1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目“十一五”期间嘉兴市社会保障事业发展问题研究学院商学院专业人力资源管理班级学号学生姓名指导教师外文题目CHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEINNEEDOFCLOSERCOORDINATION外文出处INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSCIOLOGYANDSOCIALPOLICY,200929P227236外文作者HMIAOZHANG原文CHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEINNEEDOFCLOSERCOORDINATIONCHINAISACOUNTRYFACINGRAPIDPOPULATIONAGINGTHEPROPORTIONOFTH
2、EAGEDPOPULATIONAGED65ORABOVEOVERTHETOTALPOPULATIONSURGEDFROM49PERCENTIN1982TO56PERCENTIN1990,ANDFURTHERTO70PERCENTIN2000AND79PERCENTIN2007,INDICATINGTHATCHINAHASTOFACEALLTHESOCIALANDDRASTICECONOMICISSUESOFELDERLYCARETHATAREFOUNDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESBESIDES,THESIZEOFFAMILYINCHINABECAMESMALLERANDSMALLE
3、RIN2007,THEAVERAGEHOUSEHOLDSIZEWAS31PERSONS,DOWNFROM44PERSONSIN1982,40PERSONSIN1990AND35PERSONSIN2000SMALLERFAMILYSIZEMEANSTHEREAREFEWERPOTENTIALCAREGIVERSHUANG,2003,PP867DUETOTHEABOVEDEMOGRAPHICCHANGESTOGETHERWITHTHEECONOMICTRANSITION,SINCETHEMIDDLEOF1980S,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTHASCARRIEDOUTASERIESOF
4、REFORMSINITSSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMWITHTHEGOALOFESTABLISHINGASTANDARDIZEDSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMINDEPENDENTOFENTERPRISESANDINSTITUTIONS,FUNDEDFROMVARIOUSCHANNELS,ANDWITHSOCIALIZEDMANAGEMENTANDSERVICESWITHMORETHAN20YEARSOFRESEARCHANDPRACTICE,ASOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMHASBEENESTABLISHEDFUNDAMENTALLY,INCLUDINGSOC
5、IALINSURANCEPROGRAMS,SOCIALASSISTANCEANDSOCIALWELFAREPROGRAMSTHESOCIALINSURANCEPROGRAMSINCHINACOVERMANYOFTHECONTINGENCIESUSUALLYCOVEREDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,INCLUDINGOLDAGE,UNEMPLOYMENT,HEALTHCARE,MATERNITYANDOCCUPATIONALINJURYSOCIALWELFAREPROGRAMSINCHINAPROVIDEFUNDSANDSERVICETOENSURETHELIVELIHOODOFS
6、ENIORCITIZENS,ORPHANSANDPERSONSWITHDISABILITIESWHOAREINEXTRAORDINARILYSTRAITENEDCIRCUMSTANCESSOCIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSINCHINAGIVESUPPORTFORSOCIALVULNERABLEGROUPS,SUCHASURBANANDRURALPOORTHEYAREREGARDEDASTHEFINALFORMALSAFETYNETINAHIERARCHYOFSOCIALPROTECTIONMEASURESHOWELL,2001,P275CURRENTLY,CHINASSOCIAL
7、SECURITYSAFETYNETCANBEILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE1MLSSISATTHECOREOFTHECHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSBESIDESMLSS,THEREAREALSOSPECIALSOCIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMS,SUCHASMEDICALASSISTANCE,EDUCATIONASSISTANCE,HOUSINGASSISTANCEANDLAWSUITASSISTANCETHESEPROGRAMSARECONSIDEREDASTHESUPPLEMENTSTOMLSS,BUTUNTILNOW,NONEOFTHEM
8、HASBEENESTABLISHEDNATIONWIDETHEYAREREGULATED,ADMINISTEREDANDFUNDEDBYLOCALAUTHORITIESTOSUMUP,ITISUNDENIABLETHATGREATACHIEVEMENTSHAVEBEENMADEASFORNEWLYESTABLISHEDSOCIALASSISTANCEINCHINAINRECENTYEARS,WHICHISAIMINGTOCOVERVULNERABLEGROUPSBOTHINURBANANDRURALAREASHUANG,2003ASMENTIONEDABOVE,ITCANBEFOUNDTHAT
9、THEREARETWOPERSPECTIVESTOVIEWCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEFIRST,CHINASSOCIALASSISTANCECANBECONSIDEREDASAWHOLE,SOWECANEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENURBANSOCIALASSISTANCEANDRURALSOCIALASSISTANCE,ASWELLASTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMLSSANDSPECIALSOCIALASSISTANCESECOND,CHINASSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMCANBECONSIDEREDASAWHOL
10、E,SOWECANEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSOCIALASSISTANCEANDTHEOTHERPARTSOFSOCIALSECURITYSUCHASSOCIALINSURANCEANDSOCIALWELFARESEEFIGURE2BASEDONTHEABOVETWOPERSPECTIVESASSHOWNINFIGURE2,THISPAPERHOLDSTHATTHEREAREMAINLYTHREEISSUESINCURRENTCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEFIRST,URBANSOCIALASSISTANCEANDRURALSOCIALASSIS
11、TANCEINCHINAAREUNCOORDINATED,SECOND,MLSSANDSPECIALASSISTANCEAREUNCOORDINATEDANDTHIRD,CHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEANDTHEOTHERPARTSOFSOCIALSECURITYSUCHASSOCIALINSURANCEANDSOCIALWELFAREAREUNCOORDINATEDTHISPAPERAIMSTOBRIEFLYANALYZETHEABOVETHREEISSUESANDPUTFORWARDSOMERELATIVEPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONSURBANANDRURALS
12、OCIALASSISTANCEINNEEDOFCLOSERCOORDINATIONASMENTIONEDABOVE,MLSSINURBANAREASINCHINAHASBEENESTABLISHEDIN1999,BUTINRURALAREAS,ITHASNOTBEENESTABLISHEDUNTILTHEENDOF2007ALTHOUGHMLSSISTHEFIRSTPROGRAMINCHINASSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMWHICHCOVERSBOTHURBANANDRURALAREAS,AGREATGAPSTILLEXISTSBETWEENURBANANDRURALSOCIALA
13、SSISTANCEGOUGHETAL1997ONCESELECTEDTHREEDIMENSIONSTODISTINGUISHSOCIALASSISTANCEREGIMES,THETHREEDIMENSIONSAREEXTENTANDSALIENCESPENDINGONSOCIALASSISTANCEANDNUMBERSOFRECIPIENTS,PROGRAMSTRUCTURECENTRALIZATIONVSLOCALVARIATION,RIGHTSTOBENEFITVSDISCRETION,INDIVIDUALENTITLEMENTSVSWIDERFAMILYOBLIGATIONS,LIBER
14、ALVSTOUGHMEANSTESTINGANDWORKTESTINGANDGENEROSITYBENEFITLEVELSANDREPLACEMENTRATESACCORDINGTOTHESETHREEDIMENSIONS,THISPAPERMAKESAROUGHCOMPARISONBETWEENMLSSINURBANAREASANDRURALAREASSEETABLEIFORTHECOMPARISONRESULTTHEREARETWOMAJORREASONSFORCHOOSINGMLSSFIRST,ITISMOSTTYPICALANDMOSTSIGNIFICANTPROGRAMINCHINA
15、SSOCIALASSISTANCE,ANDSECOND,MLSSDATAAREAVAILABLEASSHOWNINTABLEI,ITCANBEFOUNDTHATCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEISRUDIMENTARYFROMTHEDIMENSIONOFEXTENTANDSALIENCEANDTHEDIMENSIONOFGENEROSITYMLSSONLYCOVERSABOUT3PERCENTOFTHENATIONALPOPULATIONANDITSEXPENDITUREREPRESENTSMERELY013PERCENTOFTHEGDP“IFTHEFORMERCOULDBEREG
16、ARDEDASHAVINGCOMPARABILITYWITHSOMEOECDORTRANSITIONALCOUNTRIESTHATHAVETHELEASTEXTENSIVEASSISTANCEPROGRAMS,FOREXAMPLE,GREECE,JAPAN,SWITZERLAND,AUSTRIA,BULGARIAANDESTONIA,THIS,HOWEVER,COULDNOTBESAIDINTHEASPECTOFEXPENDITURECHINAHASTHELEASTPROPORTIONOFEXPENDITUREOFSOCIALASSISTANCEPROGRAM”HUANG,2003,P209I
17、NADDITION,THEASSISTANCELEVELISALSOVERYLOWINACOMPARATIVETERMTHEASSISTANCELEVELINCHINAISSETATASUBSISTENCELEVELTOCOVERBASICNECESSITIESFORLIVINGITCANALSOBEFOUNDTHATCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEISRESIDUALFROMTHEDIMENSIONOFPROGRAMSTRUCTUREWITHINTHEMEANSTESTOFMLSS,NOTONLYISTHELEASTAMOUNTOFEARNINGSALLOWEDTOBERETAI
18、NED,OBLIGATIONISALSOEXTENDEDBEYONDTHEFAMILYHUANG,2003THISMOSTSTRINGENTOPERATIONIMPLIESTHATCLAIMANTSAREEXPECTEDTORELYONFAMILYANDMUTUALASSISTANCEBEFORETHEYCANTURNTOSTATEASSISTANCEJUSTASWHITE1998,P193ARGUED,IT“ISLIKELYTOBEHEAVILYRESIDUALISTINTHESPHEREOFSOCIALASSISTANCE”INCHINAALSOASSHOWNINTABLEI,ITISOB
19、VIOUSTHATEXCEPTFROMSIMILARPROGRAMSTRUCTURE,FORTHEOTHERTWODIMENSIONS,MLSSINRURALAREASLAGSFARBEHINDTHATINURBANAREASFOREXAMPLE,THEEXPENDITUREONURBANMLSSISMORETHANFIVETIMESOFTHATONRURALMLSSIN2006WHICHIMPLIESTHATURBANAREAIS“RELATIVEPRIVILEGEDSECTORS”ANDRURALAREA“RELATIVEEXCLUDEDSECTORS”WHITE,1998,P193NOW
20、THATSOCIALASSISTANCEISTHEFINALSAFETYNET,ITISMOREPRESSINGANDMOREFINANCIALLYFEASIBLETOPROMOTETHECOORDINATIONOFSOCIALASSISTANCEBETWEENURBANANDRURALAREASTHANTHECOORDINATIONOFOTHERSOCIALSECURITYPROGRAMSRURALANDURBANRESIDENTSSHOULDHAVEEQUALRIGHTSTOENJOYSOCIALASSISTANCEWHENTHEYAREINPOVERTYTHATISTOSAY,THECR
21、ITERIONOFEXTENTANDSALIENCEASWELLASGENEROSITYINURBANANDRURALAREASSHOULDNOTHAVESUCHSHARPDISTINCTIONASSHOWNINTABLEIFURTHERCOORDINATIONISNEEDEDBETWEENCHINASURBANANDRURALSOCIALASSISTANCETOADDRESSTHIS,EFFORTSSHOULDBEMADEONTWOMAINASPECTSONONEHAND,CENTRALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSHOULDPAYMOREATTENTIONTORURALSOCIAL
22、ASSISTANCETHEMETHODOFASSISTINGTHEPOORNOTONLYDEPENDSONHOWMUCHRESOURCECANBEUSED,BUTALSODEPENDSONWHETHERTHEREISCORRESPONDINGPOLITICALDETERMINATIONTOUSEAVAILABLERESOURCESFORMITIGATINGTHEPOVERTYFREDERICKANDALEJANDRO,2001THEPOORINRURALAREASAREFARAWAYFROMPOLITICALCENTER,ANDTHEYHAVELITTLEPOLITICALRESOURCESA
23、NDPOLITICALENERGY,SOITISDIFFICULTFORTHEMTOCREATEPOWERFULPOLITICALPRESSUREGUANANDHUANG,2006FROMTHEANGLEOFMAINTAININGPOLITICALSTABILITY,THEPOLITICALVALUEOFPROVIDINGASSISTANCEFORTHERURALPOORISNOTVERYHIGHBUTFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGOVERNMENTSRESPONSIBILITYFORMAINTAININGPEOPLESBASICLIVELIHOODANDLONGTERMPO
24、LITICALINFLUENCE,PAYINGGREATATTENTIONTORURALSOCIALASSISTANCEHASIMPORTANTPOLITICALBENEFITINTHELONGRUNTHUS,ITISNECESSARYFORCENTRALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTTOSPARENOEFFORTTOSTRENGTHENSOCIALASSISTANCEINRURALAREASONTHEOTHERHAND,CENTRALGOVERNMENTSHOULDPROVIDEFINANCIALSUPPORTFORRURALSOCIALASSISTANCEASSHOWNINTABLE
25、I,TOTALEXPENDITUREONURBANMLSSWAS2221BILLIONYUANIN2006,AMONGWHICHCENTRALGOVERNMENTHADINVESTED136BILLIONYUAN,ACCOUNTINGFOR612PERCENTINTHESAMEYEAR,THEEXPENDITUREONRURALMLSSWAS416BILLIONYUANWHICHWASALLFUNDEDBYLOCALGOVERNMENT,ANDCENTRALGOVERNMENTDIDNOTPROVIDEANYFINANCIALSUPPORTEVIDENTLY,WITHOUTFINANCIALS
26、UPPORTFROMCENTRALGOVERNMENT,ITWOULDBELESSLIKELYFORALLLOCALAUTHORITIES,ESPECIALLYTHEIMPOVERISHEDHINTERLANDAREAS,TOGRANTMINIMUMLIVINGALLOWANCETOTHENEEDYRURALRESIDENTSTHEREFORE,TOPROMOTEREGIONALEQUITY,ITISESSENTIALFORCENTRALGOVERNMENTTOPROVIDEFINANCIALSUPPORTFORRURALMLSSANDOTHERRURALSOCIALASSISTANCEPRO
27、GRAMSMLSSANDSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSINNEEDOFCLOSERCOORDINATIONBASICALLY,THEBASISFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEREFERENCEMINIMUMFORASSISTANCEPROGRAMSDIFFERSWIDELYACROSSCOUNTRIESFOREXAMPLE,ITMAYREFERTO“DECENT”STANDARDSORTHOSE“INKEEPINGWITHHUMANDIGNITY”ITMAYREFERTO“REASONABLE”OR“ADEQUATE”RESOURCESITALSOMAYRE
28、FERTOSUBSISTENCELEVELEARDLEYETAL,1996,PP478INCHINA,THEMINIMUMLIVINGSTANDARDISVIRTUALLYSETATASUBSISTENCELEVELTHATONLYNEEDTOSEENOSTARVATION,HOMELESSANDRAGGEDNESSTANGETAL,2000,THATISTOSAY,MLSSCANONLYPROVIDEBASICLIVINGNEEDSFORTHEIMPOVERISHEDRESIDENTS,BUTCANNOTREACHTHEOBJECTIVEOFPROMOTINGEQUALITYOFINCOME
29、DISTRIBUTIONANDSOCIALINCLUSIONHONGANDWANG,2002HOWEVER,THEELIGIBILITYOFMOSTSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSISCONDITIONALONTHERECEIPTOFMINIMUMLIVINGALLOWANCE,THATISTOSAY,THESESPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSAREMLSSLINKEDINSUCHCASE,MLSSISREGARDEDASAKINDOF“GOLDENBENEFIT”INSOMECITIESBECAUSEOFTHEATTACHMENTOF“GENEROUS”B
30、ENEFITSPOORPEOPLEWHOSEINCOMEISALITTLEHIGHERTHANTHEMLSSLINECANNOTGETTHESPECIALASSISTANCEJUSTBECAUSETHEYARENOTTHERECIPIENTSOFMLSSTHUS,THESPECIALASSISTANCECAUSESAFEELINGOFRELATIVEDEPRIVATIONAMONGTHEM,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEYREALLYNEEDSUCHASSISTANCEHENCE,MOREANDMOREPEOPLEWANTTOUTILIZEMLSSINORDERTORECEIVEMLSSL
31、INKEDASSISTANCECONFLICTSBETWEENAPPLICANTSANDMANAGEMENTPERSONNELOFGRASSROOTSHAVEBECOMEAPPARENTINSOMEAREASASMENTIONEDABOVE,ITCANBESEENTHATTHEADDITIONOFASSISTANCEPROGRAMSDOESNOTDEFINITELYBRINGTHEEFFECTIMPROVEMENTOFTHESOCIALASSISTANCEINORDERTOENHANCECOMPREHENSIVEEFFECTOFCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCE,MLSSANDSPE
32、CIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSSHOULDBEFURTHERCOORDINATEDTHISPAPERSUGGESTSTHATWESHOULDFULLYRECOGNIZETHATTHERECIPIENTSOFMLSSANDTHERECIPIENTSOFSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSSHOULDNOTBECOMPLETELYSUPERPOSEDTHEPURPOSEOFEACHSOCIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMVARIESFORINSTANCE,THEPURPOSEOFMLSSISTOENSURETHESUBSISTENCEOFTHEPOOR,THEPU
33、RPOSEOFMEDICALASSISTANCEISTOSOLVETHEPOORSMEDICALTREATMENTISSUE,WHILETHEPURPOSEOFEDUCATIONASSISTANCEISTOGUARANTEETHATTHEPUPILSANDMIDDLESCHOOLSTUDENTSINPOORHOUSEHOLDSHAVEEQUALOPPORTUNITYOFRECEIVINGTHEEDUCATIONALTHOUGHPEOPLEAMONGTHERECIPIENTSOFMLSSWHONEEDSPECIALASSISTANCETAKEAHIGHERPROPORTION,ITDOESNOT
34、MEANTHATALLRECIPIENTSOFMLSSNEEDMEDICALASSISTANCEAND/OREDUCATIONASSISTANCESO,RATIONALTARGETINGMECHANISMSSHOULDBESELECTEDACCORDINGTODIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICSOFSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMS,THERECIPIENTSOFEACHSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMHAVETOBECONFIRMED,RESPECTIVELY,BASEDONNEEDSORRESOURCESTESTS,FOREXAMPLE,LOWR
35、ENTHOUSINGPROGRAMFORTHEPEOPLEINVERYPOORHOUSINGCONDITION,MEDICALASSISTANCEPROGRAMFORTHEPEOPLEUNABLETOAFFORDMEDICALEXPENSEANDSOONITISCERTAINTHATSOMEOFTHESERECIPIENTSARETHERECIPIENTSOFMLSSTHESESUPERPOSEDRECIPIENTSSHOULDBESELECTEDOUTANDBEASSISTEDBYONEGOVERNMENTALDEPARTMENT,THEOTHERSSHOULDBEADMINISTEREDB
36、YRELATIVEDEPARTMENTANDASSISTEDWITHSPECIFICASSISTANCEPROGRAMWHICHISPROVIDEDBYSUCHDEPARTMENTYANG,2003THISWAY,RECIPIENTSOFSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSCANBEPICKEDOUTCORRECTLY,NARROWCOVERAGEOFSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSANDTHEDISORDEROFSOCIALASSISTANCECANBEAVOIDEDWHATSMORE,COORDINATEDDEVELOPMENTOFEACHSOCIALASS
37、ISTANCEPROGRAMCANBEACHIEVEDANDOVERALLEFFECTOFCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCECANBEENHANCEDINTHISWAYTOSOMEEXTENT,THENEWLYESTABLISHEDSOCIALASSISTANCESYSTEMINCHINAFILLSTHEGAPSWITHINSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEM,QUENCHESTHEWIDELYSPREADDISCONTENTMENT,MAINTAINSSOCIALSTABILITYANDALSOPROVIDESSOMEEXPERIENCESFORESTABLISHINGASOC
38、IALASSISTANCESYSTEMINNATIONSWITHLOWLEVELECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDFACINGSTRUCTURALTRANSITIONHUANG,2003HOWEVER,FROMTHEABOVEANALYSISOFTABLEI,ITHASALREADYBEENFOUNDTHATCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEISRUDIMENTALANDRESIDUALTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIALASSISTANCEINCURRENTCHINAISSTILLVERYPRIMITIVETHUS,“ITMIGHTBEAPPROPRIATETOS
39、AYTHATITISAUNIQUEMODELWITHITSOWNSTAMPSINSHORT,SOCIALASSISTANCEREGIMEWITHCHINESECHARACTERISTICS”HUANG,2003,P212THISPAPEREXAMINESCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEFROMTWOPERSPECTIVESANDARGUESTHATTHEMAINPROBLEMSINCLUDEUNCOORDINATEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENURBANANDRURALSOCIALASSISTANCE,UNCOORDINATEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENMLS
40、SANDSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSASWELLASUNCOORDINATEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSOCIALASSISTANCEANDTHEOTHERPARTSOFSOCIALSECURITYSUCHASSOCIALINSURANCEANDSOCIALWELFAREINTHISPAPER,THEABOVETHREEPROBLEMSAREBRIEFLYANALYZEDANDPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONSAREPUTFORTHSEPARATELYZHENG2006,P260HASPROPOSEDTHREECRITERIAFORJUDGINGWH
41、ETHERASOCIALSECURITYPROGRAMISSUCCESSFULORNOTISTHEPROGRAMEQUITABLE,EFFECTIVEANDSUSTAINABLEACCORDINGTOTHEABOVEANALYSISINTHISPAPER,ITCANBESEENTHATTHECOORDINATIONBETWEENURBANANDRURALSOCIALASSISTANCECANMAKECHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEMOREEQUITABLE,THECOORDINATIONBETWEENMLSSANDSPECIALASSISTANCEPROGRAMSCANMAKESO
42、CIALASSISTANCEMOREEFFECTIVE,ANDTHECOORDINATIONBETWEENSOCIALASSISTANCEANDTHEOTHERPARTSOFSOCIALSECURITYSUCHASSOCIALINSURANCEANDSOCIALWELFARECANMAKESOCIALASSISTANCEACHIEVESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTSO,ITISUNDENIABLETHATCLOSERCOORDINATIONISTHEBASICPREREQUISITEFORSUCCESSINCHINASSOCIALASSISTANCEINTERNATIONALJO
43、URNALOFSOCIOLOGYANDSOCIALPOLICY,200929P227236译文中国的社会援助更密切协调的必要性中国是一个国家面临着人口迅速老龄化。1990年，年龄在65岁以上的人占总人口比例从49上升到56，并进一步在2000年至2007年从70上升到79。表明中国和发达国家一样要面对照顾老人的经济问题。此外，中国的家庭规模越来越小。2007年，平均每户有31人，低于1982年44人，1990年的40人和2000年的35人。规模较小的家庭规模意味着有更少的潜在照顾者（黄，2003年，第867页）。20世纪80年代中期以来，由于上述人口变化以及经济转型，中方政府开展了在社会保障体
44、系建设，以期建立一个有独立目标的规范的社会保障制度，开发由企业和机构资助的一系列的改革渠道、社会化管理和服务。社会保险在发达国家拥有超过20年的研究和实践，而我国，一个社会保障体系也已经建立从根本上建立，包括社会保险项目，社会救助和社会福利计划，包括养老，失业，医疗，生育和职业伤亡的承保也很多。在中国社会福利计划提供资金和服务，以确保老年人，孤儿和残疾人等在特殊困难情况下，也拥有平常人的生活。在中国社会援助方案给予社会弱势群体，如城市和农村贫困人口支持。他们被认为是最后一个层次的社会保障措施（豪威尔，2001年，第275页）正规的安全网。目前，中国的社会保障安全网可以在图1中加以说明。MLSS
45、是中国的社会援助方案的核心。此外也有特殊的社会援助方案，如医疗援助，教育援助，住房援助和诉讼援助。这些方案被认为是对MISS的补充，但是到现在为止，没有一个建立完整。主要由地方当局调控，管理和资助的。综上所述，不可否认的是，新成立的中国社会援助在最近几年取得了巨大成就，它的目标是涵盖城市和农村地区（黄，2003）的所有弱势群体如上所述，我们可以发现，有两个角度来检视中国的社会援助。首先，中国的社会援助，可视为一个整体，所以我们可以研究城乡社会救助和农村社会救助的关系，以及二者之间特殊的社会援助的关系。第二，中国的社会保障制度可以被视为一个整体，所以我们可以研究社会救助和社会保障等社会保险和社会
46、福利（见图二）各部分的关系。基于以上两个如图2所示的观点，本文认为主要有三个问题，当前中国的社会救助第一，城市社会援助和中国农村社会救助不协调。第二，特别援助不协调。第三，中国的社会救助和社会保障等社会保险和社会福利的其他部分不协调。本文旨在简要分析上述三个问题，并提出了相关政策建议。城乡社会救助需要更密切的协调如上所述，在中国城市援助成立于1999年，但在农村地区，在2007年年底成立。虽然MISS是中国的社会保障体系的第一方案，其中包括城市和农村地区，但城乡社会救助体系仍然存在着很大的差距。选定三个层面来区分社会救助制度，这三个尺寸范围和SALIENCE（社会援助和受助人数支出），程序结构
47、（集权与地方的变化，权利与自由裁量权中受益，个人权利与大家庭义务，强硬手段测试和工作测试）和慷慨（收益水平和替代率）自由比。根据这三个维度，本文对在城市地区，（见比较结果表一）农村地区的救助比较粗糙。原因主要有两个第一，它是最典型、最重要的计划在中国的社会援助，二，MISS数据比较粗糙。如表一所示，可以发现，中国的社会援助是从程度上来看，救助只涵盖约3人口及其开支仅仅占GDP的013。如果这些数据可以被视为具有最广泛的援助方案的证据，那以下国家在这方面支出比重较大，希腊，日本，瑞士，奥地利，保加利亚，爱沙尼亚。中国的社会援助计划的开支较低，成效较差（黄，2003年，第209页）。此外，援助水平
48、也比较低。在中国援助的水平设定在最低生活水平，用于支付基本生活的必需品。可以发现，中国的社会援助是从程序结构来进行。MISS的测试手段，不仅是允许予以保留，也超出家庭（黄，2003）盈利最低限度。这意味着最严格的操作，预计索赔需依靠家庭和互助后，才可以求助于国家的援助。正如怀特（1998年，第193页）认为，在中国，它很可能是在社会大力援助领域之外的。此外，如表一所示，很明显，除了从类似的程序结构，对其他两个维度，农村的社会援助远远落后于城市地区。例如，2006年城市救助开支的是农村的五倍多，这意味着市区面积“相对特权阶层”和农村“相对排除在外的部门”（白，1998年，第193页）。现在，社会
49、救助是最后的安全网，它是更迫切，更经济可行的，以促进城市和农村地区比其他社会保障计划的协调，社会援助的协调。在贫困状态，农村和城镇居民应享有平等的权利，享受社会援助。这就是说，救助的程度以及在城市和农村地区的标准不应有如此鲜明的区别，如表一所示的进一步协调与中国的城市和农村社会援助。为了解决这个问题，应作出努力在两个主要方面一方面，中央和地方政府应更多地重视农村社会救助体系。帮助穷人的方法不仅取决于有多少资源可以使用，而且对是否有相应的政治决心，用减轻贫困（弗雷德里克和ALEJANDRO，2001）可用资源而定。在农村地区的贫穷远离政治中心，而且他们几乎没有政治资源和政治能量，因此很难为他们创造了强大的政治压力（关，黄，2006）。从维护政治稳定，提供援助，农村贫困人口的政治价值的角度也不是很高。但是，从政府的责任，维护人民群众的基本生活和长远的政治影响，要高度重视农村社会救助的角度重要的长远政治利益。因此，它是对中央和地方政府必须不遗余力地加强农村地区的社会援助。另一方面，中央政府应当为农村社会救助的财政支持。如表一所示，对城市救助的总开支为2221亿元，2006年，其中中央财政已投入136亿元为612。同年，农村救助支出为416亿元人民币这是所有受资助当地政府，中央政府没有提供任何财政支持。显然，如果没有来自中央财政的支持，
