1、六级模拟试题及答案 009Part Writing (30 minutes)Directions: In this section you are required to write a composition on the topic “Reduce Waste on Campus“. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below。1.目前有些校园内浪费现象严重；2.浪费的危害；3.从我做起，杜绝浪费。Part Reading Compre
2、hension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Some Notes on Gender-Neutral LanguageGeneralThe practice of assigning masculine gender to neutral terms comes from the fact that every language reflects the prejudices of the society in which it evolved, and English evolved through most of its history in a
3、 male-centered, patriarchal society. Like any other language, however, English is always changing. One only has to read aloud sentences from the 19th century hooks assigned for this class to sense the shifts that have occurred in the last 150 years. When readers pick up something to read, they expec
4、t different conventions depending on the time in which the material was written. As writers in 1995, we need to be not only aware of the conventions that our readers may expect, but also conscious of the responses our words may elicit. In addition, we need to know how the shifting nature of language
5、 can make certain words awkward or misleading。“Man“Man once was a truly generic word referring to all humans, but has gradually narrowed in meaning to become a word that refers to adult male human beings. Anglo-Saxons used the word to refer to all people. One example of this occurs when an Anglo-Sax
6、on writer refers to a seventh-century English princess as “a wonderful man“. Man paralleled the Latin word homo, “a member of the human species.“ not vir, “an adult male of the species.“ The Old English word for adult male was waepman and the old English word for adult woman was wifman. In the cours
7、e of time, wifman evolved into the word “woman.“ “Man“ eventually ceased to be used to refer to individual women and replaced waepman as a specific term distinguishing an adult male from an adult female. But man continued to be used in generalizations about both sexes。By the 18th century, the modern
8、, narrow sense of man was firmly established as the predominant one. When Edmund Burke, writing of the French Revolution, used men in the old, inclusive way, he took pains to spell out his meaning: “Such a deplorable havoc is made in the minds of men (both sexes) in France.“ Thomas Jefferson did not
9、 make the same distinction in declaring that “all men are created equal“ and “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.“ In a time when women, having no vote, could neither give nor withhold consent, Jefferson had to be using the word men in i
10、ts principal sense of “males,“ and it probably never occurred to him that anyone would think otherwise. Looking at modern dictionaries indicate that the definition that links “man with males is the predominant one. Studies of college students and school children indicate that even when the broad def
11、initions of “msn“ and “men“ are taught, they tend to conjure up images of male people only. We would never use the sentence “A girl grows up to be a man,“ because we assume the narrower definition of the word man。The Pronoun ProblemThe first grammars of modern English were written in the 16th and 17
12、th centuries. They were mainly intended to help boys from upper class families prepare for the study of Latin, a language most scholars considered superior to English. The male authors of these earliest English grammars wrote for male readers in an age when few women were literate. The masculine-gen
13、der pronouns(代词) did not reflect a belief that masculine pronouns could refer to both sexes. The grammars of this period contain no indication that masculine pronouns were sex-inclusive when used in general references. Instead these pronouns reflected the reality of male cultural dominance and the m
14、ale-centered world view that resulted。“He“ started to be used as a generic pronoun by grammarians who were trying to change a long-established tradition of using “they“ as a singular pronoun. In 1850 an Act of Parliament gave official sanction(批准)to the recently invented concept of the “generic“ he.
15、 In the language used in acts of Parliament, the new law said, “words importing the masculine gender shall be deemed and taken to include females.“ Although similar language in contracts and other legal documents subsequently helped reinforce this grammatical edict in all English-speaking countries,
16、 it was often conveniently ignored. In 1879, for example, a move to admit female physicians to the all-male Massachusetts Medical Society was effectively blocked on the grounds that the societys by-laws describing membership used the pronoun he。Just as “man“ is not truly generic in the 1990s, “he“ i
17、s not a true generic pronoun. Studies have confirmed that most people understand “he“ to refer to men only. Sentences like “A doctor is a busy person; he must be able to balance a million obligations at once“ imply that all doctors are men. As a result of the fact that “he“ is read by many as a masc
18、uline pronoun, many people, especially women, have come to feel that the generic pronouns excludes women. This means that more and more people find the use of such a pronoun problematic。Solving the Pronoun ProblemThey as a Singular -Most people, when writing and speaking informally, rely on singular
19、 they as a matter of course: “If you love someone, set them free“ (Sting). If you pay attention to your own speech, youll probably catch yourself using the same construction yourself. “Its enough to drive anyone out of their senses“ (George Bernard Shaw). “I shouldnt like to punish anyone, even ii t
20、heyd done me wrong“ (George Eliot). Some people are annoyed by the incorrect grammar that this solution necessitates, but this construction is used more and more frequently。He or She-Despite the charge of clumsiness, double-pronoun constructions have made a comeback: “To be black in this country is
21、simply too pervasive an experience for any writer to omit from her or his work,“ wrote Samuel R. Delany. Overuse of this solution can be awkward, however。Pluralizing-A writer can often recast material in the plural. For instance, instead of “As he advances in his program, the medical student has inc
22、reasing opportunities for clinical work,“ try “As they advance in their program, medical students have increasing opportunities for clinical work“Eliminating Pronouns-Avoid having to use pronouns at all; instead of “a first grader can feed and dress himself,“ you could write, “a first grader can eat
23、 find get dressed without assistance.“Further Alternatives-he she or s/he, using one instead of he, or using a new generic pronoun (thon, co, E, try, hash, hit)。1. “Man“ could be used to refer to female human being in the past。2. In “all men are created equal“ in Declaration of Independence by Thoma
24、s Jefferson, the word “men“ refer to both males and females whether they have vote right or not。3. In 1879, Massachusetts Medical Society refused to admit more than ten female physicians because the societys by-laws describing membership used the pronoun he。4. The first grammars of modern English we
25、re written in order to help boys from the upper class prepare for the study of Latin。5. “Man“ paralleled the Latin word “homo“ which means _。6. Studies show that even when students are taught the broad definition of “man“ and “men“, they think of _。7. Grammarians started to use “he“ as a generic pro
26、noun because they were trying to change a tradition of using “they“ as _。8. When most people read the word “he“, they would understand it to rater to _。9. Although some people are annoyed by _ of singular they, this construction is used more and more frequently to solve the pronoun problem。10. Anoth
27、er way of solving the pronoun problem is to use _ instead of the singular。Part Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section AQuestions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard。11. A) The play was the first hed seen. B) The play wasnt too bad。C) He hasnt seen the play yet. D) He want
28、s to see the play again。12. A) It will be finished on time,B) It is only open during the day。C) Something has happened to the building。D) The workers are about to complete it。13. A) He lost a button at work。B) He doesnt know where he put the calculator。C) He thinks he broke something the woman lent
29、him。D) Hes not sure how to solve the math problem 。14. A) The old houses should be turned into stores。B) The city needs even more modern modernization。C) This shopping center is quite old。D) New shopping centers are very common。15. A) Whether the woman knows how to type。B) Why the woman is in a hurr
30、y。C) How much typing the woman needs done。D) Whether the woman has a typewriter。16. A) He goes along with the womans suggestion 。B) He cant decide whether to go or not。C) He will go to the concert alone。D) He thinks the performance will be very good。17. A) It involved a few lunches. B) There were fr
31、ee lunches。C) There were three lunches, D) There are more than free lunches。18. A) 13. B) 17. C) 30. D) 15.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。19. A) He has got a bad cold。B) He has caught whooping cough。C) He has a fever and a bad appetite。D) He has been coughing fo
32、r several days。20. A) Because he is only a 3-year-old child。B) Because others cough may be contagious to him。C) Because he also has a fever。D) Because he cries all the time。21. A) Because he is too young to catch that。B) Because he has not been exposed to that。C) Because his sister hasnt caught that
33、。D) Because he has been immunized recently。22. A) Give the child lot of fluid to drink。B) Let him have a hot bath before bedtime。C) Keep an eye on the cough. D) Send him to the clinic if he has a fever。Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。23. A) Boss and employee. B)
34、Teacher and student。C) Interviewer and candidate. D) Colleagues。24. A) A human resources manager. B) A computer programmer。C) A graduate. D) A teacher。25. A) Team spirit. B) Competition。C) Coordination. D) Problem-solving。Section BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just
35、heard。26. A) Your first impression on the interviewer。B) Your job skill qualifications and background。C) Your communication skills。D) Your attitude。27. A) To have an intimate talk with you。B) To know you as a person。C) To confirm your qualifications。D) To know more about your family background。28. A
36、) The interview usually last about half an hour。B) Your appearance and your communication skills count approximately the same during the interview。C) You are requested to submit all your background information during the interview。D) Employers compare your information with that of other applicants b
37、efore the interview。Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。29. A) Around 1930. B) Around 1940.C) Around 1950. D) Around 1960.30. A) There is not enough financial support from the government。B) There are more retirees taking money out of the system, and not enough
38、additional workers to support them。C) More and more people refuse to pay their income taxes。D) The economic growth has been slowed down。31. A) Fewer retirees will be entitled to receive Social Security。B) Payroll taxes may be increased。C) Younger Workers can save some of their payroll taxes in a per
39、sonal account。D) Beneficiaries will receive less money from the Social Security。Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。32. A) The strength of its shipbuilding industry。B) The physical features of the river itself。C) The abundance of fruit, vegetables, and livest
40、ock。D) The similarity of climate to that in Europe。33. A) There are no rapids or waterfalls。B) There is a constant, strong wind。C) Navigation is rather difficult。D) Frequent storms cause problems for riverboats。34. A) Big waves pose a threat to commercial navigation。B) The river current never flows
41、faster ten miles per hour。C) The river reverses its flow several times a day。D) High tides can create sudden and unexpected rapids。35. A) To allow several sails to be rigged。B) To add to the beauty of the basic design。C) To catch winds coming from over the hills。D) To allow the sails to be raised mo
42、re quickly。Section CToday I would like to talk about the early days of movie making in the late nineteenth and early(36) centuries. Before the(37)films of D. W. Griffith, film makers were limited by several(38)questions of the era. According to one, the camera was always fixed at a viewpoint(39)to t
43、hat of the spectator in the theatre, a position now known as the long shot. It was another convention that the(40) of the camera never changed in the middle of a(41) . In last weeks films, we saw how Griffith ignored both these limiting(42)and brought the camera closer to the actor。This shot, now kn
44、own as a full shot, was considered (43)at the time. For Love of Gold, was the name of the film in which the first use of the full shot. After progressing from a long shot to the full shot, the next logical step for Griffith was to bring in the camera still closer, in what is now called the close-up.
45、(44), as for example, in Edqaed Asports The Great Train Robbery, which was made in 1903.But not until 1908 in Griffiths movie(45) . In the scene from After Many Years that we are about to see, pay special attention to the close-up of Annie Lees worried face as she awaits her husbands return. In 1908
46、, this close-up shocked everyone in the Biogress Studio. But Griffith had no time for argument. He had another surprise even more radical to offer. Immediately following close-up of Annie, he inserted a picture of the object of her thought-her husband east sway on a desert aisle.(46) Part Reading co
47、mprehension( Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section AWomen who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. But of course far fewer of them apply for these positions. The study, by recruitment (征召新成员) consultants NB Selection, s
48、hows that while one in six men who appear on interview shortlist get jobs, the figure rises to one in four for women。Reasons for higher success rates among women are difficult to isolate. One explanation suggested is that if a woman candidate manages to get on a shortlist, then she has probably alre
49、ady proved herself to be an exceptional candidate. Dr. Marx said that when women apply for positions they tend to be better qualified than their male counterparts but are more selective and conservative in their job search. Women tend to research thoroughly before applying for positions or attending interviews. Men, on the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince employers that any shortcomings they have will not prev
