1、Chapter 1单词digital computer 数字计算机decimal digits 十进制binary 二进制bit 位；比特computer system 计算机系统hardware system 硬件系统software system 软件系统I/O devices 输入输出设备memory 存储器 application software 应用软件video game 计算机游戏system software 系统软件register 寄存器 floating point data 浮点数Boolean 布尔值character data 字符数据 punched card
2、穿孔卡片 magnetic tape 磁带main memory 主存vacuum tubes 电子管；真空管magnetic drum 磁鼓transistors 晶体管 solid-state devices 固态器件magnetic cores 磁芯silicon chip 硅片multiprogramming 多道程序设计timesharing 分时技术minicomputers 小型计算机mainframe 大型计算机word processing 文字处理 electronic spreadsheets 电子表格database management programs 数据库管理程
3、序desktop publishing 桌面印刷personal computers 个人计算机microcomputers 微型计算机storage capacities 储存容量stand-alone computer独立计算机peripheral devices 外部设备assembly line 流水线supercomputer 巨型计算机auxiliary memory 辅助存储器buffer memory 缓冲存储器dynamic memory 动态存储器external memory 外部存储器hypothetical memory 虚拟存储器缩略词1、ASCIIAmerican
4、 National Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国国家信息交换标准码2、I/O devices input and output devices 输入输出设备3、CPUcentral processing unit 中央处理器4、EBCDICExtended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code 扩充二十进制交换码5、FLP/FPfloating point 浮点（数）6、ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator 电子数字积分计算机7、V
5、T vacuum tube 真空管8、PCpersonal computer 个人计算机9、MPmultiprogramming 多道程序设计10、ICintegrated circuit 集成电路11、LSIlarge-scale integrated 大规模集成12、VLSIvery-large-scale integrated 超大规模集成单词填空1、 Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.2、 An 8-bit signed integer can have any value
6、 between -128 and127 3、 System software controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and applications software.4、 A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.5、 List four types computers: microcomputer, mainframe, minicomputer, supercomputer.(简答题)翻译1、 By using vario
7、us coding techniques, groups of bits made to represent not only binary but also other discrete symbols.通过应用各种编码技术，一组二进制不仅可以表示二进制数据还可以表示其他离散符号。2、 System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational pr
8、ograms needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.系统软件不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，它还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其他应用程序使用的管理程序。3、 Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.数据是数字和其他二进制编码信息，这些二进制代码是可操作并能满足要求的计算结果。4、 Rather tha
9、n arithmetically or logically manipulating character, a computer may concatenate strings of character, replace some character with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.计算机可能把字符连接成串，用其他的字符替换或用其他的方法处理字符，而不是用算术的或逻辑的方法处理。5、 software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets
10、, database management programs, painting, and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、画图程序及桌面印刷等软件应用起到一定的商业效力，使更多的人去使用计算机。Chapter 2单词memory subsystem 存储子系统I/O subsystem 输入输出子系统bus 总线system bus 系
11、统总线chip 芯片address bus 地址总线instructions 指令memory location 存储单元data bus 数据总线control bus 控制总线local bus 局部总线microprocessor 微处理器register set 寄存器组clock cycle 时钟周期control unit 控制器computer architecture 计算机体系结构instruction format 指令格式addressing modes 寻址方式instruction set 指令集internal memory 内存main memory 主存seco
12、ndary storage 辅助存储器 virtual memory 虚拟存储器refresh circuitry 刷新电路cache memory 高速缓冲存储器ultraviolet light 紫外线memory hierarchy 存储器体系结构auxiliary memory 辅助存储器storage capacity 存储容量keyboard 键盘alphanumeric key 字母数字键function key 功能键cursor key 光标键numeric keypad 数字键mouse 鼠标touch screens 触摸屏infrared ray 红外线monitor
13、监视器display screen 显示屏laser printer 激光打印机ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer 点阵式打印机modem 调制解调器input-output interface 接口peripheral 外部设备interrupt 中断program counter 程序计数器vectored interrupt 向量中断nonvectored interrupt 非向量中断interrupt vector 中断向量timeout 缩略词 1、 BIOSBasic-Input-Output System 基本输入输出系统2、 DMA
14、Direct-Memory-Access 直接存储器出存取3、 RAMRandom-Access-Memory 随机存取存储器4、 ROMRead-Only-Memory 只读存储器5、 DRAMDynamic RAM 动态 RAM6、 SRAMStatic RAM 静态 RAM7、 masked ROM 掩模 ROM8、 PROM 可编程 ROM9、 EPROM 可擦写 ROM10、 EEPROM 电可擦写 ROM单词填空1、 The computer hardware consists of three major parts which are the CPU, the memory s
15、ubsystem, and the I/O subsystem.2、 There are two major types of memory: Random Access Memory(RAM) and Read Only Memory(ROM).3、 The cache memory in personal computers is constructed from SRAM.4、 I/O interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O dev
16、ices.5、 Data transfer between the central computer and I/O devices may be handle in a variety of modes. These modes are programmed I/O, interrupts and direct memory access(DMA).简答题How many levels of memory hierarchy do you know? Name at least three of them.Identify the types of data transfer modes.P
17、rogrammed I/O, interrupts and Direct Memory Access(DMA)翻译1、 By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.为了保证内部和外部控制信号的序列正确，控制单元保证 CPU 和计
18、算机的其他部件提供需要正确执行的指令操作。2、 Ina computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed.在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序从 RAM 移到硬盘中，仅在需要时才被移回来。3、 A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely
19、fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.为了弥补操作速度的不匹配，在 CPU 和主存之间采用非常快且小的缓存。它的存取时间接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。4、 The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slowly than the rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism m
20、ay be needed.外设的数据传输速率通常比 CPU 的传输速率慢，因此需要一个儿童部装置。5、 In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning of the I/O service routine is stored.在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储 I/O 服务程序起始地址的单元。Chapter 4单词algorithm 算法parallel algorithm 并行算法primitive 原语
21、syntax 语法semantics 语义pseudocode 伪码exhaustive search 穷举搜索divided-and-conquer algorithm 分治算法dynamic programming 动态规划 bottom-up 自下而上top-down 自上而下array 数组one-dimensional array 一维数组two-dimensional array 二维数组pointers 指针program counter 程序技术器 instruction pointer 指令指针list 列表linked list 链表 singly-linked list
22、单向链表doubly-linked list 双向链表circularly-linked list 循环链表stack 栈push 压栈pop 出栈stack pointer 栈指针queue 队列tree 树root 根level 层次degree of a node 节点的度 depth of a tree 树的深度binary tree 二叉树traversal 遍历M-way search tree M 向搜索树缩略词FIFOFirst In/First Out 先进先出LIFOLast In/First Out 后进先出简答题Name at least four of algorit
23、hmic techniques.(1) Brute-force Algorithms(2) Divided-and-Conquer Algorithms(3) Dynamic Programming (4) Greedy Algorithms (5) Randomized AlgorithmsHow many classes of data structures do you know? Name at least four of them.(1) Arrays(2) Lists(3) Linked List(4) Stack and Queues(5) Trees单词填空1、 Each pr
24、imitive consists of two parts: its syntax and its semantics.2、 A pseudocode is a notational system in which ideas can be expressed informally during the algorithm development process.3、 The running time is refer to the computational time required by an algorithm.4、 We define the worst case running t
25、ime of an algorithm to be the maximum running time of that algorithm over all possible inputs of size n.5、 A list is one the most fundamental data structures used to stored a collection of data items.翻译(1) In short, communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithms representation
26、 is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate detail.简单来说，算法描述所采用的的语言不具有精确的定义或者信息不顾详细也会使交流产生问题(2) Another common algorithmic structure involves that the needed to continue executing a statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remain true.另一种常见的算法结构是当条件为“真
27、”时，循环执行一条语句或者语句序列。(3) In many algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes, but also for different inputs of the same size.在众多算法中，影响运行时间的不仅有不同长度的输入，也包括相同长度的不同输入。(4) Thus, dynamic programming is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems, saving these results, and then reusing them to solve larger and larger subproblems until the
