1、原文TOSTAYORQUITAREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERZEYNEPTROBERTSABSTRACTCORRECTIONALSTAFFARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTASSETFORANYCORRECTIONALAGENCYINFACT,THEYARETHEHEARTANDSOULOFANYCORRECTIONALORGANIZATIONMANYSTAFF,HOWEVER,VOLUNTARILYQUITTHECOSTOFTHISTURNOVERISHIGHFORCORRECTIONALORGANIZATIONSNONE
2、THELESS,CORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERHASGENERATEDONLYLIMITEDRESEARCHMOREOVER,THEREHASBEENLITTLEDIRECTIONINTHECORRECTIONALTURNOVERRESEARCHTHEDIFFERENTFORMSOFTURNOVERAREDISCUSSEDANDTHECORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERRESEARCHISREVIEWEDACAUSALMODELFORCORRECTIONALSTAFFVOLUNTARYTURNOVERISDEVELOPEDANDPRESENTEDTOGUIDE
3、FUTURERESEARCHINTRODUCTIONTURNOVER,THESEVERINGOFEMPLOYMENTTIESWITHANORGANIZATION,APPEARSTOBEASIGNIFICANTPROBLEMINTHEFIELDOFCORRECTIONSARECENTNATIONALSURVEYOFWARDENSINDICATEDTHATCORRECTIONALOFFICERDEPARTUREWASACONCERNMCSHANEROSEMAN,1981ITISESPECIALLYCOSTLYFORCORRECTIONALORGANIZATIONSSINCETHEYRELYSOHE
4、AVILYONTHEHUMANFACTORSTOHR,SELF,MCSHANEETAL,1991OBVIOUSLY,AREDUCTIONINEMPLOYEELOSSWOULDSAVESUBSTANTIALMONEYMOREOVER,ITISUSUALLYTHEMOSTCOMPETENTWORKERSWHOQUITBECAUSEITISRELATIVELYEASYFORTHEMTOOBTAINWORKELSEWHERELIKERT,1967LOCKE,1976THISPATTERNSURFACESINTHEPRIVATEINDUSTRYDREHER,1982WRIGHT,1991,ASWELLA
5、SINCORRECTIONALFACILITIESWRIGHT,1993REDUCINGSTAFFTURNOVERINANERAOFTIGHTENINGBUDGETSANDEXPANDINGEXPECTATIONSSHOULDBEATOPPRIORITYFORCORRECTIONALADMINISTRATORSUNFORTUNATELY,THERESEARCHTODATEONTHISTOPICISQUITELIMITEDTHISSITUATIONISPROBABLYDUE,INPART,TOALACKOFCONCRETEDIRECTIONTHEORIESORMODELSWITHWHICHTOE
6、XPLAINCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERREMAINUNDEVELOPEDASARESULT,THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPER,ISTOREVIEWTHEEXISTINGCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERLITERATUREANDPROPOSEACAUSALMODELTHATRESEARCHERSCANTESTDEFININGTURNOVERTURNOVERREFERSTOTHECESSATIONOFEMPLOYMENTTIESTHEREARETHREEMAINTYPESOFWORKERTURNOVERQUITS,LAYOFFS,ANDDISCH
7、ARGESONECANCATEGORIZETHESETHREETYPESOFEMPLOYEETURNOVERFURTHERASVOLUNTARYANDINVOLUNTARYVOLUNTARYTURNOVEROCCURSWHENTHEEMPLOYEEINITIATESTERMINATIONOFTHEEMPLOYEEORGANIZATIONRELATIONSHIPBLUEDORN,1978QUITS,ALSOREFERRDETOASRESIGNATIONSOREXITS,FALLUNDERTHECATEGORYOFVOLUNTARYTURNOVERHIRSCHMAN,1970LAYOFFS,DIS
8、CHARGES,ANDMANDATORYRETIREMENTSREPRESENTINVOLUNTARYSEPARATIONSPRICE,1977PRICESTOHRETAL,1992VOLUNTARYTURNOVERISTHEMOSTFREQUENTLYSTUDIEDFORMOFEMPLOYEESEPARATIONPRICEJACOBSJURIKMITCHELLETAL,2000WHILEEDUCATIONDOESNOTAPPEARTOEXERTADIRECTEFFECTCAMP,1994FORD,1995JURIKROBINSON,PORPORINO,ROBINSONETAL,1997,WH
9、ILEOTHERSDONOTFORD,1995JURIKROBINSONETAL,1997,WHILEONEANALYSISFINDSNOSUCHRELATIONSHIPJURIKJURIKMITCHELLETAL,2000ROBINSONETAL,1997,WITHONEEXCEPTIONCAMP,1994SOMEINVESTIGATORSHAVEEXPLOREDWORKENVIRONMENTFACTORSASPOSSIBLEANTECEDENTSOFCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERSTUDIESHAVELINKEDSUPERVISION,AUTONOMY,COMMUNIC
10、ATION,SUPPORT,AUTHORITY,ANDINPUTINTODECISIONMAKINGWITHCORRECTIONALTURNOVERANDTURNOVERINTENTJURIKMCCANN,NDMITCHELLETAL,2000SLATEMCCANN,NDROBINSONETAL,1997EXCEPTFORONESTUDYCAMP,1994,JOBSATISFACTIONGENERATESANEGATIVEIMPACTONBOTHTURNOVERINTENTBYRDETAL,2000JURIKMITCHELLETAL,2000ANDTURNOVERITSELFDENNIS,19
11、98JURIKROBINSONETAL,1997WRIGHT,1993SIMILARLY,ORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTHASASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEEFFECTONTURNOVERINTENTKANE,SAYLOR,ROBINSON,PORPORINO,SIMOURD,1992ANDTURNOVERCAMP,1994ROBINSONETAL,1997STOHRETAL,1992HOWEVER,THEREISLIMITEDANDCONFLICTINGEVIDENCEREGARDINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTURNOVERINTENTAND
12、ACTUALDEPARTURESJURIKANDWINN1987FOUNDWILLINGNESSTOCHANGEJOBSAMONGCORRECTIONALOFRICERSINAWESTERNPRISONHADAPOSITIVEEFFECTONACTUALTURNOVERCONVERSELY,NOSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPEMERGEDBETWEENTURNOVERINTENTANDTURNOVERAMONGFEDERALCORRECTIONALSTAFFCAMP,1994APROPOSEDCAUSALMODELTHESIXGENERALAREASPOSTULATEDTOIN
13、FLUENCETHECAUSALPROCESSOFCORRECTIONALEMPLOYEEVOLUNTARYTURNOVERINCLUDETURNOVERINTENT,ALTERNATIVEEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIES,JOBSATISFACTION,ORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENT,WORKENVIRONMENTFORCES,ANDEMPLOYEECHARACTERISTICSTHEPROPOSEDCAUSALMODELAPPEARSINFIGURE1EACHOFTHESECOMPONENTSISDISCUSSEDINGREATERDETAILTHEWORK
14、ENVIRONMENTINDIRECTLYAFFECTSVOLUNTARYTURNOVERAMONGCORRECTIONALSTAFFTHROUGHJOBSATISFACTIONANDORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTWORKENVIRONMENTISVERYIMPORTANTINSHAPINGTHELEVELSOFJOBSATISFACTIONANDWORKERCOMMITMENTWORKENVIRONMENTISTHEENCOMPASSINGATMOSPHEREINWHICHTHEEMPLOYEECARRIESOUTHISORHERJOBITISCOMPRISEDOFMUCH
15、MORETHANJUSTPHYSICALELEMENTSMUUINS,1989THEWORKENVIRONMENTCONSISTSOFFACTORSORCHARACTERISTICSTHATCOMPRISETHEOVERALLWORKCONDITIONSANDSITUATIONFOREMPLOYEESDAWSON,1986WHILETHEREAREDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSOFTHEWORKENVIRONMENTCOOK,HEPWORRTH,WALL,HACKMANWARR,COOK,COOKETAL,1981CURRYETAL,1986MUELLERETAL,1994PRICEQ
16、UINNSEASHORE,LAWLER,MIRVIS,ROGERS,1991JURIK,HALEMBA,MUSHENO,ANDBOYLE1987DEFINETHISOCCURRENCEASSTATUSINCONSISTENCYSIMILARLY,EDUCATIONSHOULDHAVEANEGATIVEIMPACTONCOMMITMENTFINALLY,EDUCATIONSHOULDEXERTAVERYSMALLDIRECTEFFECTONTURNOVERINTENTINGENERAL,HIGHLYEDUCATEDEMPLOYEESVIEWTHEMSELVESASHAVINGMORECAREER
17、OPTIONSTHANDOLESSEDUCATEDEMPLOYEES,ANDAREMORELIKELYTOFEELTHATTHEYCANFINDEMPLOYMENTELSEWHEREHEFFRON,1989NEVERTHELESS,THEMAJORITYOFTHEEFFECTTHATEDUCATIONHASONTURNOVERINTENTSHOULDBEINDIRECTTHROUGHJOBSATISFACTIONANDORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTTENUREHASLONGBEENTHEORIZEDTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHORGANIZATIONALCOMMITM
18、ENTANDTURNOVER,LARGELYINRESPONSETOBECKERS1960SIDEBETTHEORYBECKERTHEORIZEDTHATASLENGTHOFEMPLOYMENTINCREASES,ORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTRISESTOREFLECTTHEINCREASEDINVESTMENTSMADEINTHEORGANIZATIONTHOSEWITHLONGSERVICEINANORGANIZATIONHAVETOOMUCHTOLOSEBYLEAVINGTHEORGANIZATIONOVERTHEYEARS,LONGTERMEMPLOYEESHAVE
19、INVESTEDINTHEORGANIZATION,ANDTHESE“SUNKENCOSTS“BINDTHEMTOTHEORGANIZATIONBECKER,1960WALLACE,1997THEREFORE,TENUREWILLHAVEANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPWITHTURNOVERINTENTAMONGCORRECTIONALSTAFFTENUREISALSOEXPECTEDTOBEPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTANDJOBSATISFACTIONGENERALLY,WORKERSWHOHAVEBEENWI
20、THTHEORGANIZATIONFORALONGTIMEPROBABLYHAVEFOUNDAPOSITIONWITHWHICHTHEYARESATISFIEDANDHAVEBONDEDTOTHEORGANIZATIONMOREOVER,ITISTHEORIZEDTHATTHEMAJORITYOFTHETOTALEFFECTSOFTENUREONTURNOVERINTENTAREMODERATEDTHROUGHJOBSATISFACTIONANDORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTCONCLUSIONCORRECTIONALORGANIZATIONSSERVEANIMPORTANT
21、FUNCTIONANDREQUIREIMMENSEEXPENDITURESTOOPERATEANDMAINTAINTHEYALSOAFFECTLARGENUMBERSOFINDIVIDUALS,BEITSTAFF,INMATES,INMATEFAMILYMEMBERS,ORTHEGENERALPUBLICTRADITIONALLY,ISSUESLIKEINMATESUBCULTURES,PRISONVIOLENCE,LEGALINTERVENTION,RECIDIVISM,ANDINCARCERATIONCONDITIONSHAVEINTRIGUEDCORRECTIONALRESEARCHER
22、SEMPLOYEEISSUES,SUCHASVOLUNTARYTURNOVER,AREJUSTASCOMPLEX,INTERESTING,ANDIMPORTANTDUFFEE,1980SINCETURNOVERISQUITECOSTLY,ITISCRITICALTOIDENTIFYWHATCAUSESVOLUNTARYSEPARATIONREDUCINGTHESENEGATIVEWORKOUTCOMESAREOFTHEUTMOSTIMPORTANCEINANERAOFINCREASEDPRESSURETOCONTAINOPERATINGEXPENDITURESANDMEETTHEDEMANDS
23、OFAGROWINGINMATEPOPULATIONTHISPAPERHASATTEMPTEDTOPROVIDEAFRAMEWORKFORUNDERSTANDINGCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERTHENEXTSTEP,WHICHISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPER,ISTOTESTTHEMODELACROSSDIFFERENTCORRECTIONALSETTINGSANDAGENCIESWHILEMODELDEVELOPMENTISANIMPORTANTENDEAVOR,ONESHOULDRECOGNIZETHATTHISPROPOSALISRESTRIC
24、TEDTOANEXAMINATIONOFVOLUNTARYCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERTHEREAREMANYOTHERWAYSFORCORRECTIONALSTAFFMEMBERSTOWITHDRAWFROMTHEJOBLAMBERTETAL,1999WORKERSWITHLOWLEVELSOFJOBSATISFACTIONANDORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENTMAYBECOMEDISILLUSIONEDWITHTHEIRPOSITIONS,BUTFEELUNABLETOQUITTHESEEMPLOYEESREMAINONTHEPAYROLL,BUTAR
25、EPSYCHOLOGICALLYANDEMOTIONALLYABSENTFROMTHEJOBTHEIRREDUCEDWORKINPUT,HIGHERABSENTEEISM,ANDOTHERMALADAPTIVEBEHAVIORSAREHARMFULANDDAMAGINGTOTHEINSTITUTIONALWELLBEINGTHUS,WHILETHEPROPOSEDMODELCONCENTRATESONJUSTCORRECTIONALSTAFFVOLUNTARYTURNOVER,ITMAYCARRYIMPLICATIONSFORMANYOTHERSTAFFRELATEDPROBLEMSTHATC
26、ORRECTIONALADMINISTRATORSFACETODAY资料来源ZEYNEPTROBERTSTOSTAYORQUITAREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERAMERICANSOCIETYOFCRIMINOLOGYANNUALMEETING,20076P8P10译文是走还是留一个关于惩教人员更替的文献ZEYNEPTROBERTS文摘矫正员工是任何矫正机构中最重要的资产。事实上,他们是任何矫正组织的心脏和灵魂。然而,很多员工自愿放弃。对于矫正组织来说,员工流失的成本是很高的。尽管如此,对于矫正员工流失的研究是有限的。流动的不同形
27、式是被讨论过的以及回顾了的矫正员工流动的研究。一个对于矫正自愿流动的员工的因果模型已经被发展起来,并且指向了今后的研究。介绍就业服务和一个组织是联系在一起的,员工流动在矫正这一领域这似乎是一个很重大的问题。一项对全国性的管理员的调查表明,矫正人员的离职问题是令人担心的(MCSHANE罗斯曼,1981年)。这是特别昂贵的组织,因为它们依赖于人的因素如此严重STOHR,SELF,麦克谢恩等,1991)。显然,亏损减少雇员将节省大量金钱。此外,它通常是最有能力的工人谁退出,因为它是相对容易地获得务工(李克特,1967洛克,1976)。这种模式表面出现在私营企业,以及在惩教设施(赖特,1993)。降低
28、员工流失率和扩大期望在预算紧缩的时代应该是一个惩教首长首要任务。不幸的是,此课题的研究是相当有限的日期。这种情况可能是部分原因,缺乏具体方向。理论或模型来解释惩教人员更替止步不前。因此,这个文件的目的,是检讨现有的惩教人员更替文献,并提出一个因果模型,研究人员可以测试。员工离职的定义员工离职,指的是雇佣关系的终止。主要有三类员工离职辞职,临时解聘,解雇。人们也可以将这三类员工流动进一步分类为主动离职和非主动离职。主动离职,当受聘方主动终止雇佣关系时发生(BLUEDORN,1978)。辞职,包括主动辞职或退出,归属于主动离职一类(HIRSCHMAN,1970)。临时解聘,解雇,及强制退休属于非主
29、动离职(PRICE,1977PRICESTOHRETAL,1992)。在各类员工离职中,主动离职是被拿来研究最频繁的一种(PRICE雅各布和GREAR,1977JURIK及温,1987米切尔等人2000年)。而教育似乎并没有产生直接影响CAMP,1994FORD,1995JURIKROBINSON,PORPORINO,ROBINSONETAL,1997,而其他人不是FORD,1995JURIKROBINSONETAL,1997,而一分析发现没有这样的关系JURIKJURIKMITCHELLETAL,2000ROBINSONETAL,1997,这是一个例外CAMP,1994。一些研究者已经探索惩
30、教人员离职前因工作环境因素成为可能。有研究表明,监管,自律,沟通,支持,权威,以及作出投入人员离职和人员离职及惩教的决定(JURIK及温,1987麦肯,第二米切尔等人。,2000板岩和VOGEL,1997年)。相反,无论是工作压力,工资,福利,似乎也有显着的工作人员更替直接影响CAMP,1994MCCANN,NDROBINSONETAL,1997。除了一研究CAMP,1994,工作满意度在成交意向和离职人员本身中产生负面影响。相似的,组织承诺在成交意向和离职人员具有显着的负面影响。然而,在成交意向和实际出发中有有限的和相互矛盾的证据。JURIK和温(1987)发现愿意改变在西方监狱惩教工作中有
31、实际成交的积极作用。相反,无明显关系出现在离职人员和惩教人员中CAMP,1994。提出因果关系模式假定影响修正员工流动率的因果关系模式的六大主要方面包括离职意图,其他受聘机会,工作满意度,组织认同感(组织承诺),工作环境因素,及员工个性特征。因果关系模式如图1所示。下面详细谈论每一块因素。自愿离职的人员通过各惩教工作间接影响工作环境满意度与组织承诺。工作环境在塑造和工人的工作满意度水平是非常重要的承诺。工作环境,是包括雇员的气氛中进行的他或她的工作。它是由许多因素不仅仅是身体MUUINS,1989。工作环境中包含的因素或特点,构成了整体工作的条件和雇员的情况DAWSON,1986。虽然也有不同
32、层面的工作环境,一个可以将它分为两大类组织结构和工作特性。对工作环境的第二部分是工作特性。就工作,这些因素直接关系到一个特定的人HACKMANHACKMANWARR,COOK,罗杰斯,1991年)举行的。JURIK,HALEMBA,MUSHENO,和BOYLE(1987)定义这个状态不一致的发生。同样,教育应该有一个对承诺的负面影响。最后,教育应该对离职意图施加直接影响非常小。一般来说,高学历的员工认为有比教育程度较低的员工更多的职业选择自己,更可能觉得他们可以在其他地方寻找工作(赫弗龙,1989)。然而,大意是教育对离职意图有多数应通过工作满意度和组织承诺间接的。任期内一直被理论化,必须与组
33、织承诺和离职主要回应贝克尔(1960)侧赌注理论。贝克尔的理论认为,作为就业的长度增加,组织承诺上升,以反映本组织提出的投资增加。在这些组织长期服务有太多的损失,而离开组织。多年来,长期投资在员工的组织,而这些“沉没成本”将它们绑定到组织(贝克尔,1960华莱士,1997年)。因此,使用权,营业额将有惩教人员之间的负相关关系的意图。任期预计也将积极与组织承诺,工作满意度有关。一般情况下,谁拥有与该组织已久的工人可能已经找到了与他们满意,并结合到组织的立场。此外,它提出一个理论,对离职意向的任期的总体效果大部分是通过工作满意度和组织承诺主持。结论惩教机构发挥重要作用,需要巨大的开支,操作和维护。
34、他们还影响到大量个人,无论是工作人员,囚犯,囚犯家属,还是普通市民。传统上,环境问题,如犯人亚文化,监狱暴力,法律干预,累犯,有兴趣和监禁矫正的研究人员。员工问题,如自愿,也同样复杂,有趣,重要DUFFEE,1980。由于员工离职是相当昂贵的,要确定是什么原因导致自愿离职是关键。减少这些负面的工作成果是增加的压力在一个非常重要的时代,控制经营开支,满足犯人人口的需求的增长。本文试图提供一个框架去了解员工流动。接下来的步骤,这是超出了这个文件的范围,是测试模型在不同的惩教机构的设置。而模型的发展是一个重要的努力,应该认识到,这项建议是限制在自愿离职考试惩教人员。还有许多其他成员的方式惩教人员退出
35、工作LAMBERTETAL,1999。工人和组织承诺与工作满意度低的水平可能成为他们的立场感到失望,但认为不能放弃。这些员工保留了工资,但在心理上和感情上的工作缺席了。他们减少了工作的投入,更高的缺勤,以及其他适应不良行为是有害的,有损于体制福祉。因此,虽然提出的模型只是集中在自愿离职人员中,它可以进行许多问题,影响今天面对的其他工作人员有关的惩教。资料来源ZEYNEPTROBERTSTOSTAYORQUITAREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONCORRECTIONALSTAFFTURNOVERAMERICANSOCIETYOFCRIMINOLOGYANNUALMEETING,20076P8P10