIONS
37、INDEPLOYINGLABORTOMATCHTHENEEDSOFTHEJOBHECOULDNOT,FOREXAMPLE,HAVEEMPLOYEDCARPENTERSHELPERSORCEMENTFINISHERSATLOWERRATESTHANCARPENTERSORCEMENTMASONS,BUTWOULDHAVEHADTOPAYTHEMTHEFULLJOURNEYMENSWAGESBYTHE1990S,THENONUNIONDOMAINBADBECOMETHEDOMINANTONE,ANDHADDEVELOPEDITSOWNPATTERNSOFJOBDESIGNATIONSANDPAYA
38、DMINISTRATIONALSOBYTHATTIME,THEIMPACTSOFTECHNOLOGYINTHEFRACTIONINGOFJOBSINTODIFFERENTSPECIALTIESANDNEWLEVELSOFSKILLDEMANDWEREWELLESTABLISHEDYET,GOVERNMENTCONTINUEDTOHOLDONTOTHEOLDWAYSTHATSTILLCATEREDTOTHEEVERDIMINISHINGUNIONPATTERNSALTHOUGHESTIMATEDMARKETSHAREBYTHEUNIONS,STILLAROUND60PERCENTINTHE197
39、0S,HADFALLENBYTWOTHIRDSINTHEFOLLOWING20YEARSTOABOUT20PERCENTUNIONBY2000NEARZEROINHOMEBUILDING,ANDALTHOUGHEVENTHEUNIONSECTORWASWORKINGBEHINDTHESCENESTODEVELOPNEWSETSOFJOBTITLESANDNEWCLASSESOFSEMISKILLEDWORKERS,GOVERNMENTPOLICIESSUCHASPREVAILINGRATESDISCOURAGEDPRODUCTIVECHANGEINRESPONSETORISINGDEMANDF
40、ROMNONUNIONCONTRACTORS,IN1982CONGRESSREQUIREDTHEDEPARTMENTOFLABORTOALLOWPREVAILINGRATESTOBEESTABLISHEDIN7DAVISBACONWAGEDETERMINATIONSFORANEXPANDEDNUMBEROFCATEGORIESOFSEMISKILLEDCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSIDENTIFIEDAS“HELPERS“BUTTHEDEPARTMENT,CITINGVARIOUSDIFFICULTIES,SUSPENDEDAPPLICATIONOFTHENEWRULESFORALLB
41、UTACOUPLEOFBRIEFPERIODSBEFOREFINALLYRESCINDINGTHEMCOMPLETELYIN2000APPARENTLYHAVINGDECIDEDTHATTHEREHADBEENNOSUBSTANTIALCHANGEINTHEINDUSTRYSWORKFORCECOMPOSITIONSINCETHE1930S,AFTERALLDURINGTHEPERIODSOFNOSUSPENSION,78PREVAILINGWAGESURVEYSWEREACTUALLYCONDUCTEDBYDOL,ANDTHESEGIVEUSEFULINSIGHTINTOTHEDEGREET
42、OWHICHTECHNOLOGICALLYINSPIREDNEWSPECIALTIESHADDEVELOPEDANDOLDJOBSFRACTIONATEDINSTEADOFTHEORIGINALHANDFULOFTRADES,THELISTCOMPRISES221DIFFERENTJOBTITLES,BOTHUNIONANDNONUNION,WHOSEPROFUSIONREFLECTSNOTONLYMINORVARIATIONSINWORKPERFORMEDBYSIMILARLYSKILLEDPERSONS,BUTALSOBOTHTHEINDUSTRYSSTRUGGLEAGAINSTPAYIN
43、GTHESAMEWAGERATETODIFFERENTLYSKILLEDWORKERSINTHESAMEGENERICTRADE,ANDTHEINABILITYOFTHEORIGINALCONSTRUCTIONTRADEIDENTITIESTOEXERTOWNERSHIPOFNEWERDEVELOPINGWORKAMONGTHEMISATREMENDOUSPROFUSIONINTHESEMISKILLEDRANKS,COMPRISINGLESSTHANFULLYSKILLEDJOURNEYMEN,HELPERSANDTRAINEES,ANDVARIOUSADVANCEDCATEGORIESOF
44、LABORERSTABLE3REPORTSTHENUMBERSOFTHESEFOUND,ANDGIVESANEXAMPLEORTWO,WITHOUTREPRODUCINGTHEENTIRELISTVIICONCLUSIONSITISCLEARTHATAGREATARRAYOFNEWJOBTITLESANDAPROFUSIONOFSEMISKILLEDCATEGORIESOFCONSTRUCTIONWORKHAVEDEVELOPEDWHICHWERENOTREPRESENTEDBYUNIONSWHENUNIONSESTABLISHEDTHELABORSTRUCTURETHATDOMINATEDT
45、HEINDUSTRYFORMANYYEARSTHEYHAVECOMEABOUTBECAUSETECHNOLOGYHASCOMPRESSEDSKILLREQUIREMENTSAWAYFROMTHEEXTREMESANDTOWARDSTHECENTERFEWERCRAFTSMENWITHHIGHLYREFINED,BROADLYBASEDSKILLSARENEEDED,BUTMOREWHOHAVELIMITEDORSPECIALIZEDSKILLSARENEEDED,ANDMOREWHOCANAPPLYSOMELESSERDEGREEOFSKILLTHANEITHER,BUTENOUGHTOBEA
46、BLETOFOLLOWTHEIRLEADS,AREALSONEEDEDATTHESAMETIME,THEREISLESSNEEDFORLIFTANDCARRYWORKUNASSISTEDBYMECHANICALADVANTAGE,SOTHEREISDECREASEDDEMANDFORLABORERSINTHEOLDSENSEWORKERSWHOWEREALLOWEDTOUSETHETOOLSOFNOTRADEALTHOUGHTHEDEPARTMENTOFLABORCONTINUESTOFIGHTTHEIMPORTOFTHESECHANGES8ANDSTILLADMINISTERSPREVAIL
47、INGWAGELAWSBYOUTMODEDSTANDARDS,ITISALSOCLEARTHATTHEINDUSTRYREALLYWANTSTOHAVETHENEWTITLESANDLEVELSANDISPRODUCINGTHEMATANINCREASINGRATEUNQUESTIONABLY,THEOLDUNIONBASEDPARADIGMFORLABORRELATIONSISBROKENTHEIDEATHATWITHMINOREXCEPTIONALLCONSTRUCTIONWORKSHOULDBEDONEBYFULLYTRAINEDJOURNEYMENPAIDTHESAMERATEBYCR
48、AFTASSISTEDONLYBYCOMMONLABORERSUSINGNOTOOLSANDBYALIMITEDNUMBEROFREGISTEREDAPPRENTICESINTRAININGFORAHANDFULOFSPECIALTIESISINCREASINGLYIMPOSSIBLETOSUSTAIN9译文建造业的技术和劳动关系一、前言经济和社会随着由农业收割机、内燃机运输技术以及移动装配生产线的技术变革而来的动荡不会比革命所带来的动荡逊色。但是，行业的产品、目的、工作方法、资本、市场和劳动力结构的根本性变化，也是因为不那么引人注目的介绍。在此，我专注于这种技术发展的累积影响较小的在一个特定
49、的行业建造业的劳资关系，特别是在该行业的劳动关系。建造业经历了几个重大技术的动荡。此外，对一些影响较小的变化，无疑由于双方的多样性和复杂性的行业及其工作力量实现了“静音”。不过，也具有可识别的共性。在大部分建筑行业，科技在各行业的不同劳动力水平上创造新种类工作和新非传统工作的需要和机会。有些变化已经被现有结构的支持和吸收，但其他已经（并将继续）抵制，真是令人惊讶。熟练工学徒构造，该行业从中世纪的工匠行会保留的某些部分已绕开或由新的非传统技能的工作要求和对额外的工作水平之间的全面成长以及熟练的帮工及小工需要十分紧张。三、劳动组织建设总的来说，工会定下了基调，并建立了工作任务的程序规范、工资、福利管理，为工人的权利和义务的培训和技能发展，建立和人事管理等方面。因此，对行业的工会技术的影响，在许多方面都会作为重要的直接影响行业的工作、材料、设备或方法。奈茨的劳动理论简明扼要的说明了由工艺或阶级分化已成立了，并受到非技术为主的影响。在1886它拥有60万会员，但此后迅速下降，由于内部行政问题和缺乏凝聚力。也许从这一课的学习里，成立于1886年的美国劳工联合会（劳联），会采取了不同的策略，确定作为对地方熟练工人保留自己的身份和独特协会的联合会。这是组织有关的技术工艺和成功。研究了不同工艺伞下的组织的数量随着时间的推移而变化，但建筑工会一直有很大的比例。建筑
